Applied Sciences-Basel最新文献

{"title":"Neurobehavioral Responses of Rats Exposed to Low-Concentration Hexavalent Chromium [Cr(VI)] in Drinking Water Combined with a High-Fat Diet.","authors":"Haiyan Lu, Samuel T Vielee, Jessica Isibor, William J Buchanan, Spencer H Roof, Maitri Patel, Idoia Meaza, Aggie Brownell, Jennifer H Toyoda, Sandra S Diven, J Calvin Kouokam, Rachel M Wise, Rui Liu, Matthew Cave, Jamie Lynn Wise, John P Wise","doi":"10.3390/app16157367","DOIUrl":"10.3390/app16157367","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is an established human carcinogen and was identified as the top chemical hazard in U.S. drinking water. Cr(VI) exposure has been associated with adverse neurological outcomes, while high-fat diet consumption is linked to cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disease. However, limited evidence exists regarding their combined effects on brain health. This study investigated neurobehavioral changes and brain metal concentrations in young rats exposed to low concentrations of Cr(VI) in drinking water (0.05 mg/L or 0.1 mg/L) while fed a normal-fat or high-fat diet for 90 days. Cr(VI) exposure impaired grip strength in rats, while a high-fat diet attenuated this effect. Co-exposure to Cr(VI) with a high-fat diet reduced exploratory behavior and motor function, increased anxiety, and impaired spatial memory while also decreasing overall activity. Both sociability and social novelty preference were altered by the combined exposure in rats. Notably, Cr(VI) with high-fat diet co-exposure induced sex-specific behavioral changes. High-fat diet affected Cr brain accumulation, and Cr(VI) exposure and high-fat diet disrupted essential metal homeostasis in rat brains with sex differences. Jointly, the results suggest combined exposure to Cr(VI) and a high-fat diet may increase the risk of adverse neurological outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":48760,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences-Basel","volume":"16 15","pages":"7367"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13671220/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149217176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aging Reprograms the Signaling, Metabolic, and Gene Regulatory Dynamics in Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.","authors":"Md Tamzid Hossain Tanim, Aarushi Patel, Venu Pandit, Luke Fracek, Anja Nohe","doi":"10.3390/app16083779","DOIUrl":"10.3390/app16083779","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), owing to their osteoblastogenic differentiation potential, are crucial for maintaining bone homeostasis and remodeling. Nevertheless, in aging and age-related bone diseases like osteoporosis, BMSCs show significantly diminished osteogenic potential, with a concomitant increase in adipogenic differentiation. The aged BMSCs also become desensitized to BMP2 stimulation to a large extent and exhibit aberrations in BMP2 signaling. However, the molecular mechanisms facilitating this shift in lineage commitment and mediating the cellular dysfunctions remain elusive. This knowledge gap hinders the development of regenerative strategies for skeletal aging and osteoporosis. This study employed an integrative tandem mass tag (TMT)-based phosphoproteomic and total proteomic profiling on BMSCs isolated from young (6-month) and aged (15-month) C57BL/6 (B6) mice to elucidate global alterations in both protein activity and expression. The analysis identified more than 500 proteins that underwent significant alterations (BH-adjusted <i>p</i>-value < 0.05) either in phosphorylation or expression between young and aged BMSCs. Many lineage-specific markers also underwent changes in both phosphorylation and expression with aging. Additionally, key biological processes, including cellular metabolism, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and nucleocytoplasmic transport mechanisms, were enriched for the deregulated proteins. Signaling proteins, ERK-1/2, had increased activating phosphorylation in the aged BMSCs, while transcription factors Lrrfip1, Ruvbl1, and Ruvbl2 also exhibited dysregulated activity and abundance in the aged BMSCs. The findings from the study adds significant mechanistic insights into how aging disrupts signal transduction, metabolism, and transcriptional program in BMSCs, contributing to age-associated loss of bone mass and reduced skeletal regenerative capabilities. Through the identification of key mediators of BMSC dysfunction seen in aging, this work offers a strong foundation in devising potential therapeutic strategies to restore diminished osteogenic potential and treat osteoporosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":48760,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences-Basel","volume":"16 8","pages":"3779"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13544354/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148898147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous Emotion Recognition Using EDA-Graphs: A Graph Signal Processing Approach for Affective Dimension Estimation.","authors":"Luis R Mercado-Diaz, Youngsun Kong, Josef Kundrát, Hugo F Posada-Quintero","doi":"10.3390/app16073240","DOIUrl":"10.3390/app16073240","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emotion recognition from physiological signals has immense applications in healthcare and human-computer interaction. We developed an electrodermal activity (EDA)-graph signal processing pipeline that produces highly sensitive features for detecting the affective dimensions (arousal and valence) of emotions. Using the Continuously Annotated Signals of Emotion dataset, we compared our graph-based EDA features (EDA-graph) with traditional time- and frequency-domain EDA features and features derived from other signals (heart rate variability, pulse transit time, electromyography, skin temperature, and respiration) for detecting affective dimensions using machine learning regression models. The EDA-graph features showed superior performance in continuous affective dimension recognition compared to the most accurate state-of-the-art models, achieving RMSE values of 0.801 for arousal and 0.714 for valence. Furthermore, we used a variety of traditional and recently published datasets collected in laboratory and ambulatory settings to perform a comprehensive evaluation of the robust generalization capabilities of our approach across different emotional contexts. The models demonstrated exceptional performance in classifying emotional states across the datasets, achieving 98.2% accuracy in detecting positive, negative, and mixed emotions; 92.75% in discriminating between emotions (relaxed, amused, bored, scared, and neutral); and 86.54% in detecting stress vs. no stress. These results highlight the potential of a graph-based analysis of EDA in emotion recognition systems in different contexts, especially for real-world applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":48760,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences-Basel","volume":"16 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13048779/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147624302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineering Brain Injury In Vitro: Human iPSC-Based Organoids in Microfluidic Systems.","authors":"Satarupa Jena, Samuel Uzoechi, Cody Badeaux, Charity Johnson Campbell, Hailey Egido-Betancourt, Hala Madi, John Collins, Chioma Okey-Mbata, Qassim Dirar, Doo Yeon Kim, Sang Su Kwak, Sangho Ye, Salil Desai, Jin-Moo Lee, Daniel Laskowitz, Yeoheung Yun","doi":"10.3390/app16052309","DOIUrl":"10.3390/app16052309","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) presents a major biomedical challenge due to its complex biomechanics and the heterogeneous cellular responses it elicits, including neuronal death, glial activation, and blood-brain barrier disruption. Traditional in vitro models, including 2D neuronal cultures, brain slices and transwell systems, have provided valuable insights into molecular and cellular biology but remain limited by their lack of human-specific architecture, vascularization, and neurovascular interactions. The purpose of this review is to systematically examine advances in in vitro TBI modeling, with particular attention to studies leveraging human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural and vascular tissues, organoids, hydrogel scaffolds, microfluidic platforms, and mechanical injury. We highlight how the integration of neurovascular unit (NVU) components has improved the physiological and functional relevance of these models. Finally, we identify key limitations, including variability in organoid maturation, incomplete vascularization, and lack of methodological standardization, and outline future directions for improving translational fidelity. Therefore, this review contributes to a critical evaluation of emerging technologies and their potential to advance neurotrauma research and therapeutic discovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":48760,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences-Basel","volume":"16 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13152003/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147870133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Oxidative Modifications to Short Peptides Using Low Dose Rate X-Rays.","authors":"Savannah Kidd, Thomas McCarthy, Simruthi Subramanian, Lieselotte Obst-Huebl, Jamie L Inman, Sayan Gupta, Corie Y Ralston","doi":"10.3390/app16062903","DOIUrl":"10.3390/app16062903","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The method of X-ray footprinting and mass spectrometry (XFMS) using high flux synchrotron X-ray sources has become an established method in structural biology and is based on the radiolytic production of hydroxyl radicals, which oxidatively modify protein sidechains. While other methods of producing hydroxyl radicals are available, one benefit of using high flux density sources is that hydroxyl radical scavenging reactions can be minimized, and exposure times kept short to minimize secondary reactions. Here we present an application of the XFMS method using low dose rate X-rays from a commercial instrument. We demonstrate the feasibility of the approach using short peptides, characterizing the oxidative modifications +14, +16, and +32 Da under both aerobic and low oxygen conditions, and we additionally quantify the hydrogen peroxide production for various doses using the low dose rate source. These results provide fundamental information on the oxidative damage to peptides due to hydroxyl radicals using a low dose rate X-ray source.</p>","PeriodicalId":48760,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences-Basel","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13340869/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148406380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hexavalent Chromium Oropharyngeal Aspiration Induced Behavior Effects and Essential Metal Dyshomeostasis in Young Hartley Guinea Pigs.","authors":"Samuel T Vielee, Idoia Meaza, William J Buchanan, Spencer H Roof, Haiyan Lu, Sandra S Diven, Luping Guo, Jack Easley, J Calvin Kouokam, Jamie Lynn Wise, Aggie R Brownell, John Pierce Wise, John P Wise","doi":"10.3390/app16010059","DOIUrl":"10.3390/app16010059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is the toxic form of chromium often used in industry for its hardness, bright colors, and anticorrosive properties. Cr(VI) is a known human lung carcinogen, making its inhalation an occupational hazard. Growing evidence emphasizes the neurotoxic potential of Cr(VI), though it is not linked to brain cancers. Few studies consider neurotoxicity in chromate workers, reporting impaired olfactory discrimination and an increased risk of death from mental health disorders. A major factor limiting translation of most rodent Cr(VI) studies to human populations has to do with vitamin C, which can reduce the toxic Cr(VI) to non-toxic Cr(III). Rats and mice synthesize vitamin C and are likely more resistant to Cr(VI) than humans. Here, we considered Cr(VI) neurotoxicity in guinea pigs (<i>Cavia porcellus</i>), which do not endogenously synthesize vitamin C. We exposed Hartley guinea pigs (both sexes) to occupationally relevant concentrations of Cr(VI) via oropharyngeal aspiration weekly for 90 days. We observed behavioral effects in the open field assay, elevated plus maze, Y-maze, and novel object recognition test during weeks 9-12 of exposure. After euthanasia, we assessed Cr accumulation and essential metal dyshomeostasis in the hippocampus. We observed significantly increased hippocampal Cr accumulation in females, while males exhibited essential metal dyshomeostasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":48760,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences-Basel","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13099238/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147786254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Basic Reproduction Number for Petri Net Models: A Next-Generation Matrix Approach.","authors":"Trevor Reckell, Beckett Sterner, Petar Jevtić","doi":"10.3390/app152312827","DOIUrl":"10.3390/app152312827","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The basic reproduction number ( <math> <msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow> <mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow> </msub> </math> ) is an epidemiological metric that represents the average number of new infections caused by a single infectious individual in a completely susceptible population. The methodology for calculating this metric is well-defined for numerous model types, including, most prominently, Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs). The basic reproduction number is used in disease modeling to predict the potential of an outbreak and the transmissibility of a disease, as well as by governments to inform public health interventions and resource allocation for controlling the spread of diseases. A Petri Net (PN) is a directed bipartite graph where places, transitions, arcs, and the firing of the arcs determine the dynamic behavior of the system. Petri Net models have been an increasingly used tool within the epidemiology community. However, no generalized method for calculating <math> <msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow> <mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow> </msub> </math> directly from PN models has been established. Thus, in this paper, we establish a generalized computational framework for calculating <math> <msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow> <mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow> </msub> </math> directly from Petri Net models. We adapt the next-generation matrix method to be compatible with multiple Petri Net formalisms, including both deterministic Variable Arc Weight Petri Nets (VAPNs) and stochastic continuous-time Petri Nets (SPNs). We demonstrate the method's versatility on a range of complex epidemiological models, including those with multiple strains, asymptomatic states, and nonlinear dynamics. Crucially, we numerically validate our framework by demonstrating that the analytically derived <math> <msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow> <mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow> </msub> </math> values are in strong agreement with those estimated from simulation data, thereby confirming the method's accuracy and practical utility.</p>","PeriodicalId":48760,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences-Basel","volume":"15 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13308584/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148347042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Caspase-1 Mediated Cleavage of BMP Type I Receptor Drives BMP2-Induced Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Adipocytes.","authors":"Kelechi Chukwuocha, Venu Pandit, Daniel Halloran, Anja Nohe","doi":"10.3390/app152413105","DOIUrl":"10.3390/app152413105","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP2) is a growth factor that maintains bone homeostasis through the BMP receptor type Ia (BMPRIa) and type II (BMPRII). BMP2 promotes osteogenesis by inducing the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into osteoblasts; however, it can also trigger BMSC differentiation into adipocytes. BMP2's osteo-inductive ability has made it a potential treatment for osteoporosis, yet its dual role in BMSC differentiation complicates its efficacy. High BMP2 levels cause BMPRIa cleavage, but the downstream effects and the mechanisms governing BMP2-induced osteogenesis or adipogenesis are unresolved. Here, we identify Caspase-1 as a key mediator of BMPRIa cleavage and its downstream effects on adipogenesis. We used primary BMSCs from C57BL/6 mice, stimulated with varying BMP2 concentrations, to explore BMP2-induced BMPRIa cleavage and its impact on PPARγ-a key regulator of adipogenesis. Western blotting and immunostaining using antibodies against BMPRIa and PPARγ uncovered BMPRIa cleavage and revealed the nuclear translocation of the cleaved segment, colocalizing with PPARγ. Caspase-1 inhibition significantly reduced BMPRIa cleavage and PPARγ expression, highlighting its pivotal role in adipogenic differentiation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of BMP2-induced adipogenesis and Caspase-1 inhibition could improve BMP2 therapeutic efficacy for osteoporosis by promoting osteogenesis over adipogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":48760,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences-Basel","volume":"15 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13502191/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148814634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tetracenomycin Aglycones Primarily Inhibit Cell Growth and Proliferation in Mammalian Cancer Cell Lines.","authors":"Kyah Birdsall, Adwowa B S Brako, Courtney Brown, Kendall Paige, Alexis West, Nora Schwartz, Jacob Hecht, Katelyn V Brown, Jon S Thorson, Khaled A Shaaban, S Eric Nybo","doi":"10.3390/app152211985","DOIUrl":"10.3390/app152211985","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tetracenomycins are anticancer polyketides that arrest cancer cell proliferation via binding to the large mammalian ribosomal subunit near the polypeptide exit channel. The tetracenomycins are natural products that many members of the actinomycete family produce. The first goal of this study was to improve the biosynthesis of tetracenomycin analogs via metabolic engineering. The second goal was to probe more deeply into the antiproliferative activity of tetracenomycin aglycones. The tetracenomycins were assessed via several assays, including cell viability assays, clonogenic assays, and flow cytometry apoptosis assays. The data suggest that tetracenomycins C and X inhibit cell proliferation and arrest cell growth, supporting their cytostatic action mechanism. In addition, tetracenomycins C and X induced degeneration of 3D spheroid cultures and exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of cell survival and colony formation in clonogenic assays. This work demonstrates that tetracenomycins act mainly as cytostatic rather than apoptotic agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":48760,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences-Basel","volume":"15 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13267936/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148266757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroengineering Frontiers: A Selective Review of Neural Interfaces, Brain-Machine Interactions, and Artificial Intelligence in Neurodegenerative Diseases.","authors":"Mutiyat Usman, Simachew Ashebir, Chioma Okey-Mbata, Yeoheung Yun, Seongtae Kim","doi":"10.3390/app152111316","DOIUrl":"10.3390/app152111316","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), present a growing public health challenge globally. Recent advancements in neurotechnology and neuroengineering have significantly enhanced brain-computer interfaces, artificial intelligence, and organoid technologies, making them pivotal instruments for diagnosis, monitoring, disease modeling, treatment development, and rehabilitation of various diseases. Nonetheless, the majority of neural interface platforms focus on unidirectional control paradigms, neglecting the need for co-adaptive systems where both the human user and the interface continually learn and adapt. This selected review consolidates information from neuroscience, artificial intelligence, and organoid engineering to identify the conceptual underpinnings of co-adaptive and symbiotic human-machine interaction. We emphasize significant shortcomings in the advancement of long-term AI-facilitated co-adaptation, which permits individualized diagnostics and progression tracking in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. We concentrate on incorporating deep learning for adaptive decoding, reinforcement learning for bidirectional feedback, and hybrid organoid-brain-computer interface platforms to mimic disease dynamics and expedite therapy discoveries. This study outlines the trends and limitations of the topics at hand, proposing a research framework for next-generation AI-enhanced neural interfaces targeting neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders that are both technologically sophisticated and clinically viable, while adhering to ethical standards.</p>","PeriodicalId":48760,"journal":{"name":"Applied Sciences-Basel","volume":"15 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13155415/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147870078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}