Mires and Peat最新文献

{"title":"Peat Use in Horticulture","authors":"N. Kıtır, E. Yıldırım, Üstün Şahin, M. Turan, M. Ekinci, S. Ors, Raziye Kul, H. Ünlü, H. Ünlü","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79171","url":null,"abstract":"Peat is a spongy substance which is an effect of incomplete decomposition of plant residues in different stages of decomposition. Between the several organic matters which are used as substrate for horticultural plants cultivation in soilless conditions, peat is the unabandonable ingredient for mixtures for commercial production of plants. Peat is used in horticulture as a component of garden plant substrates, in agriculture for the production of garden soil and as an organic fertilizer, and in balneology as a material for baths and wraps. The use of peat for agriculture and horticulture is determined by the following quality parameters: the degree of decomposition, ash content, pH, the presence of carbonates, the density of the solid phase, bulk density, and porosity. As an organic material, the peat forms in the acidic, waterlogged, and sterile conditions of fens and bogs. The conditions seem like the development of mosses. The plants do not compose as they die. Instead of this, the organic matter is laid down and accumulates in a slow time as peat due to the oxygen deficiency in the bog. This makes peat a highly productive growing medium. In the present novel review, we discuss the peat use in horticulture.","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79613056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical and Geotechnical Properties of Tropical Peat and Its Stabilization","authors":"P. Kolay, S. Taib","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74173","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter presents the physical and engineering properties of tropical peat treated with various types of stabilizers. Quick lime (QL), fly ash (FA), and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) were used as stabilizers. The amounts of QL, FA, and OPC added with the peat samples are in the range of 2 – 8, 5 – 20, and 5 – 20%, respectively. Various physical or index and engineering tests have been conducted to characterize the peat samples. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were conducted on original and treated peat samples cured for 7, 14, and 28 days. The results show that the UCS value increases with the increase of all stabilizers used and with curing period. The UCS tests were also conducted on the peat samples with the combination of QL and FA to study the combined effects of the stabilizers. The present study established different correlations between physical and engineering properties of original peat and UCS results on treated peat samples with different types of stabilizers. Geotechnical engineers can refer to these correlations to determine the bearing capacity of treated peat. In addition, scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies were conducted on original and treated peat samples to investigate the microstructure of the samples.","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87129264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrological Function of a Midlatitude Headwater Peatland","authors":"Jan Kocum, B. Janský, L. Vlček, T. Doležal","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77240","url":null,"abstract":"Peatland represents quite significant phenomenon in the headstream areas of Czech riv - ers. Considering the fact that these areas are crucial for streamflow generation process, it is very important to study the mechanism of runoff formation in a peatland and its hydrological function. Natural runoff process is affected by man already by its birth, thus in headwaters where numerous procedures related to runoff retardation and water reten - tion increase in headstream areas could be realized. To understand and clarify the runoff generation process and the effect of various physicogeographic factors on its dynamics, the detailed analyses were carried out in the Vltava River headwaters (sw. Czechia) in recent years. It was necessary to consider the evaluation of peatland retention capacity, its hydraulic communication with draining watercourses and of runoff regime variability during various hydroclimatic conditions. The big attention was focused on findings of a runoff dynamics dependence on the groundwater table in the peatland and of the runoff chemistry and balance using isotopic hydrology methods. Natural tracers were applied at sprinkling plots to identify preferential flow and runoff formation at two opposite hillslopes in this peaty mountain headwater. confirmed by hydropedological, hydrochemical and geochemical approaches. Geochemical data show no significant hydraulic connection of the studied bog with its draining stream. The predominant portion of underground water in total runoff was also confirmed by separation of each runoff component according to geochemical parameters. However, this subject needs to be solved strictly with respect to local physicogeographic conditions. These conclusions correspond to the typical mid-latitude peat bog area in conditions of Czech mountainous areas. Their restoration measures carried out in recent years have a positive effect on GWL. It was proven that restoration decreases fluctuation and increases GWL, which is essential for a natural evolution of a mountain peat bog. Tracer experiments detected biomat flow, shallow lateral subsurface flow and mostly deep percolation at the Podzol hillslope. At the organic peat bog biomat flow at short distances and mostly lateral pipe flow following decayed tree-root systems with long lateral subsurface flow distances were recognized. It can be stated that bogs in the studied basin represent separate hydrological units with their own typical runoff regime, which does not contribute to the discharge curve balancing (during both floods and droughts), and that their hydrological function in this mountainous area is insignificant.","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"159 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72621430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface energy exchange in pristine and managed boreal peatlands","authors":"P. Alekseychik, I. Mammarella, A. Lindroth, A. Lohila, M. Aurela, T. Laurila, V. Kasurinen, M. Lund, J. Rinne, M. Nilsson, M. Peichl, K. Minkkinen, N. Shurpali, E. Tuittila, P. Martikainen, J. Tuovinen, T. Vesala","doi":"10.19189/MAP.2018.OMB.333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19189/MAP.2018.OMB.333","url":null,"abstract":"Surface–atmosphere energy exchange is strongly ecosystem-specific. At the same time, as the energy balance constitutes responses of an ecosystem to environmental stressors including precipitation, humidity and solar radiation, it results in feedbacks of potential importance for the regional climate. Northern peatlands represent a diverse class of ecosystems that cover nearly 6 × 106 km2 in the Boreal region, which makes the inter-comparison of their energy balances an important objective. With this in mind we studied energy exchange across a broad spectrum of peatlands from pristine fens and bogs to forested and agriculturally managed peatlands, which represent a large fraction of the landscape in Finland and Sweden. The effects of management activities on the energy balance were extensively examined from the micrometeorological point of view, using eddy covariance data from eight sites in these two countries (56o 12'–62o 11' N, 13o 03'–30o 05' E). It appears that the surface energy balance varies widely amongst the different peatland types. Generally, energy exchange features including the Bowen ratio, surface conductance, coupling to the atmosphere, responses to water table fluctuations and vapour pressure deficit could be associated directly with the peatland type. The relative constancy of the Bowen ratio in natural open mires contrasted with its variation in tree-covered and agricultural peatlands. We conclude that the impacts of management and the consequences of land-use change in peatlands for the local and regional climate might be substantial.","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"21 1","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46908282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The climate warming effect of a fen peat meadow with fluctuating water table is reduced by young alder trees.","authors":"Vytas Huth, M. Hoffmann, S. Bereswill, Yulia Popova, D. Zak, J. Augustin","doi":"10.19189/MAP.2017.OMB.291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19189/MAP.2017.OMB.291","url":null,"abstract":"Department of Landscape Ecology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany Institute of Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany Institute of Soil Landscape Research, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany Department of Life Sciences and Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Bingen, Bingen, Germany Institute for Chemistry and Biology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russian Federation Chemical Analytics & Biogeochemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology & Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark _______________________________________________________________________________________","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46925186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of grazing pressure on plant species composition and water presence on bofedales in the Andes mountain range of Bolivia.","authors":"N. C. Machaca, B. Condori, A. Pardo, F. Anthelme, R. I. Meneses, C. Weeda, H. Perotto‐Baldivieso","doi":"10.19189/MAP.2017.OMB.303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19189/MAP.2017.OMB.303","url":null,"abstract":"Bofedales are high-Andean peatland plant communities with high capacity for water retention, which are regarded as oases of biodiversity. These areas have great social and economic value for livestock grazing, which plays an important role in their vegetation dynamics. However, the effects of increased livestock pressure on vegetation composition and surface water have not yet been clarified. The goal of this study was to assess the impact of current grazing practices on bofedal vegetation, species diversity and function. Specifically, the study aimed to (1) quantify carrying capacity and stocking rate in grazed bofedales and (2) quantify the effects of grazing pressure on plant composition and the extents of bare soil and surface water. Biomass and stocking rate estimates for 25 bofedales along the Cordillera Real (Tropical Andes, Bolivia) showed that all bofedales were overgrazed (carrying capacity/stocking rate (CC/SR) <1). Regression analyses showed significant decreases in number of plant species, species dominance, diversity and percent surface water as CC/SR declined (p < 0.05). Bofedales are negatively affected by increased grazing pressure and potentially affected by changes in livestock species. These pressures, combined with land use changes and climate change, could result in long-term negative effects for the ecological functioning and sustainability of bofedale","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"21 1","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67988297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unique Southeast Asian peat swamp forest habitats have relatively few distinctive plant species","authors":"W. Giesen, L. Wijedasa, S. Page","doi":"10.19189/MAP.2017.OMB.287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19189/MAP.2017.OMB.287","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67987483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of restoration of a degraded shallow mountain fen after five years","authors":"B. Glina, A. Bogacz, Łukasz Mendyk, O. Bojko, M. Nowak","doi":"10.19189/MaP.2017.OMB.311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19189/MaP.2017.OMB.311","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67988360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mid-to late holocene elemental record and isotopic composition of lead in a peat core from Wolbrom (S Poland)","authors":"Fatima Pawełczyk, A. Michczyński, Julita Tomkowiak, K. Tudyka, N. Fagel","doi":"10.19189/MAP.2018.OMB.349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19189/MAP.2018.OMB.349","url":null,"abstract":"Peat Core W3 was taken from the fen in Wolbrom (Silesian-Cracovian Upland, Southern Poland) in September 2015. Previous analyses of Core W3 showed a significant increase in lead concentration during the time of the Roman Empire as well as some changes in peat accumulation conditions. The work reported here investigates its geochemical composition in terms of major and trace elements (Pb, Zn, Na, K, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cr by AAS) as well as Pb isotopic composition, to identify the sources of metal pollution in the Wolbrom peat deposit. The geochemical record spans the period from 4900 BC to modern times, with a likely hiatus corresponding to the period from the Middle Ages to the beginning of the contemporary metallurgical industry. The Pb isotopic composition combined with a cluster analysis allows identification of the primary sources of Pb. In addition, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) helps to decipher the most important factors that affected the chemical composition of sediments at Wolbrom. These factors were linked to chemical denudation and human activity.","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67988219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A limited seed bank in both natural and degraded tropical peat swamp forest: the implications for restoration","authors":"L. Graham, S. Page","doi":"10.19189/MAP.2017.OMB.302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19189/MAP.2017.OMB.302","url":null,"abstract":"We would like to thank the field team that helped to collect the data: Andri Thomas, Salahuddin and Eben Eser. We also thank Minstry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Indonesia, (RISTEK) for allowing this research to go ahead, and Center for International Management of Tropical Peatlands (UPT LLG CIMTROP) and the Borneo Nature Foundation (BNF) for providing the logistical and administrative support for conducting research at this location. The work was funded by The Wildlife Conservation Society, Rufford Foundation and British Ecological Society.","PeriodicalId":48721,"journal":{"name":"Mires and Peat","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67988172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}