{"title":"Influence of Overhead Vegetation and Economic impact on Nest Success of Ground-Nesting Birds in Chinese Grasslands: A Case Study From Inner Mongolia","authors":"Hongtao Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.rama.2025.06.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rama.2025.06.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>China’s semi-arid grasslands, particularly in Inner Mongolia, are undergoing rapid ecological changes due to overgrazing, agricultural expansion, and land degradation—threatening the reproductive success of native ground-nesting birds. This study investigates how overhead vegetation structure influences nest site selection and survival of the Mongolian Lark (Melanocorypha mongolica) and examines the broader economic implications of habitat degradation on avian reproductive success. Across 4 breeding seasons (2018–2022), 147 nests were monitored, revealing a 73% failure rate—predation being the primary cause. Using logistic regression and habitat modeling, results showed that denser overhead vegetation significantly improved daily nest survival rates, highlighting its protective role against aerial predators and microclimatic stress. Birds showed a clear preference for structurally complex, shrubby grasslands with tall clumps and high upper visual obstruction, while edges and perches had minimal influence on site selection. These findings underscore the ecological value of maintaining vegetation heterogeneity and suggest that preserving or restoring such features has cost-effective benefits for avian biodiversity. Economically, the conservation of structurally intact grasslands could reduce the need for costly species protection programs by enhancing natural nest survival. Therefore, habitat management strategies that promote tall, overhead vegetation in grasslands represent not only an ecological priority but also a sustainable investment in biodiversity conservation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49634,"journal":{"name":"Rangeland Ecology & Management","volume":"102 ","pages":"Pages 145-152"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144686124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Risks and Rewards of Pre-emergent Herbicide (Indaziflam) to Defend Core Sagebrush-Steppe Ecosystems Under Suboptimal Precipitation","authors":"Brynne E. Lazarus, Matthew J. Germino","doi":"10.1016/j.rama.2025.06.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rama.2025.06.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Protection of intact habitat from the spread of invasive plants is a global priority, especially where invaders alter wildfire occurrence. Invasion of perennial sagebrush-steppe ecosystems by cheatgrass and other fire-promoting exotic annual grasses (EAGs) is one of the most notorious examples of this problem. Protection and expansion of the remaining intact “core” sagebrush areas are key management goals, and whether this can be accomplished by temporarily inhibiting annual plant populations with pre-emergent herbicides is a key question. We applied indaziflam in fall 2019 to replicate plots within two sagebrush-steppe sites in the Northern Great Basin, USA: 1) a relatively intact, uninvaded, unburned “core” site and 2) a partially invaded site that burned in the 2015 Soda Wildfire. Vegetation cover, density, and growth responses of native perennials were measured annually to 2024. We asked whether our treatments “defended” and “grew” core sagebrush areas. EAG cover remained <15% in indaziflam-treated plots while increasing to >30% in control plots by the fifth year after treatment at the unburned site but did not differ with treatment at the burned site. Native perennial grasses, forbs, and big sagebrush cover and growth did not differ with indaziflam treatment at either site. Moss cover was temporarily lower in indaziflam-treated plots at the unburned site, and cover of a native annual forb was significantly lower in indaziflam-treated plots throughout the study across both sites. Despite posttreatment drought and apparent patchiness in treatment implementation, our treatments “defended the core” by preventing crossing of the 20% EAG invasion threshold in the unburned site but not did not “grow the core.” Our results provide an example of a case in which proactive protection may be easier to accomplish than reactive restoration. Herbicide treatment effects may be sensitive to weather and application details. Implementation monitoring could help explain variability and improve success.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49634,"journal":{"name":"Rangeland Ecology & Management","volume":"102 ","pages":"Pages 153-159"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144695244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kirk W. Davies , Danielle R. Clenet , Peter J. Olsoy , Chad S. Boyd , Stella M. Copeland , Erik P. Hamerlynck , Rory C. O’Connor , Jon D. Bates
{"title":"Deeper Seeding Allows Bunchgrass Establishment While the Pre-emergent Herbicide Indaziflam Controls Invasive Annual Grasses","authors":"Kirk W. Davies , Danielle R. Clenet , Peter J. Olsoy , Chad S. Boyd , Stella M. Copeland , Erik P. Hamerlynck , Rory C. O’Connor , Jon D. Bates","doi":"10.1016/j.rama.2025.06.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rama.2025.06.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Restoration of annual grass-invaded rangelands is often a management priority. Pre-emergent herbicides are an effective restoration tool to reduce annual grasses but can negatively impact seeded vegetation. Hence, seeding is often delayed until herbicide activity has abated. With indaziflam, a pre-emergent with longer soil activity, seeding may need to be delayed for several years. It would be advantageous if seeded species could establish while indaziflam controls annual grasses, as competition with annual grasses would be limited, and forage production and vegetation cover of the soil surface would recover sooner. Seeding deeper in the soil may allow seeded species to largely avoid herbicide activity, but seeded species may struggle to emerge from greater seeding depths. We investigated seeding squirreltail and crested wheatgrass at 1-, 3-, 5-, and 7-cm seeding depths just prior to a fall indaziflam application at two sites in 2 yr. Seeding at ∼1-cm is the recommended practice for both bunchgrasses. Seedling density in late June was greater at the 3 and 5 cm seeding depths and likely greater at the 7 cm depths than at the 1-cm depth. Seedling height was greater at the 3-, 5-, and 7-cm depths than at the 1-cm depth. Seedling density and height did not vary among the 3-, 5-, and 7-cm depths. This suggests that indaziflam largely did not penetrate below the first centimeter or two of the soil the growing season after application. Seeding at depths of 3–7 cm is likely a viable strategy for allowing some seeded species to establish while indaziflam controls annual grasses. Additional evaluations across a gradient of soil and site characteristics, with different plant species and functional groups, and other pre-emergent herbicides are needed to refine this restoration strategy and identify its benefits and limitations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49634,"journal":{"name":"Rangeland Ecology & Management","volume":"102 ","pages":"Pages 139-144"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yeneayehu Fenetahun , Wang Yongdong , You Yuan , Ogbue Chukwuka , Yahaya Ibrahim , Xu Xinwen
{"title":"Mapping and Modeling Aboveground Biomass Dynamics in Savanna Grasslands Southern Ethiopia","authors":"Yeneayehu Fenetahun , Wang Yongdong , You Yuan , Ogbue Chukwuka , Yahaya Ibrahim , Xu Xinwen","doi":"10.1016/j.rama.2025.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rama.2025.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the dynamics of aboveground biomass in savanna grasslands is essential for effective land management and conservation, particularly in regions like Southern Ethiopia, where these ecosystems are widespread. This research introduces a prototype model that integrates field measurements and remote sensing data to monitor biomass dynamics more accurately. The model provides a strong framework for precisely tracking biomass fluctuations and comprehending the processes impacting these dynamics in savanna grasslands by combining both field and remote sensing data. The model demonstrated strong correlations between predicted and observed biomass: R² = 0.71 during the rainy season, R² = 0.63 during the dry season, and R² = 0.83 for annual averages. Consequently, our data show regions with high biomass productivity as well as those that are vulnerable to degradation and offer insightful information about the spatial patterns of biomass distribution. The findings present a reliable tool for monitoring aboveground biomass changes in savanna grasslands, supporting informed land management and conservation efforts. Additionally, the model's adaptability to similar ecosystems can enhance our understanding of global savanna dynamics and promote sustainable land management practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49634,"journal":{"name":"Rangeland Ecology & Management","volume":"102 ","pages":"Pages 128-138"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144633176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pingheng Li , Iram Naz , Rana Waqar Aslam , Muhammad Azeem Liaquat , Yahia Said
{"title":"Groundwater Quality Assessment for Rangeland Dynamic: Integration of Multicriteria Decision Analysis with Remote Sensing Data","authors":"Pingheng Li , Iram Naz , Rana Waqar Aslam , Muhammad Azeem Liaquat , Yahia Said","doi":"10.1016/j.rama.2025.06.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rama.2025.06.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study assessed the relationship between groundwater quality degradation and rangeland dynamics from 2008 to 2020, using integrated remote sensing and multicriteria decision analysis. We developed a framework combining satellite-derived parameters (NDVI, NDWI, rangeland classification via Random Forest) with ground-based water quality measurements (180 locations). Groundwater Quality Index (GWQI) was calculated using both conventional Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Fuzzy AHP weighting methods. Spatial-temporal trends were analyzed, and correlations between rangeland loss, groundwater depth, and GWQI were quantified using regression analysis. Fuzzy AHP produced more conservative GWQI estimates than AHP, with the difference increasing from 4.3% (2008) to 5.8% (2020). Rangeland area decreased significantly by 442.8 km² (33.4%), with the most severe loss (−450.9 km²) occurring between 2012 and 2016. Strong negative correlations existed between rangeland loss and groundwater quality (<em>r</em> = −0.71, <em>P</em> < 0.001) and between NDWI and groundwater depth (<em>r</em> = −0.81). Groundwater depth increased by an average of 23.7 m (2008–2020), accelerating from 1.35 m/year (2008–2012) to 2.46 m/year (2016–2020). Multiple regression indicated a 10% rangeland decrease corresponded to an 18.3-point GWQI increase and a 2.4 m depth increase. NDWI preceded groundwater quality changes and showed stronger correlations than NDVI. The integrated framework demonstrates a crucial link between rangeland preservation and groundwater sustainability. Significant rangeland loss correlates strongly with declining groundwater quality and increasing depth, highlighting the environmental impact of land cover change. This approach provides valuable insights for sustainable water resource and rangeland management in rapidly urbanizing regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49634,"journal":{"name":"Rangeland Ecology & Management","volume":"102 ","pages":"Pages 110-127"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144623661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Riaz Sheriff , Mohammad Suhail Meer , Rana Waqar Aslam , Yahia Said
{"title":"Machine Learning-Based Forest Fire Susceptibility Mapping Using Random Forest and CART Models","authors":"Riaz Sheriff , Mohammad Suhail Meer , Rana Waqar Aslam , Yahia Said","doi":"10.1016/j.rama.2025.06.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rama.2025.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forest fires critically threaten biodiversity and ecological stability, particularly in vulnerable regions in the dry and hot region. Despite the growing application of machine learning (ML) in fire susceptibility mapping, research gaps persist in biodiversity-rich regions and the integration of long-term climate data. This study addresses these gaps by developing forest fire susceptibility (FFS) maps using Random Forest (RF) and Classification and Regression Tree (CART) models, integrated with environmental variables derived from Google Earth Engine (GEE). The objectives were to (1) analyze spatiotemporal fire patterns (2001–2024) using MODIS FIRMS data, (2) evaluate topographic, climatic, and vegetation variables, and (3) compare model performance for fire risk zoning. Fire occurrence data and 14 environmental predictors (e.g., elevation, NDVI, precipitation, LST) were analyzed. The Boruta algorithm identified elevation, SAVI, NDVI, and precipitation as key drivers. The RF model demonstrated superior accuracy (77.54%, AUC: 0.802) compared to CART (76.08%, AUC: 0.706), with spatial mapping revealing divergent risk patterns: RF classified 40.21% and 47.14% of the reserve as moderate and high-risk zones, whereas CART polarized 91% of the area into low (47.9%) and very high (43.32%) risk categories. The RF model’s nuanced classification underscores its robustness in capturing environmental interactions, making it ideal for targeted fire management. This study provides a scalable framework for integrating ML and remote sensing in fire risk assessment, aiding policymakers in prioritizing mitigation efforts in biodiversity hotspots. By addressing the gap in region-specific ML applications and emphasizing climate-inclusive variables, our findings advance ecological conservation strategies in fire-prone ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49634,"journal":{"name":"Rangeland Ecology & Management","volume":"102 ","pages":"Pages 96-109"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144595572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Imran Aziz Tunio , Sheeraz Ahmed Memon , Habibullah Abbasi , Abdul Ahad Abro , Love Kumar , Muhammad Abdullah Tunio , Abdul Rehman Tunio , Jaten Kumar
{"title":"Corrigendum to “Spatiotemporal Assessment of Land Use Land Cover Change Detection and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index in Desert Area” [Rangeland Ecology & Management Volume 101, July 2025, Pages 126-139]","authors":"Imran Aziz Tunio , Sheeraz Ahmed Memon , Habibullah Abbasi , Abdul Ahad Abro , Love Kumar , Muhammad Abdullah Tunio , Abdul Rehman Tunio , Jaten Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.rama.2025.06.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rama.2025.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49634,"journal":{"name":"Rangeland Ecology & Management","volume":"102 ","pages":"Page 71"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144587505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Erika Sullivan , Sakina Dixon , Morgan L. Treadwell
{"title":"Exploring the Most Effective Form of Multimethod Rangeland Literacy Learning in Texas","authors":"Erika Sullivan , Sakina Dixon , Morgan L. Treadwell","doi":"10.1016/j.rama.2025.06.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rama.2025.06.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Creating agents of change equipped with the knowledge of best management practices is crucial to the preservation of vulnerable grassland savannas facing woody plant encroachment. The goal of this study was to utilize a pre-post intervention design to determine the knowledge and attitude change associated with various outreach and education online, in-person, and hybrid approaches in adult and youth participants on rangeland literacy and woody plant management strategies, such as prescribed fire, multispecies grazing, and pyric herbivory. Key findings revealed that teaching methods that used web-based and blended learning modalities were most effective at improving knowledge and attitudes of participants. Additionally, we identified that 9th–12th age groups reaped the most benefits from fully web-based and blended learning approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49634,"journal":{"name":"Rangeland Ecology & Management","volume":"102 ","pages":"Pages 81-87"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144595570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Remy C. Sutherland, Nathan M. Moore, Alexander G. Barnes, Samuel D. Fuhlendorf
{"title":"heterogeneityR: An R Package for the Measurement of Rangeland Vegetation Structure From Ground-Based Digital Imagery","authors":"Remy C. Sutherland, Nathan M. Moore, Alexander G. Barnes, Samuel D. Fuhlendorf","doi":"10.1016/j.rama.2025.06.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rama.2025.06.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Measurement of vegetation structure is highly relevant to many rangeland management objectives, but the utility of individual methods for monitoring or research purposes can be constrained by temporal and financial cost, applicability, and associated error. Previous methodological advancements have reduced surveyor bias and field collection time using ground-based digital imagery. However, these techniques can present their own limitations including increased processing time, cost of specialized equipment or software, and incompatibility across ecosystems. Here we present <em>heterogeneityR</em>, a free software package developed within the open-source R environment, to address previous methodological constraints. The package provides an automated image analysis pipeline that uses a machine learning framework to rapidly calculate an assortment of vegetation metrics (including visual obstruction, height, fuel loading, and structural heterogeneity) from field collected imagery and is customizable to training datasets specific to a user’s site, vegetation characteristics, and objectives. We evaluated the efficacy of the package using data collected within tallgrass prairie pastures that are grazed and patch-burned on a three-year rotation to create a mosaic of patches that vary with time since fire. Visual obstruction estimates were correlated with standing biomass of overall vegetation (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.90) and individual fuel types (live fuel R<sup>2</sup> = 0.81, dead fuel R<sup>2</sup> = 0.70). Time since fire had a significant effect on all model outputs and multiple comparisons tests revealed differences between burn patches for most metrics, indicating the high degree of patch-scale variance within the system. Our results demonstrate the utility of <em>heterogeneityR</em> to efficiently assess field collected data relevant to objectives in livestock production, fuels management, and conservation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49634,"journal":{"name":"Rangeland Ecology & Management","volume":"102 ","pages":"Pages 72-80"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144587507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kirk W. Davies , Tim S. Prather , Lisa C. Jones , Christie H. Guetling
{"title":"Does Applying Indaziflam and Imazapic Together Improve Restoration of Annual Grass-invaded Rangelands?","authors":"Kirk W. Davies , Tim S. Prather , Lisa C. Jones , Christie H. Guetling","doi":"10.1016/j.rama.2025.06.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rama.2025.06.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Invasive annual grasses are degrading millions of hectares of Intermountain West rangelands. Restoration of perennial vegetation in annual grass-invaded rangelands is a high priority. Of particular interest is controlling annual grasses in rangelands that still have co-occurring perennial vegetation. The goal of restoration actions in these communities is to control the annual grasses and promote co-occurring perennial vegetation. Indaziflam and imazapic, applied as pre-emergent herbicides, have both been used for this purpose. Indaziflam often has less than desired control in the first year but can control annual grasses for multiple years. In contrast, imazapic has effective control in the first year, but control is short-lived. Land managers have recently started tank-mixing these two herbicides to potentially alleviate their individual shortcomings and theoretically achieve more effective, long-term annual grass control. However, little is known about the effectiveness of aerially applying these herbicides together, particularly compared with just applying indaziflam, and the effects on co-occurring perennial vegetation. We investigated the effects of applying indaziflam individually and in combination with imazapic at three sites (two in Oregon and one in Washington). Applying indaziflam and imazapic in tandem provided better control of annual vegetation and promoted perennial vegetation, although site differences influenced treatment effects. Applying indaziflam individually controlled annual vegetation but did not generally generate a response from perennial vegetation. Tank-mixing indaziflam and imazapic improved first-year control compared with only applying indaziflam, but control was still better in the second year after treatment, suggesting that a greater rate of imazapic than used in this study may be needed to achieve better first-year control. The results of this study suggest that applying indaziflam and imazapic in tandem may be an effective strategy for controlling invasive annual grasses and promoting co-occurring perennial vegetation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49634,"journal":{"name":"Rangeland Ecology & Management","volume":"102 ","pages":"Pages 88-95"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144595571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}