Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin最新文献

{"title":"Greenland ice sheet melt area from MODIS (2000–2014)","authors":"R. Fausto, D. As, Jens A. Antoft, J. Box, W. Colgan, S. Andersen, A. Ahlstrøm, M. L. Andersen, M. Citterio, Charalampos Charalampidis, K. Edelvang, K. Haubner, S. H. Larsen, M. Veicherts, A. Weidick","doi":"10.34194/GEUSB.V33.4498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34194/GEUSB.V33.4498","url":null,"abstract":"The Greenland ice sheet is an excellent observatory for global climate change. Meltwater from the 1.8 million km2 large ice sheet infl uences oceanic temperature and salinity, nutrient fl uxes and global sea level (IPCC 2013). Surface refl ectivity is a key driver of surface melt rates (Box et al. 2012). Mapping of diff erent ice-sheet surface types provides a clear indicator of where changes in ice-sheet surface refl ectivity are most prominent. Here, we present an updated version of a surface classifi cation algorithm that utilises NASA’s Moderateresolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor on the Terra satellite to systematically monitor ice-sheet surface melt (Fausto et al. 2007). Our aim is to determine the areal extent of three surface types over the 2000–2014 period: glacier ice, melting snow (including percolation areas) and dry snow (Cuff ey & Paterson 2010). Monthly 1 km2 resolution surface-type grids can be downloaded via the CryoClim internet portal (www.cryoclim.net). In this report, we briefl y describe the updated classifi cation algorithm, validation of surface types and inter-annual variability in surface types.","PeriodicalId":49199,"journal":{"name":"Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75456973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterisation of incinerator bottom ash from a Danish waste-to-energy plant: a step towards closing the material cycle","authors":"Rune J. Clausen, P. Kalvig, J. Nedenskov","doi":"10.34194/geusb-201943-03-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34194/geusb-201943-03-03","url":null,"abstract":"The UN Sustainable Development Goal 12, regarding responsible production and consumption of raw materials, guides ongoing international efforts to enhance sustainability in all parts of the mineral sector. Of particular interest, is improving the recyclability of secondary waste streams and thereby increasing the efficiency of recycling end-of-life products. Municipal solid waste – residual waste from household and industry – constitutes one of these secondary streams. It is typically incinerated in waste-to-energy plants producing two types of waste streams that carry a raw material resource potential: incinerator bottom ash (IBA) and incinerator fly ash (IFA). IBA is of particular interest in the recycling industry, where it is commonly recycled to produce three main fractions: (i) ferrous material, (ii) non-ferrous material, and (iii) residual slag. In most cases the two metal fractions are separated further downstream in the value chain, prior to smelting. The residual, non-magnetic fraction (typically 0–45 mm) is used mainly as construction aggregate. Improvements in the efficiency of existing separation technologies are still being made, but less effort is focussed on characterising the fundamental composition and mineral resource potential of IBA. For this reason, the Urban-X project was launched by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) to characterise the composition and resource potential of various waste streams at Amager Bakke waste-to-energy plant in Copenhagen, Denmark. This paper discusses some of the main outcomes of the Urban-X project with respect to IBA, and a full analysis of all waste streams analysed at Amager Bakke is available in Clausen et al. 2019.","PeriodicalId":49199,"journal":{"name":"Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82225721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of Survey activities 2018","authors":"F. Christiansen","doi":"10.34194/GEUSB-201943-00-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34194/GEUSB-201943-00-01","url":null,"abstract":"Every four years the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) develops and implements new strategies to ensure that we are able to help meet the ever-changing challenges that face society. In 2018 these discussions were shaped by important issues like climate change and climate adaptation, and their consequences for our use of energy, minerals and water resources. As part of this strategic focus, GEUS introduced a new publication strategy in 2018 that seeks to increase our publication rate of high impact science, and to gain more visibility within the international scientific community and the media. Many different tools will be applied to make such a long-term cultural change possible, including modernisation of GEUS’ own publication series.","PeriodicalId":49199,"journal":{"name":"Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85410174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing multi-sensor drones for geological mapping and mineral exploration: setup and first results from the MULSEDRO project","authors":"B. Heincke, R. Jackisch, A. Saartenoja, Heikki Salmirinne, Sönke Rapp, R. Zimmermann, M. Pirttijärvi, Erik Vest Sörensen, R. Gloaguen, Lisa Ek, Johan Bergström, A. Karinen, S. Salehi, Y. Madriz, M. Middleton","doi":"10.34194/GEUSB-201943-03-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34194/GEUSB-201943-03-02","url":null,"abstract":"The use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), also known as drones, is becoming increasingly important for geological applications. Thanks to lower operational costs and ease of use, UAS offer an alternative approach to aircraft-based and ground-based geoscientific measurements (Colomina & Molina 2014). Magnetic and hyperspectral UAS surveys hold particular promise for mineral exploration, and several groups have recently published studies of magnetic data collected by UAS for such applications (Malehmir et al. 2017; Cunningham et al. 2018), although equivalent studies using hyperspectral data are still rare (Kirsch et al. 2018). Combining both techniques is particularly useful. Magnetic measurements play an important role in mineral exploration, since magnetisation in rocks is mainly associated with magnetite and other iron minerals, which can be used in mapping and targeting of mineral deposits (Dentith & Mudge 2014). Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is a powerful exploration and mapping technique in areas where the rock surface is well-exposed, and where geological units and mineral compositions can be estimated from spectral features of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visual and infrared range.","PeriodicalId":49199,"journal":{"name":"Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87568306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liverpool Land Basement High, Greenland: visualising inputs for fractured crystalline basement reservoir models","authors":"Graham J. Banks, S. Bernstein, S. Salehi, P. Guarnieri, D. Bird, Catherine Hamblett, D. Peacock, J. Foster","doi":"10.34194/GEUSB-201943-02-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34194/GEUSB-201943-02-04","url":null,"abstract":"Basement highs are large structural features, commonly buried in sedimentary basins (Busby & Azor 2012). They are of interest for natural resources exploration and research because of their ability to influence migration and entrapment of petroleum (Trice 2014) and water, and the deposition of metals (Hitzman 2005; Borg et al. 2012). Three-dimensional (3D) reservoir models (e.g. Shepherd 2009) are built to evaluate and model fluid-filled basement reservoirs (Ringrose & Bentley 2015). However, subsurface data are expensive, difficult to obtain and are often widely spaced. Ideally, basement reservoir models would be constrained by rock, fracture and mineral vein data from appropriate outcrop analogues (acknowledging that subaerial basement rocks have, by definition, a different uplift history than subsurface basement). The Liverpool Land Basement High (LLBH) in Greenland is an uplifted and well-exposed basement high located between two sedimentary basins, and thus provides a valuable analogue for fractured basement-hosted mineral, oil and geothermal reservoirs.  \u0000The Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) conducted reconnaissance work on the LLBH in 2018 to assess the quality of the exposure of basement palaeo-weathering profiles and fault-fracture networks. Here, we introduce the LLBH, the concept of fractured basement reservoir modelling, and how studying the LLBH can help enhance reservoir modelling of fractured basement. We present some of our preliminary observations of LLBH fault-fracture networks and discuss how the exposed sediment-basement features and processes might aid industry and research in their top basement mapping activities. We propose that LLBH provides a particularly suitable analogue for industry and research to analyse: (a) multiscale fracture system connectivity, (b) fluid migration and fluid-rock reaction processes, (c) input parameters for basement reservoir modelling and (d) top basement geomorphologies and processes.","PeriodicalId":49199,"journal":{"name":"Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78882970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The North Atlantic Provenance Database: an introduction","authors":"C. Knudsen, M. Sønderholm, Tjerk C. Heijboer, J. Kristensen, D. Bering","doi":"10.34194/GEUSB-201943-03-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34194/GEUSB-201943-03-01","url":null,"abstract":"The amount of provenance information available for onshore and offshore sedimentary deposits in the North Atlantic Region is substantial and rapidly increasing. These data provide an improved understanding of reservoir geology (quality, diagenetic issues, regional source-to-sink relations and local stratigraphic correlations), and thereby can reduce hydrocarbon exploration risk. As such, the number of proprietary, industry-related and public research provenance studies has increased considerably in recent years, and the development and use of new analytical techniques has also caused a surge in the number of grains, isotopes and chemical elements analysed in each study. As a result, it is today close to impossible for the individual researcher or petroleum geologist to draw on all existing provenance data. And the vast expansion of data availability demands new and better methods to analyse and visualise large amounts of data in a systematic way \u0000To this end, the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) and the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD) have established a web-based database of provenance data for the North Atlantic area: the North Atlantic Provenance Database. Construction of the database was funded jointly by GEUS and NPD. Future maintenance and further development will be funded by the petroleum industry by subscription to the database. Here, we provide a brief introduction to the database and its future development and expansion. We highlight the current capabilities with an example from East Greenland.","PeriodicalId":49199,"journal":{"name":"Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin","volume":"1974 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90225558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution of porosity-preserving microquartz coatings in sandstones, Upper Jurassic Danish Central Graben","authors":"M. T. Nielsen, R. Weibel, J. Therkelsen, H. Friis","doi":"10.34194/GEUSB-201943-01-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34194/GEUSB-201943-01-03","url":null,"abstract":"High porosity is a key factor for good reservoir sandstones for both hydrocarbon and geothermal energy exploitation. The porosity of sandstones generally decreases with increased burial depth due to compaction and cementation. However, some sandstones in the North Sea show higher porosity than expected for their burial depth, due to the presence of micro­quartz coatings (e.g. Aase et al. 1996; Hendry & Trewin 1995; Jahren & Ramm 2000; Maast et al. 2011). Siliceous sponge spicules have been documented to be an internal source of silica that promotes microquartz coatings (e.g. Hendry & Trewin 1995; Aase et al. 1996). Siliceous sponge spicules, the solid ‘skeleton’ of sponges, consist of opal-A and will dissolve when exposed to higher temperatures, thereby causing supersaturation of the formation water with respect to opal-CT and quartz, resulting in nucleation of numerous small (1–5 µm) quartz crystals (Williams et al. 1985; Hendry & Trewin 1995). To predict reservoir quality it is important to understand the distribution of porosity-preserving microquartz in clastic deposits, and yet this is still poorly understood. To address this, our study presents petrographical analyses of cored sandstone sections from wells of various depositional environments, including  back-barrier, estuarine, shoreface and gravity flows, as well as various present-day burial depths across the Danish Central Graben.","PeriodicalId":49199,"journal":{"name":"Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81413339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of ASTER and Sentinel-2 spaceborne datasets for geological mapping: a case study from North-East Greenland","authors":"S. Salehi, Christian Mielke, C. B. Pedersen, S. D. Olsen","doi":"10.34194/GEUSB-201943-02-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34194/GEUSB-201943-02-05","url":null,"abstract":"Spaceborne remote sensing is a suitable tool for early mineral exploration and surveying large areas of high Arctic environment in a fast and cost-effective manner. While spaceborne data have been used widely to map geology in arid areas, similar approaches for remotely-sensed geological mapping of Arctic environments is yet to be developed. Freely available spaceborne optical data provides detailed information of high-quality that could potentially reduce resource exploration risk in remote regions. To this end, this study compares the use of two different multispectral spaceborne datasets (i.e. the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and Sentinel-2) to map geological units in and around Wollaston Forland, North-East Greenland – an area rich in Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks and important targets for offshore petroleum exploration. Multispectral image sensors simultaneously capture image data within multiple wavelength ranges (bands) across the electromagnetic spectrum. Each band is commonly described by the band number and the band wavelength centre position. Here, we identify the bands most suitable for geological mapping in an Arctic setting, using the Wollaston Forland area as an example. We compare the results obtained by processing spaceborne data with a published geological map for the area (Henriksen 2003).","PeriodicalId":49199,"journal":{"name":"Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75276653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterising brines in deep Mesozoic sandstone reservoirs, Denmark","authors":"H. Holmslykke, N. Schovsbo, L. Kristensen, R. Weibel, L. Nielsen","doi":"10.34194/GEUSB-201943-01-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34194/GEUSB-201943-01-04","url":null,"abstract":"The Danish subsurface contains several sandstone units, which represent a large geothermal resource (Vosgerau et al. 2016). Currently, only three geothermal plants are operating in Denmark, but several exploration licences are expected to be awarded in 2019. Geothermal energy is exploited from deeply buried porous sandstones by bringing warm form­ation water (brine) to the surface, extracting the heat and returning the cooled water to the same sandstones. The reduced temperature of the brine during this process implies a risk of scaling, which may reduce reservoir permeability and hence injectivity. Predicting the chemical composition of formation waters, however, could help to reduce the risk associated with scaling in planned geothermal facilities. \u0000Here, we present a regional overview of the geochem­istry of brines from deep Mesozoic sandstones in the Danish Basin and North German Basin that supplements previous studies, notably by Laier (2002, 2008). The brine composition at shallow burial typically reflects the original (connate) formation water chemistry, which is determined by the original depositional environment of the sandstone, for example fluvial or marine. However, the mineralogical composition of the sandstone changes during burial, whereby some minerals may dissolve or precipitate when exposed to higher temperatures. These mineral changes are reflected in the brine composition, which typically becomes more saline with increased burial (e.g. Laier 2008; Kharaka & Hanor 2003).  \u0000The brine chemistry reported here shows a distinct depth trend, which reflects original connate formation waters that are modified through burial diagenesis. We have classified the brines into brine types, which are shown to be related to their depositional environment, depth, geological formation and geographical domains.","PeriodicalId":49199,"journal":{"name":"Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90838754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping glacial rock flour deposits in Tasersuaq, southern West Greenland","authors":"O. Bennike, J. Jensen, F. N. Sukstorf, M. Rosing","doi":"10.34194/GEUSB-201943-02-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34194/GEUSB-201943-02-06","url":null,"abstract":"Global population has increased rapidly in recent decades. So far, it has been possible to feed the growing population by using more and more land for agriculture, using irrigation and artificial fertilisers and by improving the efficiency of agriculture. Recently the growth of the global agricultural area has slowed. However, the need for food will continue to grow markedly in coming years. This demand can no longer be met by using increasingly more land for agriculture, and in many areas it is not possible to increase crop production by irrigation (Wise 2013). \u0000Large areas in the tropics are characterised by strongly depleted soils with low concentrations of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. In such areas, the yield of crop per hectare is much lower than the theoretical yield using optimal fertilising (Ray et al. 2013). Reducing the gap between real and potential crop productivity offers the best solution to achieve food security for the world’s rapidly growing population. \u0000Poor soil quality in the tropics is largely due to the rapid weathering of minerals and leaching of dissolved nutrients in the warm and humid climate. If weathered minerals are not replaced by new minerals, for example due to volcanic activity, then soil fertility continues to decline over time. Therefore, it is necessary to use increasing amounts of fertilisers to feed growing populations in the tropics. Most nutrients come from geological deposits; the only exception is nitrogen, which can be extracted from the atmosphere. Nutrients that are mined constitute a limited resource. Hence the known occurrences of phosphorous can only cover the current demand for a few decades (van Vuuren et al. 2010). \u0000In recent years, investigations have been conducted to see if the productivity of nutrient-poor soils can be improved by the application of glacial rock flour from Greenland. Rock flour in southern West Greenland consists of fine-grained silt, formed by the grinding of bedrock by stones and boulders embedded in the basal part of glaciers. Preliminary results indicate that plants cultivated in soils with rock flour can achieve increased growth (M.T. Rosing, unpublished data 2019). However, the research is still in its early days and many questions remain. We do not know why adding rock flour to soil results in increased growth. Maybe the silt fraction improves the soil properties. Also we do not know if it is feasible to mine rock flour and transport it to the tropics. As a first step towards answering some of these questions, our aim here was to simply map and sample the glacial rock flour in Tasersuaq, a large proglacial lake in southern West Greenland, c. 105 km north-east of Nuuk.","PeriodicalId":49199,"journal":{"name":"Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87964680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}