Glossa Psycholinguistics最新文献

Interpreting referential noun phrases in belief reports – the de re/de dicto competition 解读信仰报告中的指称名词短语--de re/de dicto 竞赛

Glossa Psycholinguistics Pub Date : 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.5070/g60111258

Yuhan Zhang, Kathryn Davidson

{"title":"Interpreting referential noun phrases in belief reports – the de re/de dicto competition","authors":"Yuhan Zhang, Kathryn Davidson","doi":"10.5070/g60111258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/g60111258","url":null,"abstract":"The de re/de dicto ambiguity centers on the referential and/or attributive properties of noun phrases within the scope of intentional operators, such as belief reports. For instance, in the belief report \"Julie believes Elizabeth’s poem will win the competition,\" a de re reading of the embedded referential noun phrase \"Elizabeth’s poem\" entails that the referential association between this noun phrase and the target poem is true from the speaker's perspective but may not be recognized as such in the belief holder’s (i.e., Julie’s) mind. In contrast, a de dicto reading describes Julie’s beliefs as she understands the referential association in her mind. While both de re and de dicto readings of definite noun phrases are considered acceptable, given different supporting contexts, we show that the acceptability of de re readings is vulnerable to contextual and pragmatic manipulations. One such case involves a context in which the belief holder, Julie, holds a mistaken belief about the identity of the poem, such as thinking that it was written by Nicole when, in reality, it was written by Elizabeth. This mistaken identity context introduces a de dicto reading of a competing noun phrase, \"Nicole’s poem,\" in \"Julie believes Nicole’s poem will win the competition.\" In this context, the speaker-oriented de re reading of \"Elizabeth’s poem\" has a roughly bimodal acceptability distribution, while the de dicto noun phrase was overall preferred. Our study is the first to systematically lay out the empirical landscape of de re/de dicto readings of definite noun phrases and highlights the vulnerability of the de re reading. This investigation solidifies the foundation for further theory development and endorses the practice of collecting reliable empirical judgment data for nuanced semantic phenomena.","PeriodicalId":491939,"journal":{"name":"Glossa Psycholinguistics","volume":"38 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141687426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Covariation in processing: grammar vs. context 处理过程中的变异：语法与语境

Glossa Psycholinguistics Pub Date : 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.5070/g6011144

Nikhil Vipul Lakhani, Florian Schwarz

{"title":"Covariation in processing: grammar vs. context","authors":"Nikhil Vipul Lakhani, Florian Schwarz","doi":"10.5070/g6011144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/g6011144","url":null,"abstract":"In addition to referential uses, pronouns can have covarying interpretations, i.e., exhibit the behavior of a bound variable. The grammatical mechanism(s) behind such readings have been subject to longstanding debates: Some authors argue for a fairly flexible but unified semantic mechanism that is not tied closely to syntactic configurations. Others distinguish a core class of bona fidebinding with tight syntactic constraints from other mechanisms that give rise to ultimately parallel effects, but do so more indirectly. Psycholinguistic work has started to uncover the processing mechanisms involved in evaluating dependencies between covarying pronouns and (candidate) antecedents. Moulton and Han (2018) leverage the processing perspective to try to shed light on the theoretical question of what grammatical mechanism is at play for a given covarying pronoun. They argue that so-called Gender Mismatch Effects only arise for cases of bona fide binding, supporting the existence of distinct grammatical mechanisms. However, Kush and Eik (2019), looking at another construction involving the relevant other covariation mechanisms, do find Gender Mismatch Effects. These authors suggest that various contextual factors can make a covarying interpretation harder to obtain, and they propose adjustments to Moulton and Han’s stimuli that they think should lead to fast Gender Mismatch Effects even when no bona fide binding is involved. A series of self-paced reading experiments replicate the results from Moulton and Han, and then extend the paradigm to variations along the lines suggested by Kush and Eik. The adjustment of contextual factors indeed results in Gender Mismatch Effects for both environments. We discuss how the processing evidence informs the theoretical issues. ","PeriodicalId":491939,"journal":{"name":"Glossa Psycholinguistics","volume":"30 44","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141684467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dutch speakers take referent predictability into account, irrespective of addressee presence 荷兰语使用者会考虑指代的可预测性，而不论受话人是否在场

Glossa Psycholinguistics Pub Date : 2024-04-14 DOI: 10.5070/g6011197

J. Vogels

{"title":"Dutch speakers take referent predictability into account, irrespective of addressee presence","authors":"J. Vogels","doi":"10.5070/g6011197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/g6011197","url":null,"abstract":"Language comprehension involves continuously making predictions about what will be mentioned next. If speakers take these predictions into account, one would expect that they try to be extra clear (e.g., by saying “the girl with the big earrings”) when they are going to say something less predictable. Conversely, speakers do not need to be as clear when the listener already expects the thing that they are about to mention, and can therefore suffice with a pronoun such as she. Previous research testing this hypothesis has found mixed results, with some studies finding that the referent’s predictability in discourse affects pronoun use and others finding that it does not. One explanation might be that speakers are more likely to take predictability into account when there is a co-present addressee who is predicting the next referent. To test this possibility, I conducted a language production experiment in which participants produced spoken continuations of narrative fragments. The fragments were accompanied by pictures that made clear how the story continued. Half of the participants performed the task without anyone else being present, while the other half told the stories to another person, who had to pick out the correct picture. Referent predictability was varied by manipulating the coherence relation in the narrative context. In addition, I calculated a surprisal score for each character in each narrative, as a more direct measure of its predictability. The results showed that with higher predictability, speakers were indeed more likely to use a pronoun than a definite NP to refer to the target character in their continuations. However, it did not matter whether the speaker was telling the stories to a co-present addressee or not. The results are discussed in light of accounts that distinguish between taking the perspective of a specific and that of a hypothetical listener.","PeriodicalId":491939,"journal":{"name":"Glossa Psycholinguistics","volume":"63 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140704857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evidence for a constituent order boost in structural priming 结构引物中成分顺序提升的证据

Glossa Psycholinguistics Pub Date : 2024-04-14 DOI: 10.5070/g60111517

Gunnar Jacob, K. Katsika, Neiloufar Family, Alina Kholodova, Shanley E. M. Allen

引用次数: 0

Gender Competition in the Production of Nonbinary ‘They’ 制作非二元 "他们 "时的性别竞争

Glossa Psycholinguistics Pub Date : 2024-04-14 DOI: 10.5070/g60111306

Jennifer E Arnold, Ranjani Venkatesh, Zachary Vig

{"title":"Gender Competition in the Production of Nonbinary ‘They’","authors":"Jennifer E Arnold, Ranjani Venkatesh, Zachary Vig","doi":"10.5070/g60111306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/g60111306","url":null,"abstract":"Two experiments test how college students use nonbinary they to refer to a single and specific person whose pronouns are they/them, e.g., “Alex played basketball on the neighborhood court. At one point they made a basket,” compared to matched stories about characters with binary (she/her or he/him) pronouns. Experiment 1 shows that for both types of pronouns, people use pronouns more in a one-person than a two-person context. In both experiments, people produce nonbinary they at least as frequently as binary pronouns, suggesting that any difficulty does not result in pronoun avoidance in spoken language, even though it does in written language (Arnold et al., 2022). Nevertheless, there is evidence that nonbinary they is somewhat difficult, in that people made gender errors on about 9% of trials, and they used a more acoustically prominent and disfluent-sounding pronunciation for nonbinary pronouns than binary pronouns. However, exposure to they in the context of the experiment had no effect on frequency, accuracy, or pronunciation of pronouns. This provides the first evidence of how nonbinary they is used in a naturalistic storytelling context and shows that while it poses some minor difficulties, it can be used successfully in a supportive context. ","PeriodicalId":491939,"journal":{"name":"Glossa Psycholinguistics","volume":"31 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140705971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluating the Pseudorelative-First Hypothesis: Evidence from self-paced reading and persistence effects 评估伪第一假说：来自自定进度阅读和持续效果的证据

Glossa Psycholinguistics Pub Date : 2024-03-12 DOI: 10.5070/g6011225

Alex Cairncross, Margreet Vogelzang, I. Tsimpli

{"title":"Evaluating the Pseudorelative-First Hypothesis: Evidence from self-paced reading and persistence effects","authors":"Alex Cairncross, Margreet Vogelzang, I. Tsimpli","doi":"10.5070/g6011225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/g6011225","url":null,"abstract":"Within the psycholinguistic literature, there has been a longstanding debate regarding whether we resolve syntactic parsing ambiguities via universal or language-specific biases. The present study investigates attachment biases in the online parsing of ‘relative clause’ (RC) attachment in Italian with respect to pseudorelative (PR) availability. Following the PR account Grillo (2012), languages are assumed to universally prefer local attachment. When languages appear to prefer non-local attachment, this is due (at least partially) to the availability of PRs. Specifically, Grillo and Costa (2014) suggest that whenever a string is ambiguous between a PR and a RC, the parser will prefer the PR parse, resulting in apparent non-local attachment. Although there is growing evidence that PR availability indeed affects offline interpretations, few studies have explored this account from an online perspective. Hence, we conducted a self-paced reading task in Italian. In that task, we directly manipulated PR availability and attachment. Reading times for the critical and postcritical regions along with accuracy to comprehension questions were subjected to mixed-effect regressions. Consistent with the PR account, online results indicated a clear bias for local attachment with true RCs. When PRs were available, we observed a non-local bias. Additionally, the present study provides novel evidence in support of the PR-First Hypothesis, as results indicated that the initial preference for PRs may persist and affect the interpretation of even globally disambiguated items.","PeriodicalId":491939,"journal":{"name":"Glossa Psycholinguistics","volume":"51 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140249879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Biased inferences about gender from names 从名字推断性别有偏差

Glossa Psycholinguistics Pub Date : 2024-03-12 DOI: 10.5070/g6011185

Bethany Gardner, Sarah Brown-Schmidt

{"title":"Biased inferences about gender from names","authors":"Bethany Gardner, Sarah Brown-Schmidt","doi":"10.5070/g6011185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/g6011185","url":null,"abstract":"How do alternative forms of reference to individuals—first, last, and full names—guide inferences about the gender of the referent? Given distributional correspondences between English first names and gender, first names provide probabilistic information about an individual's gender. While English last names do not vary with gender, men are more likely to be referred to by last name alone. Across four experiments, we demonstrate that inferences about gender are shaped by a persistent bias to infer that people are male, along with probabilistic information carried by the first name. When an individual was introduced by last name alone, participants overwhelmingly used he to subsequently refer to the person, suggesting that participants inferred that the person was male. This bias was still present when the individual was introduced using a first or full name, with participants less likely to use she than the distributional characteristics of the first names would predict. When explicitly asked to recall an individual’s gender who was introduced by last name alone, participants preferentially responded that the person was male. This bias persisted even when the person was introduced using a first or full name. Repeated reference attenuated, but did not eliminate, this bias. We discuss implications for models of how world knowledge is linked to language use.","PeriodicalId":491939,"journal":{"name":"Glossa Psycholinguistics","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140248600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The regularity of polysemy patterns in the mind: Computational and experimental data 思维中多义词模式的规律性：计算和实验数据

Glossa Psycholinguistics Pub Date : 2024-02-23 DOI: 10.5070/g60111327

Alizée Lombard, A. Ulicheva, M. Korochkina, Kathy Rastle

{"title":"The regularity of polysemy patterns in the mind: Computational and experimental data","authors":"Alizée Lombard, A. Ulicheva, M. Korochkina, Kathy Rastle","doi":"10.5070/g60111327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/g60111327","url":null,"abstract":"Linguists have often observed that the sense extensions in polysemous words follow patterns. Yet, these patterns have rarely been quantified, and it is unknown whether language users are sensitive to them. We developed four regularity metrics, focusing in this initial study on metaphor patterns that apply to nouns. We further tested adult English speakers’ capacity to understand new senses in an acceptability judgement task. We compared novel senses that followed a metaphor pattern against novel senses that did not respect any pattern. Our results showed that novel senses were judged as more acceptable when they were part of a polysemy pattern as opposed to when they were not. We also assessed whether acceptability judgements were influenced by the degree of regularity of the pattern that they follow. The results confirmed the psychological validity of degree of regularity as a measure: the more regular the polysemy pattern, the more acceptable the new sense following that pattern. Regularity metrics that captured the consistency with which a pattern is instantiated were more successful in predicting acceptability ratings than regularity metrics that captured the number of times a pattern is instantiated. These results motivate future psycholinguistic studies investigating the influence of regularity on learning, processing, and storage of polysemes in a more nuanced way than has been possible previously.","PeriodicalId":491939,"journal":{"name":"Glossa Psycholinguistics","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140436339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Listeners' convergence towards an artificial agent in a joint phoneme categorization task 听者在联合音素分类任务中向人工代理靠拢

Glossa Psycholinguistics Pub Date : 2024-02-23 DOI: 10.5070/g6011165

Noël Nguyen, L. Lancia, Lena-Marie Huttner, Jean-Luc Schwartz, Julien Diard

{"title":"Listeners' convergence towards an artificial agent in a joint phoneme categorization task","authors":"Noël Nguyen, L. Lancia, Lena-Marie Huttner, Jean-Luc Schwartz, Julien Diard","doi":"10.5070/g6011165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5070/g6011165","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on inter-individual convergence effects in the perception and categorization of speech sounds. We ask to what extent two listeners can come to establish a shared set of categorization criteria in a phoneme identification task that they accomplish together. Several hypotheses are laid out in the framework of a Bayesian model of speech perception that we have developed to account for how two listeners may each infer the parameters that govern their partner’s responses. In our experimental paradigm, participants were asked to perform a joint phoneme identification task with a partner that, unbeknownst to them, was an artificial agent, whose responses we manipulated along two dimensions, the location of the categorical boundary and the slope of the identification function. Convergence was found to arise for bias but not for slope. Numerical simulations suggested that lack of convergence in slope may stem from the listeners’ prior level of confidence in the variance in VOT for the two phonemic categories. This study sheds new light on perceptual convergence between listeners in the categorization of speech sounds, a phenomenon that has received little attention so far in spite of its central importance for speech communication.","PeriodicalId":491939,"journal":{"name":"Glossa Psycholinguistics","volume":"227 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140437759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0