History of Geo- and Space Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Understanding the drift of Shackleton's Endurance during its last days before it sank in November 1915, using meteorological reanalysis data","authors":"M. de Vos, P. Kountouris, L. Rabenstein, J. Shears, Mira Suhrhoff, C. Katlein","doi":"10.5194/hgss-14-1-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-14-1-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. On 5 December 1914, Sir Ernest Shackleton and his crew set sail from South Georgia aboard the wooden barquentine vessel Endurance, beginning the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition to cross the Antarctic continent. However, Shackleton and his crew never reached land because the vessel became beset in the sea ice of the Weddell Sea in January 1915. Endurance then drifted in the pack for 11 months, was crushed by the ice, and sank on 21 November 1915. Over many years, various predictions were made about the location of the wreck. These were based largely on navigational fixes taken by Captain Frank Worsley, the navigator of the Endurance, 3 d prior to and 1 d after the sinking of Endurance. On 5 March 2022, the Endurance22 expedition located the wreck some 9.4 km southeast of Worsley's estimated sinking position. In this paper, we describe the use of meteorological reanalysis data to reconstruct the likely ice drift trajectory of Endurance for the period between Worsley's final two fixes, at some point along which the vessel sank. Reconstructions are sensitive to choices of wind factor and turning angle, but allow an envelope of possible scenarios to be developed. A likely scenario yields a simulated sinking location some 3.5 km from the position at which the wreck finally was found, with a trajectory describing an excursion to the southeast and an anticlockwise turn to the northwest prior to sinking. Despite numerous sources of uncertainty, these results show the potential for such methods in marine archaeology.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47811588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of different mascon approaches for regional gravity field modelling since 1968","authors":"M. Antoni","doi":"10.5194/hgss-13-205-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-205-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The geodetic and geophysical literature shows an abundance of mascon approaches for modelling the gravity field of the Moon or Earth on global or regional scales. This article illustrates the differences and similarities between the methods, which are labelled as mascon approaches by their authors. Point mass mascons and planar disc mascons were developed for modelling the lunar gravity field from Doppler tracking data. These early models had to consider restrictions in observation geometry, computational resources or geographical pre-knowledge, which influenced the implementation.\u0000Mascon approaches were later adapted and applied for the analysis of GRACE observations of the Earth's gravity field, with the most recent methods based on the simple layer potential. Differences among the methods relate to the geometry of the mascon patches and to the implementation of the gradient and potential for field analysis and synthesis. Most mascon approaches provide a direct link between observation and mascon parameters – usually the surface density or the mass of an element – while some methods serve as a post-processing tool of spherical harmonic solutions.\u0000This article provides a historical overview of the different mascon approaches and sketches their properties from a theoretical perspective.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44494934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HMS Challenger and SMS Gazelle – their 19th century voyages compared","authors":"W. J. Gould","doi":"10.5194/hgss-13-171-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-171-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This paper analyses the pioneering global voyages of HMS\u0000Challenger and SMS Gazelle in the 1870s – a time of rapid scientific advances and\u0000technological innovation. The voyage of Challenger has become well known as marking\u0000the start of the global-scale science of oceanography. The voyage of the\u0000Gazelle is much less well known despite the two voyages ending in the same year,\u00001876, and having similar geographical and scientific scope. Rather than focussing on the scientific achievements, the paper concentrates\u0000on how the expeditions were planned and executed, the lives and characters\u0000of the personnel involved, and the underlying motivation behind the voyages.\u0000The paper presents the author's translations of key elements of the\u0000Gazelle reports as a means of introducing the Gazelle expedition to an English-speaking\u0000readership.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43889417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"History of Kakioka Magnetic Observatory","authors":"I. Fujii, S. Nagamachi","doi":"10.5194/hgss-13-147-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-147-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Kakioka Magnetic Observatory (KMO) was founded in 1913 by\u0000the Central Meteorological Observatory (CMO, later the Japan Meteorological Agency) as a successor to Tokyo Magnetic Observatory. Kakioka was a village 70 km north of Tokyo and was selected to escape from tram noise in Tokyo. At first, it was an unstaffed observatory only for geomagnetic field observation. Then, the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923 changed the fate of\u0000KMO because the earthquake severely damaged the CMO in Tokyo, and recording papers of KMO were lost. KMO was staffed in 1924 and was redesigned as an institute for geophysics rather than geomagnetism. KMO operated a variety of\u0000observations, such as the atmospheric electric field, the geoelectric field, the seismicity, the air temperature, the wind velocity, the sunspot and\u0000solar prominence as well as the geomagnetic field, by the 1940s. In addition, research activity flourished with the leadership of the first director, Shuichi Imamichi. After World War II was over in 1945, KMO formed a\u0000network of observatories in Japan by founding several branch observatories\u0000originally for geoelectric field observation. Two branch observatories at Memambetsu and Kanoya survived, with geomagnetic field observation added in the International Geophysical Year project (1957–1958). Efforts in development of instruments for geomagnetic absolute measurement and systems of high-sampling recordings in the 1950s to 1970s resulted in the development of the Kakioka Automatic Standard Magnetometer (KASMMER) system in\u00001972. KASMMER measured the geomagnetic field every 3 s at the highest standard in the world in digital form, giving 1 min digital values of the geomagnetic field available. This system has been updated, and\u0000the high-sampling technology was applied to geoelectric field observation and atmospheric electric field observation. Later, adding\u0000geomagnetic field observation at Chichijima in 1971, KMO established a unique electric and magnetic observation network at Kakioka, Memambetsu,\u0000Kanoya and Chichijima and provided precise and high-speed sampling data\u0000(1 min, 1 and 0.1 s values) by 2001. On the other hand, KMO gradually\u0000terminated or automated their observations and reduced their staff in the last several decades following the government's reform policy. The two branch\u0000observatories at Memambetsu and Kanoya were unstaffed in 2011, and the atmospheric electric field at Memambetsu was terminated at that time. The\u0000geoelectric field observations at Kakioka, Memambetsu and Kanoya were\u0000terminated in 2021 as well as the atmospheric electric field at Kakioka. KMO\u0000focuses on geomagnetic observation for now and puts efforts into total force observation at volcanoes and the digitization of historic analog\u0000data.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47025164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atmospheric electricity observations at Lerwick Geophysical Observatory","authors":"R. Harrison, J. Riddick","doi":"10.5194/hgss-13-133-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-133-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Atmospheric electricity measurements were made at Lerwick Observatory, Shetland, between 1925 and 1984. These principally provide a long series of hourly potential gradient (PG) measurements at an unpolluted site but also include air–Earth current density measurements during the late 1970s and early 1980s. An especially notable aspect was investigating the dramatic atmospheric electrical changes caused by nuclear weapon detonations in the late 1950s and early 1960s, which has parallels with the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole. The methodology employed at Lerwick to provide the PG measurements is described. There is renewed international interest in such measurements, not least because the Lerwick PG data have been shown to be linked to Pacific Ocean temperature anomalies. The past measurements described have characterised the Lerwick site exceptionally well in atmospheric electrical terms, which also indicate its suitability for future, similar measurements.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47663947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global tephra studies: role and importance of the international tephra research group “Commission on Tephrochronology” in its first 60 years","authors":"D. Lowe, P. Abbott, Takehiko Suzuki, B. Jensen","doi":"10.5194/hgss-13-93-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-93-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Tephrochronology is a correlational and age-equivalent dating\u0000method whereby practitioners characterize, map, and date tephra (or volcanic\u0000ash) layers and use them stratigraphically as connecting and dating tools in\u0000the geosciences (including volcanology) and in studies of past environments\u0000and archaeology. Modern tephra studies per se began around 100 years ago (in the\u00001920s), but the first collective of tephrochronologists with a common purpose\u0000and nascent global outlook was not formed until 7 September 1961 in\u0000Warsaw, Poland. On that date, the inaugural “Commission on Tephrochronology”\u0000(COT) was ratified under the aegis of the International Union for Quaternary\u0000Research (INQUA). The formation of COT is attributable largely to the leadership\u0000of Kunio Kobayashi of Japan, the commission's president for its first 12 years. We were motivated to record and evaluate the function and importance of COT because tephrochronology continues to grow globally and its heritage needs\u0000to be understood, appreciated, and preserved. In addition, studies on\u0000cryptotephras, which are fine-grained glass-shard and/or crystal\u0000concentrations preserved in sediments or soils but insufficiently numerous\u0000to be visible as a layer to the naked eye, have also expanded dramatically\u0000in recent times. Therefore, in this article, we review the role and impacts\u0000of COT under the umbrella of INQUA for 53 of the last 60 years or under\u0000IAVCEI (International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the\u0000Earth's Interior) for 7 of the last 60 years, including since 2019. The\u0000commission also functioned under other names (abbreviated as COTS, CEV,\u0000ICCT, COTAV, SCOTAV, and INTAV; see Table 2 for definitions). As well as identifying key persons of\u0000influence, we describe the development of the commission, its leaders, and\u0000its activities, which include organizing nine specialist tephra field meetings\u0000in seven different countries. Members of the commission have participated in\u0000numerous other conferences (including specialist tephra sessions) or\u0000workshops of regional to international scale, and they have played leading roles in\u0000international projects such as INTIMATE (INTegrating Ice-core, MArine and TErrestrial records) and SMART (Synchronising\u0000Marine And ice-core Records using Tephrochronology). As well as strongly\u0000supporting early-career researchers including graduate students, the\u0000commission has generated 10 tephra-themed journal volumes and two books. It\u0000has published numerous other articles including field guidebooks, reports,\u0000and specialist internet documents/sites. Although its fortunes have ebbed as\u0000well as flowed, the commission began to prosper after 1987 when key changes\u0000in leadership occurred. COT has blossomed further, especially in the past\u0000decade or so, as an entire new cohort of specialists, including many engaged\u0000in cryptotephra studies, has emerged alongside new geoanalytical and dating\u0000techniques or protocols to become a vibrant global group today. We name 29\u0000electe","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44374386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intellectually gifted but inherently fragile – society's view of female scientists as experienced by seismologist Inge Lehmann up to 1930","authors":"Lif Lund Jacobsen","doi":"10.5194/hgss-13-83-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-83-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Celebrated for her 1936 discovery of the Earth's inner core, seismologist Inge Lehmann (1888–1993) is often portrayed as a trailblazing female scientist with an impressive international career. She is the inspiration behind Denmark's funding program designed to strengthen gender equality in scientific research. Yet, newly discovered documents show that Lehmann's path to a career in science was not at all straightforward. In a society where women were considered mentally and physically unsuited to academic studies, let alone scientific careers, gender bias and discrimination thwarted her ambitions and limited her early career options. Lehmann's letters to Niels Bohr document the disappointment and frustration with restrictions on women at Cambridge University that prompted her to return to Denmark. Her mental breakdown in the winter of 1912 likely resulted from academic overcompensation in attempts to overcome gender bias. After obtaining a Danish degree in mathematics, she became an underpaid clerical employee at the university. Only by pragmatically changing her field from prestigious mathematics to little-known seismology could she establish herself as a successful scientist.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46830802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cyclicity in Earth sciences, quo vadis? Essay on cycle concepts in geological thinking and their historical influence on stratigraphic practices","authors":"D. G. C. Fragoso, Matheus Kuchenbecker, A. Magalhães, C. Scherer, G. Gabaglia, A. Strasser","doi":"10.5194/hgss-13-39-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-39-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The archetype of a cycle has played an essential role in explaining\u0000observations of nature over thousands of years. At present, this perception\u0000significantly influences the worldview of modern societies, including\u0000several areas of science. In the Earth sciences, the concept of cyclicity offers simple analytical solutions in the face of complex events and their respective products, in both time and space. Current stratigraphic research integrates several methods to identify repetitive patterns in the\u0000stratigraphic record and to interpret oscillatory geological processes. This\u0000essay proposes a historical review of the cyclic conceptions from the\u0000earliest phases in the Earth sciences to their subsequent evolution into current stratigraphic principles and practices, contributing to identifying opportunities in integrating methodologies and developing future research\u0000mainly associated with quantitative approaches.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46684218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"History of EISCAT – Part 5: Operation and development of the system during the first 2 decades","authors":"G. Wannberg","doi":"10.5194/hgss-13-1-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-1-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This paper gives an inside view of the first 20 years of operation of the\u0000Kiruna–Sodankylä–Tromsø (KST) part of EISCAT as experienced and\u0000remembered by myself. The paper is subdivided into an Introduction and 14 additional sections. Sections 2 to 7 describe the organisation, staffing and\u0000responsibilities of the sites, with particular emphasis on the\u0000transmitter-related work at Tromsø and the commuting of staff and\u0000equipment between the sites. The headquarters operation is treated in\u0000Sect. 8. The UHF radar system is treated in Sect. 9. Section 10 is a\u0000review of the VHF system, including a summary of transmitter and antenna\u0000problems not available elsewhere in easily accessed media. Section 11 treats\u0000the computer system and the proprietary control languages EROS, TARLAN and\u0000CORLAN. Section 12 describes the signal processing hardware, with special\u0000emphasis on the Alker correlator, its idiosyncrasies and the gradual\u0000unlocking of its capabilities through UNIPROG, the GEN system and the\u0000G2 system, culminating in the ability to run alternating code experiments\u0000routinely. Section 13 presents the time and frequency keeping, a\u0000non-trivial task in the early 1980s. Finally, Sect. 14 discusses the UHF\u0000spectrum problem and relates how the UHF system had to be constantly\u0000upgraded in order to be able to co-exist with the emerging mobile phone\u0000networks until the final closure of UHF reception at Kiruna and\u0000Sodankylä in 2012. The paper ends with some personal reflections\u0000(Sect. 15).\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43380856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"History of the Tromsø Ionosphere Heating facility","authors":"M. Rietveld, P. Stubbe","doi":"10.5194/hgss-2021-19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-2021-19","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. We present the historical background to the construction of a major ionospheric heating facility near Tromsø, Norway in the 1970s by the Max Planck Institute for Aeronomy and the subsequent operational history to the present. It was built next to the EISCAT incoherent scatter radar facility and in a region with a multitude of diagnostic instruments used to study the auroral region. The facility was transferred to the EISCAT Scientific Association in January 1993 and continues to provide new discoveries in plasma physics and ionospheric and atmospheric science to this day. It is expected that ‘Heating’ will continue operating together with the new generation of incoherent scatter radar, called EISCAT_3D, when it is commissioned in the near future.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43126025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}