Microbial Biotechnology最新文献

{"title":"Fermentation of plant-based dairy alternatives by lactic acid bacteria","authors":"Aimee R. Harper,&nbsp;Renwick C.J. Dobson,&nbsp;Vanessa K. Morris,&nbsp;Gert-Jan Moggré","doi":"10.1111/1751-7915.14008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.14008","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ethical, environmental and health concerns around dairy products are driving a fast-growing industry for plant-based dairy alternatives, but undesirable flavours and textures in available products are limiting their uptake into the mainstream. The molecular processes initiated during fermentation by lactic acid bacteria in dairy products is well understood, such as proteolysis of caseins into peptides and amino acids, and the utilisation of carbohydrates to form lactic acid and exopolysaccharides. These processes are fundamental to developing the flavour and texture of fermented dairy products like cheese and yoghurt, yet how these processes work in plant-based alternatives is poorly understood. With this knowledge, bespoke fermentative processes could be engineered for specific food qualities in plant-based foods. This review will provide an overview of recent research that reveals how fermentation occurs in plant-based milk, with a focus on how differences in plant proteins and carbohydrate structure affect how they undergo the fermentation process. The practical aspects of how this knowledge has been used to develop plant-based cheeses and yoghurts is also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":49145,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Biotechnology","volume":"15 5","pages":"1404-1421"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1751-7915.14008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5754304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paleoserology points to Coronavirus as possible causative pathogens of the ‘Russian flu’","authors":"Lindsay Ramassy,&nbsp;Hamadou Oumarou Hama,&nbsp;Caroline Costedoat,&nbsp;Michel Signoli,&nbsp;Emeline Verna,&nbsp;Bernard La Scola,&nbsp;Gérard Aboudharam,&nbsp;Rémi Barbieri,&nbsp;Michel Drancourt","doi":"10.1111/1751-7915.14058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.14058","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;We have read with great interest the paper related to the aetiology of the ‘Russian flu’, that you recently edited and published in Microbial Biotechnology (Brüssow and Brüssow, &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;). In this paper, the authors reviewed epidemiological and clinical data published by the English and German contemporaries of the ‘Russian flu’, a deadly pandemic that occurred in continental Europe between 1889 and 1891 (Valleron &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2010&lt;/span&gt;). ‘Russian flu’ appeared in Bukhara, Uzbekistan in May 1889 (Sisley, &lt;span&gt;1891&lt;/span&gt;) and spread around the world via steamboat and railroad in at least three waves between 1891 and 1893 (Brüssow and Brüssow, &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;) killing an estimated total of one million people in Europe only (Honigsbaum, &lt;span&gt;2013&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This new reading of the historical medical documents published in Great Britain and Germany, raised the hypothesis of a Coronavirus pandemic at the end of the 19th century: retrospective analyses showed that historical descriptions of ‘Russian flu’ were characterized by intestinal, respiratory and neurological signs specifically including loss of taste and smell, similar to what was described during the current COVID-19 pandemic caused by a SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus (Brüssow and Brüssow, &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;). However, the aetiology of the ‘Russian flu’ remains controversial in the absence of any direct or indirect paleomicrobiological diagnosis, and the hypothesis of an influenza &lt;i&gt;stricto sensu&lt;/i&gt; caused by an Influenza virus has also been proposed (Dowdle, &lt;span&gt;1999&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We have recently applied paleo serological methods that we have previously developed (Oumarou Hama &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;) to the exploration of male individuals who died from war-related injuries in August 1914 in Spincourt (Meuse, France) at the very beginning of the First World War; and who have potentially been exposed to ‘Russian flu’ on the basis of their birth date in France, between 1864 and 1894 (Verna &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;) (Table 1). The paleoserological methods we used, were based on extraction and characterization of immunoglobulins from the dental pulp contained in the teeth of deceased and buried individuals. Indeed, dental pulp contained dried blood as it was at the time of the individual's death (Barbieri &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2017&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;). Specifically, in this work, the mini-line blot method was applied to 29 pulp samples collected from 29 deceased individuals in Spincourt, as previously described (Raoult and Dasch, &lt;span&gt;1989&lt;/span&gt;; Oumarou Hama &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;). In the presence of a negative control consisting of skimmed milk, we tested the presence of antibodies against Coronaviruses including HCoV-229E alpha-Coronavirus, HCoV-OC43 beta-Coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2 beta-Coronavirus produced on cell culture tested negative for &lt;i&gt;Mycoplasma&lt;/i&gt; spp. Coronavirus were heat-inactivated, a procedure shown to preserve a","PeriodicalId":49145,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Biotechnology","volume":"15 7","pages":"1943-1945"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ami-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1751-7915.14058","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5976257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial biotechnology to assure national security of supplies of essential resources: energy, food and water, medical reagents, waste disposal and a circular economy","authors":"Kenneth Timmis,&nbsp;Juan Luis Ramos,&nbsp;Willy Verstraete","doi":"10.1111/1751-7915.14049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.14049","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;The tragedy of the invasion of the Ukraine has not only heaped death, injury and misery on an innocent and unsuspecting population, ripped gaping holes in families, displaced whole communities and created an enormous number of refugees, and provoked all the stress and mental health problems associated with these issues, but follows closely on the heels of the other, still ongoing, global tragedies of COVID and the global warming-caused calamities of fires, floods and landslides. What further horrors are in the wings, just waiting for a nudge? More importantly, what can/should we do to prevent, or at least mitigate, the nudge and its consequences? Here, we argue that reducing dependencies on global supply chains is a crucial component of efforts to reduce exposure to catastrophes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Ukraine tragedy has exposed full frontal the catastrophic dangers of dependency on global supply chains of essentials, not only because of their lack of security but also because they can severely compromise the political decision-making process at national and regional levels, and hence geopolitics, and thereby directly impact the formulation of policies needed to counteract threats to world peace.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The immediate example is energy security that is directly impacted by Russian gas and oil supplies. On one hand, many countries depend on this source, which thereby yields enormous revenue that in part pays for the current military activities we observe. On the other, attempts to discourage these activities through sanctions are mired in national conflicts of interest, making the orchestration of a unified response challenging.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, a major challenge to food security for many nations is about to unfold as a result of the Ukraine tragedy, since the Ukraine and Russia are major exporters of grain and grain products (https://www.reuters.com/business/russia-ukraine-conflict-highlights-wheat-supply-vulnerability-2022-03-03/; https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-02/russia-s-war-with-ukraine-could-devastate-global-grain-markets&lt;span&gt;;&lt;/span&gt; https://www.investmentmonitor.ai/special-focus/ukraine-crisis/countries-exposed-ukrainian-food-exports; https://www.spglobal.com/commodity-insights/en/market-insights/latest-news/agriculture/022422-factbox-russias-ukraine-invasion-seen-disrupting-vegetable-oil-grain-trade-flows).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;And: outsourcing production to far-away countries and the associated transportation comes with a significant depletion of local knowledge and skills, an ever-increasing carbon footprint, and the need for unnecessary logistical infrastructure and additional regulatory oversight.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Governments can and must minimize insecurities in, and thus dependencies on others for, &lt;i&gt;essential&lt;/i&gt; resources by maximizing own production. This is true of supplies of energy, food, medical products and so on. It is not a question of being entirely self-sufficient/completely independent of external supplies, which is obviously not possi","PeriodicalId":49145,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Biotechnology","volume":"15 4","pages":"1021-1025"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1751-7915.14049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5838583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sanguinarine synergistically potentiates aminoglycoside-mediated bacterial killing","authors":"Chang Lu,&nbsp;Nian Zhang,&nbsp;Sihoi Kou,&nbsp;Liangliang Gao,&nbsp;Bo Peng,&nbsp;Yunlu Dai,&nbsp;Jun Zheng","doi":"10.1111/1751-7915.14017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.14017","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Aminoglycosides are one of the oldest classes of antimicrobials that are being used in current clinical practice, especially on multi-drug resistant Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. However, the serious side effects at high dosage such as ototoxicity, neuropathy and nephrotoxicity limit their applications in clinical practice. Approaches that potentiate aminoglycoside killing could lower down their effective concentrations to a non-toxic dosage for clinical treatment. In this research, we screened a compound library and identified sanguinarine that acts synergistically with various aminoglycosides. By checkerboard and dynamical killing assay, we found that sanguinarine effectively potentiated aminoglycoside killing on diverse bacterial pathogens, including <i>Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumonia</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. The mechanistic studies showed an elevated intracellular ROS and DNA oxidative level in the bacterial cells treated by a combination of sanguinarine with aminoglycosides. Furthermore, an enhanced level of sanguinarine was observed in bacteria in the presence of aminoglycosides, suggesting that aminoglycosides promote the uptake of sanguinarine. Importantly, sanguinarine was shown to promote the elimination of persister cells and established biofilm cells both <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i>. Our study provides a novel insight for approaches to lower down the clinical dosages of aminoglycosides.</p>","PeriodicalId":49145,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Biotechnology","volume":"15 7","pages":"2055-2070"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ami-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1751-7915.14017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5687202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The fluorescent protein iLOV as a reporter for screening of high-yield production of antimicrobial peptides in Pichia pastoris","authors":"Annemette Kjeldsen,&nbsp;Jack E. Kay,&nbsp;Scott Baxter,&nbsp;Stephen McColm,&nbsp;Cristina Serrano-Amatriain,&nbsp;Scott Parker,&nbsp;Ellis Robb,&nbsp;S. Alison Arnold,&nbsp;Craig Gilmour,&nbsp;Anna Raper,&nbsp;Graeme Robertson,&nbsp;Robert Fleming,&nbsp;Brian O. Smith,&nbsp;Ian G. Fotheringham,&nbsp;John M. Christie,&nbsp;Leonardo Magneschi","doi":"10.1111/1751-7915.14034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.14034","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The methylotrophic yeast <i>Pichia pastoris</i> is commonly used for the production of recombinant proteins at scale. The identification of an optimally overexpressing strain following transformation can be time and reagent consuming. Fluorescent reporters like GFP have been used to assist identification of superior producers, but their relatively big size, maturation requirements and narrow temperature range restrict their applications. Here, we introduce the use of iLOV, a flavin-based fluorescent protein, as a fluorescent marker to identify <i>P. pastoris</i> high-yielding strains easily and rapidly. The use of this fluorescent protein as a fusion partner is exemplified by the production of the antimicrobial peptide NI01, a difficult target to overexpress in its native form. iLOV fluorescence correlated well with protein expression level and copy number of the chromosomally integrated gene. An easy and simple medium-throughput plate-based screen directly following transformation is demonstrated for low complexity screening, while a high-throughput method using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) allowed for comprehensive library screening. Both codon optimization of the iLOV_NI01 fusion cassettes and different integration strategies into the <i>P</i>. <i>pastoris</i> genome were tested to produce and isolate a high-yielding strain. Checking the genetic stability, process reproducibility and following the purification of the active native peptide are eased by visualization of and efficient cleavage from the iLOV reporter. We show that this system can be used for expression and screening of several different antimicrobial peptides recombinantly produced in <i>P. pastoris</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":49145,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Biotechnology","volume":"15 7","pages":"2126-2139"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1751-7915.14034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5736447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the capability of Klebsiella pneumoniae to produce 1, 3-propanediol by overexpression and regulation through CRISPR-dCas9","authors":"Xin Wang,&nbsp;Lin Zhang,&nbsp;Shaoxiong Liang,&nbsp;Ying Yin,&nbsp;Pan Wang,&nbsp;Yicao Li,&nbsp;Wee Shong Chin,&nbsp;Jianwei Xu,&nbsp;Jianping Wen","doi":"10.1111/1751-7915.14033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.14033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> is a common strain of bacterial fermentation to produce 1, 3-propanediol (1, 3-PDO). In general, the production of 1, 3-PDO by wild-type <i>K. pneumoniae</i> is relatively low. Therefore, a new gene manipulation of <i>K. pneumoniae</i> was developed to improve the production of 1, 3-PDO by overexpressing in the reduction pathway and attenuating the by-products in the oxidation pathway. Firstly, <i>dhaB</i> and/or <i>dhaT</i> were overexpressed in the reduction pathway. Considering the cost of IPTG, the constitutive promoter P32 was selected to express the key gene. By comparing <i>K.P</i>. pET28a-P32-<i>dhaT</i> with the original strain, the production of 1, 3-PDO was increased by 19.7%, from 12.97 to 15.53 g l⁻¹ (in a 250 ml shaker flask). Secondly, three <i>lldD</i> and <i>budC</i> regulatory sites were selected in the by-product pathway, respectively, using the CRISPR-dCas9 system, and the optimal regulatory sites were selected following the 1, 3-PDO production. As a result, the 1, 3-PDO production by <i>K.P</i>. L1-pRH2521 and <i>K.P</i>. B3-pRH2521 reached up to 19.16 and 18.74 g l⁻¹, which was increased by 47.7% and 44.5% respectively. Overexpressing <i>dhaT</i> and inhibiting expression of <i>lldD</i> and <i>budC</i> were combined to further enhance the ability of <i>K. pneumoniae</i> to produce 1, 3-PDO. The 1, 3-PDO production by <i>K.P</i>. L1-B3-PRH2521-P32-<i>dhaT</i> reached 57.85 g l⁻¹ in a 7.5 l fermentation tank (with Na⁺ neutralizer), which is higher than that of the original strain. This is the first time that the 1, 3-PDO production was improved in <i>K. pneumoniae</i> by overexpressing the key gene and attenuating by-product synthesis in the CRISPR-dCas9 system. This study reports an efficient approach to regulate the expression of genes in <i>K. pneumoniae</i> to increase the 1, 3-PDO production, and such a strategy may be useful to modify other strains to produce valuable chemicals.</p>","PeriodicalId":49145,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Biotechnology","volume":"15 7","pages":"2112-2125"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ami-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1751-7915.14033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5701296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diverse responses of pqqC- and phoD-harbouring bacterial communities to variation in soil properties of Moso bamboo forests","authors":"Wenhui Shi,&nbsp;Yijing Xing,&nbsp;Ying Zhu,&nbsp;Ning Gao,&nbsp;Yeqing Ying","doi":"10.1111/1751-7915.14029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.14029","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Phosphate-mobilizing bacteria (PMB) play a critical role in the regulation of phosphorus availability in the soil. The microbial genes <i>pqqC</i> and <i>phoD</i> encode pyrroloquinoline quinone synthase and bacterial alkaline phosphatase, respectively, which regulate inorganic and organic phosphorus mobilization, and are therefore used as PMB markers. We examined the effects of soil properties in three Moso bamboo forest sites on the PMB communities that were profiled using high-throughput sequencing. We observed differentiated responses of <i>pqqC</i>- and <i>phoD</i>-harbouring PMB communities to various soil conditions. There was significant variation among the sites in the diversity and structure of the <i>phoD</i>-harbouring community, which correlated with variation in phosphorus levels and non-capillary porosity; soil organic carbon and soil water content also affected the structure of the <i>phoD</i>-harbouring community. However, no significant difference in the diversity of <i>pqqC</i>-harbouring community was observed among different sites, while the structure of the <i>pqqC</i>-harbouring bacteria community was affected by soil organic carbon and soil total nitrogen, but not soil phosphorus levels. Overall, changes in soil conditions affected the <i>phoD</i>-harbouring community more than the <i>pqqC</i>-harbouring community. These findings provide a new insight to explore the effects of soil conditions on microbial communities that solubilize inorganic phosphate and mineralize organic phosphate.</p>","PeriodicalId":49145,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Biotechnology","volume":"15 7","pages":"2097-2111"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1751-7915.14029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5688824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccine with bacterium-like particles displaying HIV-1 gp120 trimer elicits specific mucosal responses and neutralizing antibodies in rhesus macaques","authors":"Huaiyu Wang,&nbsp;Pingchao Li,&nbsp;Mo Zhang,&nbsp;Jinpeng Bi,&nbsp;Yizi He,&nbsp;Fangshen Li,&nbsp;Rongzhen Yu,&nbsp;Feng Gao,&nbsp;Wei Kong,&nbsp;Bin Yu,&nbsp;Ling Chen,&nbsp;Xianghui Yu","doi":"10.1111/1751-7915.14022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.14022","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Preclinical studies have shown that the induction of secretory IgA (sIgA) in mucosa and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in sera is essential for designing vaccines that can effectively block the transmission of HIV-1. We previously showed that a vaccine consisting of bacterium-like particles (BLPs) displaying Protan-gp120AE-MTQ (PAM) could induce mucosal immune responses through intranasal (IN) immunization in mice and NAbs through intramuscular (IM) immunization in guinea pigs. Here, we evaluated the ability of this vaccine BLP-PAM to elicit HIV-1-specific mucosal and systemic immune responses through IN and IM immunization combination strategies in rhesus macaques. First, the morphology, antigenicity and epitope accessibility of the vaccine were analysed by transmission electron microscopy, bio-layer interferometry and ELISA. In BLP-PAM-immunized macaques, HIV-1-specific sIgA were rapidly induced through IN immunization in situ and distant mucosal sites, although the immune responses are relatively weak. Furthermore, the HIV-1-specific IgG and IgA antibody levels in mucosal secretions were enhanced and maintained, while production of serum NAbs against heterologous HIV-1 tier 1 and 2 pseudoviruses was elicited after IM boost. Additionally, situ mucosal responses and systemic T cell immune responses were improved by rAd2-gp120AE boost immunization via the IN and IM routes. These results suggested that BLP-based delivery in combination with the IN and IM immunization approach represents a potential vaccine strategy against HIV-1.</p>","PeriodicalId":49145,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Biotechnology","volume":"15 7","pages":"2022-2039"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ami-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1751-7915.14022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5672407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-obesity effects of Chenpi: an artificial gastrointestinal system study","authors":"Maria Falduto,&nbsp;Francesco Smedile,&nbsp;Man Zhang,&nbsp;Ting Zheng,&nbsp;Jieyu Zhu,&nbsp;Qingrong Huang,&nbsp;Richard Weeks,&nbsp;Alexey M. Ermakov,&nbsp;Michael L. Chikindas","doi":"10.1111/1751-7915.14005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.14005","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The gut microbiota plays a significant role in human health; however, the complex relationship between gut microbial communities and host health is still to be thoroughly studied and understood. Microbes in the distal gut contribute to host health through the biosynthesis of vitamins and essential amino acids and the generation of important metabolic by-products from dietary components that are left undigested by the small intestine. Aged citrus peel (Chenpi) is used in traditional Chinese medicine to lower cholesterol, promote weight loss and treat various gastrointestinal symptoms. This study investigated how the microbial community changes during treatment with Chenpi using the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME). Two preparations of Chenpi extract were tested: Chenpi suspended in oil only and Chenpi in a viscoelastic emulsion. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were measured during treatment to monitor changes in the microbial community of the colon presenting a decrease in production for acetic, propionic and butyric acid (ANOVA (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.001) during the 15 days of treatment. 16S rRNA sequencing of microbial samples showed a clear difference between the two treatments at the different sampling times (ANOSIM <i>P</i> &lt; 0.003; ADOSIM <i>P</i> &lt; 0.002 [<i>R</i>² = 69%]). Beta diversity analysis by PcoA showed differences between the two Chenpi formulations for treatment day 6. These differences were no longer detectable as soon as the Chenpi treatment was stopped, showing a reversible effect of Chenpi on the human microbiome. 16S rRNA sequencing of microbial samples from the descending colon showed an increase in <i>Firmicutes</i> for the treatment with the viscoelastic emulsion. At the genus level, <i>Roseburia</i>, <i>Blautia</i>, <i>Subdoligranulum</i> and <i>Eubacterium</i> increased in numbers during the viscoelastic emulsion treatment. This study sheds light on the anti-obesity effect of a polymethoxyflavone (PMFs)-enriched Chenpi extract and creates a foundation for the identification of ‘obesity-prevention’ biomarkers in the gut microbiota.</p>","PeriodicalId":49145,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Biotechnology","volume":"15 3","pages":"874-885"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1751-7915.14005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5683848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunization with a combination of recombinant Brucella abortus proteins induces T helper immune response and confers protection against wild-type challenge in BALB/c mice","authors":"Zhiqiang Li,&nbsp;Shuli Wang,&nbsp;Shujuan Wei,&nbsp;Guangli Yang,&nbsp;Chunmei Zhang,&nbsp;Li Xi,&nbsp;Jinliang Zhang,&nbsp;Yanyan Cui,&nbsp;Junfang Hao,&nbsp;Huan Zhang,&nbsp;Hui Zhang","doi":"10.1111/1751-7915.14015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.14015","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Protective efficiency of a combination of four recombinant <i>Brucella abortus</i> (<i>B. abortus</i>) proteins, namely, ribosomal protein L7/L12, outer membrane protein (OMP) 22, OMP25 and OMP31, was evaluated as a combined subunit vaccine (CSV) against <i>B. abortus</i> infection in RAW 264.7 cell line and murine model. Four proteins were cloned, expressed and purified, and their immunocompetence was analysed. BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously with single subunit vaccines (SSVs) or CSV. Cellular and humoral immune responses were determined by ELISA. Results of immunoreactivity showed that these four recombinant proteins reacted with <i>Brucella</i>-positive serum individually but not with <i>Brucella</i>-negative serum. A massive production of IFN-γ and IL-2 but low degree of IL-10 was observed in mice immunized with SSVs or CSV. In addition, the titres of IgG2a were heightened compared with IgG1 in SSV- or CSV-immunized mice, which indicated that SSVs and CSV induced a typical T-helper-1-dominated immune response <i>in vivo</i>. Further investigation of the CSV showed a superior protective effect in mice against brucellosis. The protection level induced by CSV was significantly higher than that induced by SSVs, which was not significantly different compared with a group immunized with RB51. Collectively, these antigens of <i>Brucella</i> could be potential candidates to develop subunit vaccines, and the CSV used in this study could be a potential candidate therapy for the prevention of brucellosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":49145,"journal":{"name":"Microbial Biotechnology","volume":"15 6","pages":"1811-1823"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ami-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1751-7915.14015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5698799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}