Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"The history of occupational health on the African continent.","authors":"Michele A Riva, Raz Dekel, Benoit Nemery, Paul D Blanc, Rajen N Naidoo","doi":"10.1186/s12995-025-00459-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-025-00459-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The history of occupational health on the African continent is important but under-studied.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We surveyed key resources related to medical history from the Ancient Egypt through the Ottoman Empire period. For the colonial era, we examined archival records, official reports, and historiographical studies, focusing on key cases from French North Africa, Belgian Congo, Italian East Africa, and British South Africa. To explore occupational health in Africa during the post-colonial period, we supplemented biomedical publications with data from governmental reports and policy documents.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The history of occupational health on the African continent has been characterized by poor working conditions, especially in mineral extraction. Colonial exploitation frequently worsened these underlying problems. The post-colonial record suggests that many past deficiencies continue.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>An integrated approach to the history of occupational health on the African continent provides context for better understanding current problems and for anticipating future trends.</p>","PeriodicalId":48903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology","volume":"20 1","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12067692/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144054831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of occupational hazards, health effects, and personal protective equipment usage among motorcycle food delivery riders in Thailand: a cross-sectional survey.","authors":"Siriaran Kwangsukstith, Vithawat Surawattanasakul, Chollada Mahakkanukrauh, Jinjuta Panumasvivat, Wachiranun Sirikul","doi":"10.1186/s12995-025-00460-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-025-00460-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Motorcycle Food Delivery Riders (MFDRs) play a vital role in the online food delivery industry, yet their prolonged time on the road exposes them to numerous occupational hazards, health risks, making them more vulnerable than both regular motorcyclists and the general population. The study aimed to investigate the working conditions, occupational hazards, health issues, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and the association between occupational hazards and health effects among Thai MFDRs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2021 to mid-February 2022 in Chiang Mai, Thailand, using an anonymous self-reported survey. A total of 709 MFDRs participated in the survey. Data were collected on background information, job characteristics, occupational hazards, health issues, and the use of PPE over the previous six months. The data were analyzed using a multivariable logistic regression model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most MFDRs are frequently exposed to physical hazards, including heat and sunlight (91.6%), as well as chemical hazards such as exhaust smoke (90.1%) and particulate matter (PM) (86.1%). Most MFDRs reported suffering from musculoskeletal disorders (62.1%) and eyes-related problems (45.1%). The most common problems were shoulder pain (39.2%), neck pain (38.1%), and burning eyes (33.3%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis indicates that biomechanical hazards are significantly associated with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) (p < 0.05), while psychological hazards significantly associated with headaches, insomnia, and feeling depressed (p < 0.05). Additionally, physical hazards such as sunlight and heat, noise, and whole-body vibrations, are also significantly associated with headaches, flu-like symptoms, and insomnia (p < 0.05). The most worn PPE by the participants were helmets (99.72%), long-leg pants (99.72%), masks (99.29%), and thermal jackets (98.17%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The high prevalence of occupational hazards and health issues among MFDRs is worrisome. It is critical for platform companies and health sectors to introduce effective protective measures for workers, including establishing health surveillance, and supplying PPE.</p>","PeriodicalId":48903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology","volume":"20 1","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12065142/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144065157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: The human long noncoding RNAs CoroMarker, MALAT1, CDR1as, and LINC00460 in whole blood of individuals after controlled short‑term exposure with ultrafine metal fume particles at workplace conditions, and in human macrophages in vitro.","authors":"Theresa Scheurer, Jan Steffens, Agnieszka Markert, Miriam Du Marchie Sarvaas, Christoph Roderburg, Lothar Rink, Frank Tacke, Tom Luedde, Thomas Kraus, Ralf Baumann","doi":"10.1186/s12995-025-00458-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12995-025-00458-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology","volume":"20 1","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12057155/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144054963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new approach for the implementation of ergonomics in sonography to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders (ErgoSon).","authors":"Johannes Matthias Weimer, Bastian Dumancic, Julia Weinmann-Menke, Josefine Rombusch, Benjamin Ernst, Alexa Krambeck, Rejane Golbach, Eugen Topal, Christian Maurer-Grubinger, Carlotta Ille, David A Groneberg, Christina Erbe, Daniela Ohlendorf, Fabian Holzgreve","doi":"10.1186/s12995-025-00457-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12995-025-00457-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A substantial body of research has documented a high prevalence of neck, shoulder, wrist, and back pain among sonography users. However, the specific postures that contribute to these complaints have scarcely been systematically investigated, to date. This proposed study offers a novel method to record users' body posture during sonography examinations kinematically and to survey the complaints of sonography users in various specialities. Using this data, well-founded ergonomic recommendations for the prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) will be developed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A minimum of 38 study participants across two groups (19 beginners; 19 experienced) per speciality (head and neck sonography, abdominal sonography, cardiac sonography, musculoskeletal sonography, and obstetric/gynaecological sonography) will be assessed using kinematic whole-body (including finger movements) analysis based on inertial motion capture. Subsequently, ergonomic risk will be determined by integrating the quantitative data into the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA). Moreover, a questionnaire on musculoskeletal complaints and ergonomics in sonography will be used in certified sonography courses, ultrasound-based centres, and university teaching. The primary outcome measures of this proposed study include typical tasks based on joint angles and assessment using RULA scores. In addition, the prevalence of WRMSDs will be recorded. The Mann-Whitney-U test will be employed to calculate the differences between the two study groups in each speciality. In addition, inferential statistical comparisons will be conducted for continuous data using confidence bands; the statistical parametric mapping method will be employed here. The significance level will be set at p = 0.05.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This article proposes a study (or series of studies) to describe the continuous ergonomic risk for typical tasks across different disciplines of sonography and to identify increased ergonomic risks. Such studies offer significant potential for preventing WRMSDs. The insights gained could inform the future design of prevention programmes and the development of recommendations for action, as well as teaching sonography users an ergonomically optimised way of working. The results could suggest that ergonomics training is incorporated more thoroughly into ultrasound training curricula to minimise health risks for future users.</p>","PeriodicalId":48903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology","volume":"20 1","pages":"11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11978026/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143804613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk assessment and management of chemical hazards for pregnant workers: a qualitative review of guidance from EU member states.","authors":"Thomas Claessens, Karin Sørig Hougaard, Steven Ronsmans","doi":"10.1186/s12995-025-00456-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12995-025-00456-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Exposure to workplace chemicals can pose serious risks to reproductive health. The European Union's Pregnant Workers Directive requires risk assessments but lacks clear guidelines for assessing chemical reproductive hazards in workplaces.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>This study aims to review how EU member states implement the Pregnant Workers Directive by analysing national guidance documents and relevant literature.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A qualitative review was conducted, combining a systematic literature search with outreach to EU national experts to gather relevant guidance documents. Thematic synthesis identified guiding principles for implementing maternity protection for chemical exposures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two main themes were identified: the need for a broad perspective and for certainty in risk assessment. The broad perspective stresses the importance of considering all reproductive hazards, not limited to those listed in the EU Directive and inclusion of male workers and the preconception period, and the potential adverse socio-economic consequences of applied protective measures. The need for certainty highlights the challenges in reliable risk assessments, due to lack of knowledge about chemicals' hazardous properties, dose-response relationships and the level of worker exposure. These themes reveal the complexity of implementing effective maternity protection and the need for improved guidelines across the EU.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study calls for a unified approach to reproductive health protection, extending beyond pregnancy to include also preconception and paternal exposures. The findings highlight the need to support practitioners in the risk assess process at workplaces in the EU by providing a framework for the assessment of reproductive hazards and determining protective measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":48903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology","volume":"20 1","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11963499/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143774815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of silicosis and other silica-related diseases in the engineered stone countertop processing industry.","authors":"Jane C Fazio, Karoly Viragh, Jenny Houlroyd, Sheiphali A Gandhi","doi":"10.1186/s12995-025-00455-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12995-025-00455-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Engineered stone (ES), a material that has become widespread for its use in kitchen and bathroom countertops since the 1980s, is composed of over 90% crystalline silica by weight, significantly exceeding the silica content of natural stones such as granite (40-50%) and marble (< 10%). Workers fabricating ES are exposed to dangerously high levels of respirable crystalline silica (RCS) and other toxic chemicals, which increases the risk of developing silicosis and other lung and systemic diseases. The purpose of this review is to explore the epidemiology, occupational risks, regulatory gaps, diagnostic evaluation, and clinical challenges associated with ES dust exposure.</p><p><strong>Main body: </strong>ES silicosis was first described in the early 2010s among ES countertop workers in Spain, Italy, and Israel. Since then, hundreds of cases have emerged worldwide, namely in China, Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Belgium. Silicosis from ES dust is accelerated and diagnosed after 7-19 years of exposure, often affecting young individuals (median age 33-55 years) from marginalized or immigrant communities. Morbidity and mortality are poor, with high rates of lung transplantation and death. Industrial hygiene air sample monitoring data shows that despite engineering controls such as wet saws and exhaust ventilation, exposure to respirable crystalline silica when cutting ES frequently exceeds safe exposure levels. Diagnostic evaluation and treatment are clinically challenging due to delayed medical screening, misdiagnosis, and lack of treatment options.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This review underscores the urgent need for enhanced occupational safety regulations, active screening, and healthcare support to address the rising burden of ES silicosis among vulnerable worker populations globally.</p>","PeriodicalId":48903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology","volume":"20 1","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11917111/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143651490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure to disulfiram and incidence of parkinsonism.","authors":"Angelo d'Errico, Elena Strippoli, Samuel M Goldman, Paul D Blanc","doi":"10.1186/s12995-025-00454-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12995-025-00454-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Case reports implicate disulfiram treatment in causing parkinsonism, but these observations lack epidemiological confirmation. Aim of the present study was to estimate the risk of incident parkinsonism associated with disulfiram dispensing in a large Italian population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this observational cohort study, administrative data were used, linking records at the individual level from civic registries, population census, mortality registers, hospital admissions, archives of drug prescriptions, and direct ambulatory drug distribution. Participants included all residents in the Piedmont region of Italy aged ≥ 40 years participating in 2011 census, still resident and alive at the beginning of 2013, followed-up from 2013 to 2019. The outcome was incident parkinsonism identified through multiple prescriptions of levodopa or a hospital admission for Parkinson's disease or atypical parkinsonism. Exposure to disulfiram and to neuroleptics was assessed through regional drug prescription archives. The association between disulfiram and parkinsonism onset was assessed using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for gender, age and neuroleptic use.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study population included 2,498,491 individuals (mean age: 62 years). During follow-up, 19,072 parkinsonism cases were identified, 8 of whom had been prescribed disulfiram. Exposure to disulfiram was associated with a three-fold increased risk of parkinsonism (HR = 3.10, 95% CI = 1.55-6.21) that remained significant when adjusted for neuroleptic use (HR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.01-4.10). The association was stronger among persons unexposed to neuroleptics and among those with more than four disulfiram prescriptions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results support the hypothesis that disulfiram may cause parkinsonism. Clinicians and drug regulatory agencies should consider parkinsonism when assessing the risks and benefits of disulfiram use.</p>","PeriodicalId":48903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology","volume":"20 1","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11899656/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143617621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cumulative risk assessment methodology applied to non-dietary exposures: developmental alterations in professional agricultural settings.","authors":"Luca Tosti, Martina Marazzini, Mohammed Kanadil, Francesca Metruccio","doi":"10.1186/s12995-025-00451-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12995-025-00451-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The safety assessment of combined exposure to xenobiotics has been an emerging topic for several years. Methodologies and approaches for cumulative risk assessment (CRA) are being developed primarily for the dietary risk assessment of pesticides, thus focusing only on consumer exposure. However, as highlighted in recent years, non-dietary exposures, such as those encountered by professionals in agricultural settings, may pose a significant risk due to their higher levels compared to dietary exposure. Despite this, existing methodologies for cumulative risk assessment (CRA) have not adequately addressed this critical aspect. In the EU, even if several legislations highlight the need to address the non-dietary CRA, no legal requirements are in place yet, therefore, there are no harmonized methodologies and approaches currently available. In a first step to fill this gap, this study is aimed at exploring CRA methodology applied to non-dietary exposure to pesticide in agricultural settings, specifically targeting operators, re-entry workers, and bystanders. The primary objective of the study was to verify the feasibility of an electronic register of plant protection treatments as data source for identifying and characterizing in field mixtures and consequently estimating cumulative non-dietary systemic exposure in real life. The relevant active substances selected for this investigation were those listed in foetal craniofacial alterations cumulative assessment groups (CAGs), established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for dietary CRA. Exposures to pesticides were estimated using European Union agreed mathematical models. The preliminary findings of this investigation effectively revealed the value of the register of treatments in assessing real-life plant protection products (PPP) usage in professional agricultural settings. In conclusion, the study provides encouraging insights into using the pesticide dietary CRA approach for non-dietary risk assessment in agricultural settings, underlining the necessity for further research and investigation of its feasibility for the evaluation of other acute effects but also for long-term effects related CAGs.</p>","PeriodicalId":48903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology","volume":"20 1","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11869452/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143532078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Herbicide-related health risks: key mechanisms and a guide to mitigation strategies.","authors":"Juthamas Hongoeb, Tanawut Tantimongcolwat, Francis Ayimbila, Waralee Ruankham, Kamonrat Phopin","doi":"10.1186/s12995-025-00448-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12995-025-00448-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Herbicides are a group of substances used to control undesired vegetation in both agricultural and non-agricultural settings. They are recorded as the most consumed class among other pesticides, reaching nearly two million tons worldwide. Despite their effectiveness in weed control, the extensive utilization of herbicides has raised concerns regarding adverse effects on human health. However, comprehensive reviews addressing herbicide-related human health risks remain limited. This work aims to compile scientific evidence and possible underlying mechanisms to emphasize the hazards that need to be acknowledged, as well as to explore novel strategies for minimizing the impact on human health.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Scientific data on herbicide-related human health risks, including human-related data and non-human experimental research, were retrieved from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Pre-determined eligibility criteria were applied to select the final studies.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>A narrative summary of evidence-based human incidence and laboratory experiments is presented to organize and highlight key findings. This indicates the life-threatening nature of herbicide exposure in humans, ranging from acute toxicity to the development of chronic diseases at any stage of life.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Herbicidal chemicals can harm individuals through various pathways, especially by inducing oxidative stress or directly disrupting molecular and cellular processes. Despite some conflicting findings, effective mitigation strategies are urgently needed to promote a safer society and protect human well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":48903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology","volume":"20 1","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11863480/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143505253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxic effects of chronic occupational mercury vapor exposure on female workers of childbearing age.","authors":"Yujie Pan, Kunlong Qu, Huiling Li, Yuguo Song","doi":"10.1186/s12995-025-00453-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12995-025-00453-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Few studies have been conducted on women of childbearing age with chronic mercury poisoning caused by mercury vapor exposure.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Occupational exposure, clinical symptoms and signs, laboratory tests, auxiliary examinations, treatment, and follow-up of 31 female workers with chronic mercury poisoning from a mercury thermometer processing factory who received inpatient treatment at our hospital between September 2021 and August 2022 were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In 31 female workers of childbearing age (23-43 years) who were chronically exposed to mercury vapor (3-31 months), urinary mercury levels exceeded the normal range. The clinical manifestations were primarily neurological (96.77%). Renal pathology of the two female workers suggested membranous nephropathy in the first stage. Some female workers experienced menstrual abnormalities, anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders. Treatment was mainly chelation therapy supplemented with antioxidants and other symptomatic supportive treatments. All patients achieved good results after discontinuing exposure to mercury vapor and receiving treatment. However, follow-up after discharge revealed that some female workers still had insomnia.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Occupational mercury vapor exposure is hazardous to female workers of childbearing age and increases the risk of adverse effects on their reproductive health. Occupational protection and prevention of mercury exposure in female workers of reproductive age must be emphasized.</p>","PeriodicalId":48903,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology","volume":"20 1","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11808966/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143392061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}