Earth System Science Data最新文献

{"title":"HyBEAR: a hyperspectral benchmark for bare soil detection","authors":"Agata M. Wijata,Bogdan Ruszczak,Adriana Niepala,Michal Gumiela,Krzysztof Smykala,Nicolas Longépé,Jakub Nalepa","doi":"10.5194/essd-18-7301-2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-7301-2026","url":null,"abstract":"Detecting bare soil areas is an important step in the analysis of Earth observation data in a variety of Precision Agriculture (PA) applications focused on quantifying soil properties and assessing soil quality. In this paper, we introduce the HyBEAR benchmark – a novel large-scale collection of high-resolution hyperspectral aerial images (with 2 m ground sampling distance) accompanied by manual bare soil annotations verified by domain experts. Usually, the bare soil detection problem is tackled at the pixel level, meaning that detection methods classify all pixels as either bare soil or background. In contrast to this approach, we provide pixel-level annotations for the entire agricultural parcels (if the parcel is labeled as bare soil, then all pixels within that parcel are labeled accordingly), and aim to support the development of methods that identify entire fields with no vegetation. Commonly, such fields undergo further analysis to determine specific soil parameters and characteristics that are important when planning various PA activities, such as fertilization. The HyBEAR benchmark includes (i) the largest-to-date (108 064 591 pixels, corresponding to 43 225 ha) and most heterogeneous dataset for bare soil detection, as well as (ii) the validation procedure (training-test splits and quality metrics) and a set of baseline results, obtained for a set of machine learning bare soil detection models. From the FULL collection of 1954 images in HyBEAR, which we divided into 5 spatially-disjoint folds, we additionally selected a random, stratified subset (MINI) of the images which may be useful for designing and verifying bare soil detection algorithms. Overall, HyBEAR is a step toward standardizing the way the community builds and confronts bare soil detection algorithms in a thorough, reproducible, and unbiased way. The dataset is publicly available at Zenodo: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17607897 (Wijata et al., 2025).","PeriodicalId":48747,"journal":{"name":"Earth System Science Data","volume":"9 1","pages":"7301-7317"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149091373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A decade of monthly frontal ablation at 147 tidewater glaciers in Svalbard","authors":"Dakota Pyles,Marcel Dreier,Anna Wendleder,Will Kochtitzky,Nora Gourmelon,Vincent Christlein,Thorsten Seehaus","doi":"10.5194/essd-18-7319-2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-7319-2026","url":null,"abstract":"We present a regional-scale monthly analysis of frontal ablation at 147 tidewater glacier basins in Svalbard from January 2015 through December 2024. A multi-temporal, deep-learning segmentation model was implemented to reduce the manual labor cost of mapping 203 294 terminus positions, yielding 15 647 monthly-averaged calving fronts derived from Sentinel-1 SAR imagery. In addition, a monthly ice discharge time series is developed from the ITS_LIVE velocity database, as well as regionally existing ice thickness products. To account for ice mass loss due to surface processes between the fluxgate and terminus (i.e. the glacier domain), the climatic mass balance is integrated over the domain area using monthly aggregated daily outputs from the MAR regional climate model. The result is a high spatio-temporal resolution frontal ablation time series (15 500 monthly estimates), allowing new insights and progress towards a process understanding of frontal ablation. The mean annual frontal ablation rate across all glaciers from 2015 to 2024 is 21.57±0.97 Gt yr −1 . The Austfonna ice cap accounts for ∼48 % of Svalbard's frontal ablation, due to the dominant Austfonna Basin 3, with a 5.05±0.35 Gt yr −1 annually averaged rate. As frontal ablation measurements have historically been limited to annual and decadal temporal resolution, this dataset addresses the intra-annual and seasonal variability knowledge gap, while providing valuable reference data for the modeling community. The frontal ablation, ice discharge, and calving front time series are publicly available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19481461 (Pyles et al., 2026).","PeriodicalId":48747,"journal":{"name":"Earth System Science Data","volume":"16 1","pages":"7319-7344"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149091371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A global consistent database of plankton and detritus from in situ imaging by the Underwater Vision Profiler 5","authors":"Ariadna C. Nocera,Lars Stemmann,Marcel Babin,Tristan Biard,Julie Coustenoble,François Carlotti,Laurent Coppola,Lucas Courchet,Laetitia Drago,Amanda Elineau,Lionel Guidi,Helena Hauss,Laëtitia Jalabert,Lee Karp-Boss,Rainer Kiko,Manon Laget,Fabien Lombard,Andrew McDonnell,Camille Merland,Solène Motreuil,Thelma Panaïotis,Marc Picheral,Andreas Rogge,Anya Waite,Jean-Olivier Irisson","doi":"10.5194/essd-18-7345-2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-7345-2026","url":null,"abstract":"Plankton and detritus are essential components of the Earth's oceans influencing biogeochemical cycles and carbon sequestration. Climate change impacts their composition and fluxes, and marine ecosystems as a whole. To improve our understanding of these changes, standardized observation methods and integrated global datasets are needed to enhance the accuracy of ecological and climate models. Here, we present a global dataset for plankton and detritus obtained by two versions (SD and HD) of the Underwater Vision Profiler 5 (UVP5). This release contains the images classified in 33 homogenized categories, as well as the metadata associated with them, reaching 3114 profiles and ca. 8 million objects acquired between 2008–2018 at global scale. The geographical distribution of the dataset is unbalanced, with the Equatorial region (30° S–30° N) being the most represented, followed by the high latitudes in the northern hemisphere and lastly the high latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere. Detritus is the most abundant category in terms of concentration (90 %) and biovolume (95 %), although its classification in different morphotypes is still not well established. Copepoda was the most abundant planktonic taxon, followed by Trichodesmium colonies. The two versions of UVP5 have different imagers, resulting in a different effective size range to analyze plankton and detritus from the images (HD objects > 600 µm, SD objects > 1 mm) and morphological properties (grey levels, etc.); however, both systems capture comparable qualitative patterns in object morphology and relative abundance across size classes, even though the absolute ranges differ. Therefore, recommendations are provided for the appropriate use of this data when conducting studies. A large number of images of plankton and detritus will be collected in the future by the UVP5, and the public availability of this dataset will help it being utilized as a training set for machine learning and being improved by the scientific community. This will reduce uncertainty by identifying previously unclassified objects and expand the classification categories, ultimately enhancing biodiversity quantification. The dataset that constitutes this first release is available on SEANOE at https://doi.org/10.17882/107583 (Nocera et al., 2025).","PeriodicalId":48747,"journal":{"name":"Earth System Science Data","volume":"37 1","pages":"7345-7366"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149091372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A benchmark dataset of water levels and waves for SWOT validation in the St. Lawrence Estuary and Saguenay Fjord, Quebec, Canada","authors":"Pascal Matte,Xavier Chartrand,David Purnell,Marc Simard,Alexandra Christensen,Francis Fortin-Legault,Jonathan Morin,Yann Côté-Nadeau,Élaine Desrosiers,Anthony Ouellet,Cédric Chavanne,François Anctil,Gabriela Siles,Scott Bedart,Silvia Innocenti,Mohammed Dabboor,Daniel L. Peters,Mélanie Trudel","doi":"10.5194/essd-18-7269-2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-7269-2026","url":null,"abstract":"This manuscript presents a comprehensive and evolving in situ dataset of water levels and wave parameters collected from March 2023 onward in the St. Lawrence Estuary and Saguenay Fjord (Quebec, Canada), supporting validation activities for the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission. The dataset integrates water level measurements from 18 barometrically compensated pressure transducers, where possible corrected for water density using collocated salinity and temperature data, supplemented with 13 GNSS-Interferometric Reflectometry (GNSS-IR) sensors. All water level data are referenced to a common vertical datum via real-time kinematic (RTK) GNSS corrections. Three directional wave buoys provided supplementary observations of surface wave conditions, including bulk parameters and directional spectra. Quality-controlled and rigorous processing protocols were implemented across all sensor types, with particular attention to referencing accuracy and correction for environmental influences. The observational network has the densest spatial coverage of water level and wave measurements ever achieved in this region, offering unprecedented opportunities to support the validation of SWOT’s nadir and wide-swath altimetry products, as well as for hydrodynamic model calibration and spatio-temporal studies of tidal and wave processes in complex estuarine environments. With ongoing data collection, this evolving benchmark dataset is publicly accessible at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18225504 (Matte et al., 2026) and will be updated approximately annually, as new observations are retrieved, processed, and quality controlled, to support continued SWOT validation throughout the mission and a broad range of estuarine research applications.","PeriodicalId":48747,"journal":{"name":"Earth System Science Data","volume":"32 1","pages":"7269-7299"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149091454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A harmonized dataset for dams and reservoirs in West Africa","authors":"Valery Bessely Stanislas Kouassi,Blé Anouma Fhorest Yao,Gneneyougo Emile Soro,Bi Tié Albert Goula,Nelly Carine Kelome,Julian Klaus","doi":"10.5194/essd-18-7227-2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-7227-2026","url":null,"abstract":"Most existing datasets that could support dam and reservoir management and assessments of their impacts in West Africa are limited by inaccurate georeferencing, inconsistent accessibility, heterogeneous data records, and a lack of validation against field observations. In this study, we review and assess existing datasets containing information on dams and reservoirs in West Africa and subsequently integrate them into a harmonized and consolidated regional dataset. We benchmarked the quality of the newly compiled dataset at watershed scale through an extended field study, and statistical analyses. The resulting dataset (https://doi.org/10.60507/FK2/YLDK1Y, Kouassi et al., 2026) includes 1429 georeferenced dams and 1258 reservoirs (with a minimum surface of 0.57×10-3 km 2 ) exceeding the count of dams and reservoirs in West Africa reported by any available dataset. It contains 38 attributes and an estimated total reservoir surface area of 14 038 km 2 and a cumulative storage capacity of 2.83032×10 11  m 3 , thereby enhancing data accessibility in West Africa. The regional compiled dataset contains fewer missing entries and exhibits lower bias compared to the originate datasets, advancing the existing efforts by explicitly integrating both large (≥10 km 2 ) and small (<10 km 2 ) scale reservoirs. The ground-based watershed scale assessment revealed strong spatial and temporal coherence for large scale reservoirs, but a systematic underrepresentation of small scale infrastructure in both the sources and thus also in the compiled dataset highlighting the importance of field validation. The field benchmarking advocates for collaborative research and data sharing initiatives among scientists and institutions across West Africa to improve the accuracy and completeness of dam and reservoir data, especially for small scale infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":48747,"journal":{"name":"Earth System Science Data","volume":"24 1","pages":"7227-7252"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149090668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weather station data from the Mount Everest region, Nepal: 3810–8810 m above sea level","authors":"Arbindra Khadka,Lester Baker Perry,Tom Matthews,Tenzing Gyalzen Sherpa,Chitra Bahadur Shrestha,Dibas Shrestha,Deepak Aryal,Subash Tuladhar,Niraj Pradhananga,Dinkar Kayastha,Brian Raichle,Peter Athans,Dawa Yangzum Sherpa,Keith Garrett,Garrett Wheeler,Tom Young,Aurora Elmore","doi":"10.5194/essd-18-7253-2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-7253-2026","url":null,"abstract":"Between 2019 and 2025, as part of the National Geographic and Rolex Perpetual Planet Everest expeditions, a team of National Geographic Explorers, scientists, and elite climbing Sherpas installed a network of Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs) to improve understanding of the climate at high altitudes in the Nepal Himalaya. This knowledge is critical in the Mount Everest (Khumbu) region, due to its extreme altitude, popularity amongst trekkers and mountaineers, and its importance as a source of freshwater for downstream communities. Here we present quality controlled (QC) meteorological data from six AWSs extending from Phortse (3810 m above sea level, m a.s.l.) to Bishop Rock (8810 m a.s.l.) in the Everest region, including the seasonal climatology focused on the three lower elevation AWSs, and a comparison with ERA5 reanalysis data from the South Col AWS. The data is accessible from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18849098 (Khadka, 2026a).","PeriodicalId":48747,"journal":{"name":"Earth System Science Data","volume":"9 1","pages":"7253-7267"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149090563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The WoKaS-Iso database: workflow for a global compilation of oxygen-18 and deuterium records in karst springs and cave drip water for enhanced understanding of karst systems","authors":"Yining Zang,Pauline C. Treble,Kei Yoshimura,Jayson Gabriel Pinza,Fengbo Zhang,Kübra Özdemir Çallı,Xiaojun Mei,Admin Husic,Alena Gessert,Andrej Stroj,Bartolomé Andreo,Bernard Ladouche,Christine Stumpp,Diana Mance,Eleni Zagana,Fen Huang,Giuseppe Sappa,Harald Kunstmann,Heike Brielmann,Hong Zhou,Huaying Wu,Jakob Garvelmann,James Berglund,Jean-Baptiste Charlier,Jens Lange,Juan Antonio Barberá Fornell,Junbing Pu,Konstantina Katsanou,Kun Ren,Laura Toran,Laurence Gill,Maria Filippini,Martin Kralik,Matías Mudarra Martínez,Min Zhao,Mingming Luo,Nico Goldscheider,Nikolaos Lambrakis,Pantaleone De Vita,Qiong Xiao,Shi Yu,Silvia Iacurto,Silvio Coda,Ted McCormack,Vincenzo Allocca,W. George Darling,Walter D'Alessandro,Xulei Guo,Yundi Hu,Zhijun Wang,Eva Kaminsky,Jiří Faimon,Marek Lang,Pavel Pracný,Aurel Persoiu,Andreas Hartmann","doi":"10.5194/essd-18-7199-2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-7199-2026","url":null,"abstract":"For analysing karst hydrogeological systems, observations of karst springs and cave drips are considered indispensable. In addition to hydrometric observations, knowing the oxygen and hydrogen stable isotope ratios has improved the understanding of vadose zone and aquifer dynamics, likewise supporting system characterisation and modelling. However, limited accessibility and high costs of the analysis of stable isotopes in karst aquifers have hindered progress in karst research and impeded the accurate understanding of karst processes especially when it comes to comparative or large-scale studies. In this study, we present our workflow to compile the WoKaS-Iso database, the first extensive collection of time series data for Oxygen-18 and Deuterium isotopes in karst springs and cave drip water from diverse sources, encompassing publications, theses, reports, online archives, and collaborative initiatives worldwide. The database incorporates data sourced from 241 springs and 74 caves, of which 73 caves contain 365 individual drip sites and one cave contains input data only. In total, the database comprises 1007 time series, including 389 spring time series and 618 cave drip water time series. The compiled isotope records span the period from 1967 to 2024, with the strongest temporal coverage during the 2010s and continuing coverage into the early 2020s. Of these sites, 148 springs and 64 caves contain both δ 18 O and δ 2 H records, while 93 springs and 9 caves contain only one isotope tracer. These datasets provide coverage across significant karst regions globally, spanning China, the USA, Europe, the Middle East, and Australia. Within datasets, 79 % for springs and 68 % for cave drip water exhibit resolutions finer than monthly intervals. In addition, by integrating isotopic records with ancillary environmental variables including spring discharge, cave drip rate, precipitation, and rainwater isotopes, the database offers a more comprehensive perspective on hydrological behaviours in karst aquifers, hence advancing hydrogeological characterisation and modelling. The WoKaS-Iso database not only deepens the understanding of the complex systems but also promotes sustainable water resource management as well as the potential to foster collaborative research. The database can be accessed at: https://doi.org/10.25532/OPARA-909 (Zang, 2025).","PeriodicalId":48747,"journal":{"name":"Earth System Science Data","volume":"1 1","pages":"7199-7225"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149090661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"History of anthropogenic Phosphorus inputs (HaPi) to the terrestrial biosphere from 1860 to 2020","authors":"Zihao Bian,Hao Shi,Rui Li,Fei Lun,Francesco N. Tubiello,Nathaniel D. Mueller,Shiyu You,Rong Hao,Jiageng Ma,Longhui Li,Changchun Huang,Bing He,Yuanzhi Yao,Hanqin Tian","doi":"10.5194/essd-18-7125-2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-7125-2026","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) are essential nutrients for sustaining life on Earth and regulating ecosystem productivity and Earth system biogeochemistry, and have been increasingly applied in global agriculture to meet the growing demand for food production. Quantifying the spatial and temporal dynamics of nutrient inputs to the terrestrial biosphere is crucial for understanding global biogeochemical cycles, analyzing nutrient flows in crop-livestock systems, managing nutrient resources sustainably, and mitigating nutrient-related environmental impacts. Here, built upon our previous work mapping global nitrogen inputs (History of anthropogenic Nitrogen inputs, HaNi), this study presents the History of anthropogenic P inputs (HaPi) dataset, a comprehensive quantification of human-driven P fluxes to terrestrial ecosystems. HaPi covers the period from 1860 to 2020 and has a spatial resolution of 5 arcmin (about 10 km at the equator) with an annual time-step. This harmonized dataset integrates seven components, including P fertilizer application on croplands and pastures, manure P application on croplands and pastures, manure P deposition on pastures and rangelands, and atmospheric P deposition. The results reveal that global total P input increased more than tenfold, from 3.8 Tg yr −1 in the 1860s to 41.0 Tg yr −1 in the 2010s, with mineral fertilizer and livestock manure contributing equally to the increase. Regional patterns have shifted significantly over the study period, with China, South Asia, and Brazil surpassing Europe and the USA as the regions with the highest P inputs in recent decades. Furthermore, mineral fertilizers dominate P inputs in most industrialized countries in the Northern Hemisphere, whereas manure P remains the primary source in many countries of the Southern Hemisphere. The HaPi dataset improves P mass budget calculations and provides essential forcing data for empirical or mechanistic models, supporting critical research in Earth system biogeochemistry, agricultural nutrient management, water quality control, and assessments of the coupled human-Earth system. The dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.29930279 (Bian et al., 2026).","PeriodicalId":48747,"journal":{"name":"Earth System Science Data","volume":"1 1","pages":"7125-7141"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149090568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SHELDA: sub-hourly European quality controlled sea level dataset","authors":"Marijana Balić,Jadranka Šepić","doi":"10.5194/essd-18-7143-2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-7143-2026","url":null,"abstract":"Freely accessible sea level databases often contain time series measured with hourly or even longer sampling step, or they contain high-frequency data that have not undergone quality control procedures. To address this gap, the SHELDA (Sub-Hourly European Quality Controlled Sea Level DAtaset) has been created. This dataset comprises 257 individual tide gauge records in NetCDF format (https://doi.org/10.14284/764, Balić and Šepić, 2025), each representing quality-controlled sea level time series sampled at intervals between 1 and 15 min, along with residual time series derived by removing tidal components. The duration of individual records ranges from a minimum of one month to a maximum of 13 years. This manuscript outlines the rigorous quality control procedures (i.e., removal of out-of-range values, application of an automatic spike detection algorithm, visual inspection) implemented and discusses the procedures that were not implemented (i.e., corrections of datum shifts). The manuscript further describes the spatial and temporal coverage of the dataset, along with technical specifications. All data are distributed under the CC BY 4.0 licence. SHELDA enables precise identification and analysis of sea level variability at timescales ranging from minutes to seasonal and longer, depending on the stability of the long term series along the European coasts and along the coasts of Greenland, Canary Islands, Israel, Lebanon and Türkiye.","PeriodicalId":48747,"journal":{"name":"Earth System Science Data","volume":"20 1","pages":"7143-7179"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149090566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marine Heat Waves and Cold Spells – Multiple Analysis/Definitions (MHW-MAD): A Multi-Definition Global Marine Heatwave Database from Satellite Sea Surface Temperature Data","authors":"Alex Hayward,Nishka Dasgupta,Ronan McAdam,Mark R. Payne,Roshin P. Raj,Giulia Bonino,Sourav Chatterjee,Vincent Combes,Dimitra Denaxa,Francesco De Rovere,Pia Englyst,Veera Haapaniemi,Paul Hargous,Jacob Høyer,K. Ajith Joseph,Beatriz Lopes,Ana Oliveira,João Paixão,Fabiola Silva,Saradhy Surendran,Artemis Zegna-Rata,Steffen M. Olsen","doi":"10.5194/essd-18-7181-2026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-7181-2026","url":null,"abstract":"Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are prolonged anomalies of warm sea surface temperature (SST) that can disrupt marine ecosystems, physical climate processes, and human coastal activities. MHW definitions vary due to different stakeholders requirements, such as ecological scientists and climate scientists having differing yet specific thresholds and metrics. Here we introduce a new global database of daily MHW metrics: climatological baselines, threshold exceedances, SST anomalies, and categorical event classifications of severity, derived from the European Space Agency SST Climate Change Initiative (ESA SST CCI) climate data record (CDR; 1982–2021) version 3.0 and an extension from 2022–2024 provided as an interim climate data record (iCDR). Building on the widely used definition of MHWs, periods in which SST exceeds the local 90th percentile for 5 or more days, our database extends this framework by incorporating multiple baseline climatologies (including fixed 30-year periods and rolling 30-year windows, as well as the period for reanalysis 1993–2022), varied percentile thresholds (90th, 95th, 99th), and both raw and linearly detrended SST anomalies. We also implement alternative event duration criteria (minimum 10 and 30 d persistence) to classify longer-lasting warm events. In addition to warm extremes, we provide marine cold spell (MCS) indices derived from the 1st, 5th and 10th percentiles, enabling analysis of cold as well as warm ocean extremes within the same framework. All data products are provided at daily resolution on a 0.05° (∼ 5 km) grid, with outputs including daily climatological percentiles, SST anomalies and binary MHW flags with severity category indices. This comprehensive database provides a consistent foundation for detecting and analysing MHWs across time and space, enabling researchers to assess how methodological choices affect MHW characterisation. By offering multiple definitions in parallel, the database facilitates intercomparison studies and supports applications from climate monitoring and model evaluation to marine ecological impact assessment, thereby providing users with pre-made indices for extremes, with the ambition to be rolled out into the future with new data releases. The dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21835325 (Hayward et al., 2026).","PeriodicalId":48747,"journal":{"name":"Earth System Science Data","volume":"9 1","pages":"7181-7197"},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149090567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}