Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета最新文献

The Problem of the Establishment of a Legitimate Language on the Example of the Introduction of Latin Graphics in the Mongolian People’s Republic during the 1930s 以20世纪30年代蒙古人民共和国引进拉丁图形为例探讨建立合法语言的问题

Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета Pub Date : 2023-10-24 DOI: 10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.252-262

K. I. Bikmaeva

{"title":"The Problem of the Establishment of a Legitimate Language on the Example of the Introduction of Latin Graphics in the Mongolian People’s Republic during the 1930s","authors":"K. I. Bikmaeva","doi":"10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.252-262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.252-262","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the adoption of a legitimate language by the Mongolian People’s Republic following the language reform of the 1930s, which involved the switch to the Latin script, is considered. The language policy pursued by the MPR in the early 20th century is investigated from the perspective of the legitimate language theory. By that period, the traditional Mongolian script had become outdated and needed to be reformed. Furthermore, the illiteracy rate among Mongolian people was very high, and the old Mongolian script was difficult to study. Another reason is that the language turned into the main tool for promoting the new cultural and ideological values of the USSR. Thus, the shift of Mongolia to the writing system based on the Latin alphabet was a political phenomenon and played a key role in broadcasting the cultural policy of the new state. In the early years of the MPR, the Latin-based writing solved several problems at once: it promoted literacy among Mongolian people, gave greater publicity to the policy of the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party and the new culture, and became a platform to bring together Mongolia and the USSR. To substantiate the importance of the Latin graphics as the official state script, Pierre Bourdieu’s “Language and Symbolic Power” is analyzed, in which the author discusses the origin of the legitimate language and script, as well as their role in the process of nation building. Here, the documents in both Russian and Mongolian are also examined. The obtained results demonstrate that, despite various difficulties, the Latin script was adopted for a quite short period of time as legitimate in the MPR, which had a great influence on the development of the socialist culture and the Mongolian national identity.","PeriodicalId":486360,"journal":{"name":"Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета","volume":"39 5-6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135266201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Bulat Fayzrakhmanovich Sultanbekov as a Historian 历史学家布拉特-法耶兹拉赫曼诺维奇-苏丹别科夫

Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета Pub Date : 2023-10-24 DOI: 10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.233-243

S. Yu. Malysheva

{"title":"Bulat Fayzrakhmanovich Sultanbekov as a Historian","authors":"S. Yu. Malysheva","doi":"10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.233-243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.233-243","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the life and work of B.F. Sultanbekov, a prominent Tatar historian, archivist, and publicist, using the documents from the State Archives of the Republic of Tatarstan, as well as his published writings, personal materials, and memoirs. The landmarks of B.F. Sultanbekov’s biography and his development as a historian are traced. The factors that influenced his personality are considered. The people who shaped his views are discussed. Particularly emphasized is the important role played by B.F. Sultanbekov in managing the archives and records of the Republic of Tatarstan. He also contributed immensely to the restoration of the historical truth about the Stalinist repressions and helped many repressed figures get their good names back. The research interests of B.F. Sultanbekov are analyzed, and the reasons why he focused on certain problems and historical events of Russia and Tatarstan during the 20th century are disclosed. His approaches to analysis and work with the sources are summarized: he paid great attention to personal testimonies and studied historical events through the fates of the people who witnessed them.","PeriodicalId":486360,"journal":{"name":"Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета","volume":"20 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135315462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Gentile Reform of 1923 and Italian Higher Education 1923年的非犹太人改革与意大利高等教育

Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета Pub Date : 2023-10-24 DOI: 10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.244-251

M. V. Griger, E. M. Dusaeva

{"title":"The Gentile Reform of 1923 and Italian Higher Education","authors":"M. V. Griger, E. M. Dusaeva","doi":"10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.244-251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.244-251","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on how Italian higher education was organized and managed in the early years of fascism. The main reasons why the fascist government of Italy initiated a national educational reform in 1923 are considered. The objective problems in education that Italian society faced during this period are analyzed. Special attention is given to the ideological goals that Giovanni Gentile, the Minister of Education, pursued with this reform. The reform led to fundamental changes in the traditional educational system of the Kingdom of Italy. Some radical innovations were also spurred in its higher education, such as the division of universities into different types (depending on state funding), the enhancement of the role of the rector in university life, the valorization of humanities education over that in technical and natural sciences, etc. The Gentile reform was received with mixed feelings by Italian society, including part of the leadership of the fascist party. The contradictions inherent in the reform ideology affected its results. The attempt to improve the quality of university education by standardizing academic requirements and introducing a system of uniform state examinations, contrary to the idealistic goals declared by G. Gentile himself, was the first step toward greater interference by the fascist regime in university activities, reflecting the general trend to the establishment of full state control over society.","PeriodicalId":486360,"journal":{"name":"Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135316429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Poetry in the Service of Politics: The Casus with the Relic of the True Cross in the Context of Franco-Byzantine Relations during the 560s 为政治服务的诗歌:560年代法国-拜占庭关系背景下的真十字架遗迹的原因

Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета Pub Date : 2023-10-24 DOI: 10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.47-58

N. Yu. Bikeeva

{"title":"Poetry in the Service of Politics: The Casus with the Relic of the True Cross in the Context of Franco-Byzantine Relations during the 560s","authors":"N. Yu. Bikeeva","doi":"10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.47-58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.47-58","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes the events of the 560s, when the queen-nun Radegund acquired the relic of the True Cross for her convent in Poitiers. Her request for the major Christian shrine to the Byzantine Emperor Justin II and his wife Sophia was untimely: the foreign policy situation at that moment was very difficult – the Kingdom of the Franks was divided among the sons of King Chlothar I. Sigebert, the ruler of Austrasia, sought to strengthen his power and influence among the Franks and in the international scene. The conquests of the Lombards forced the Byzantines and the Franks to seek peace with each other. The obtained results show that both states took advantage of the situation with the relic to conclude a peace treaty without openly declaring their intentions. The roles of each participant in the organization of the embassy to the court of Justin II in 568 are considered. The ulterior motives of the poetic messages sent by Radegund to her relatives in Constantinople are analyzed. These events are a good example of how Sigebert, one of the Frankish kings, solved the foreign and domestic political tasks of that time. The casus with the relic of the True Cross reveals the “inside” of the political and diplomatic mechanics in Byzantium and the Frankish kingdoms.","PeriodicalId":486360,"journal":{"name":"Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета","volume":"38 7-8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135266063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development of the Culture of Dissertation Research in Archaeology in the Kazan Governorate and the TASSR during the 1910s–1940s 20世纪10 - 40年代喀山省和自治区考古论文研究文化的发展

Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета Pub Date : 2023-10-24 DOI: 10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.211-232

K. A. Rudenko

{"title":"Development of the Culture of Dissertation Research in Archaeology in the Kazan Governorate and the TASSR during the 1910s–1940s","authors":"K. A. Rudenko","doi":"10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.211-232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.211-232","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the development of the culture of dissertation research in archaeology in the Kazan Governorate and the TASSR between the 1910s and 1940s. The central role in this process was played by A.P. Smirnov and N.F. Kalinin, two prominent archaeologists, as well as by V.F. Smolin and M.G. Khudyakov, their predecessors. A.P. Smirnov developed a research passion for studying the archaeology and history of the Volga Bulgaria in the early 1930s, and N.F. Kalinin became interested in exploring the primitive era during the second half of the 1940s. The large-scale excavations of the Suvar and Bolghar (since 1938) settlements offered a solid methodological background for A.P. Smirnov’s doctoral dissertation. In his work, he introduced a new approach to addressing a number of controversial issues, such as the dating of the emergence of the Bolghar settlement, by using archeological data. The outbreak of the war forced A.P. Smirnov to change his plans: he defended his dissertation in Moscow as early as 1944. N.F. Kalinin’s dissertation was based on the archaeological collections of the Neolithic, Bronze, and Early Iron Ages stored at the Kazan Museum; these were the well-known materials with a historiographical tradition. The problems of academic communication during the period before these two dissertations had been defended are addressed. The early stages of institutionalization of this process are analyzed.","PeriodicalId":486360,"journal":{"name":"Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета","volume":"69 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135266188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Population of Laodicea ad Mare in Roman Times: The Structure and Vectors of Development 罗马时代老底嘉和马雷的人口:结构和发展载体

Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета Pub Date : 2023-10-24 DOI: 10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.32-46

V. M. Kirillov

{"title":"The Population of Laodicea ad Mare in Roman Times: The Structure and Vectors of Development","authors":"V. M. Kirillov","doi":"10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.32-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.32-46","url":null,"abstract":"This article considers the social structure of Laodicea ad Mare between the second half of the 1st century A.D. and the 4th century A.D., i.e., from the beginning of the Roman rule in Syria to the time before the Islamic conquest of the region. The study relies primarily on data from epigraphic writings (such as tomb inscriptions, dedicatory texts, and signatures), as well as on narrative materials and the corpus of Roman law, which are used as additional sources. The evolution of the family institution and the property relations within Laodicean families is analyzed. A portrait of the free citizens of Laodicea who were engaged in handicrafts, especially in the textile industry, is compiled. The life of the city’s rabble is traced. The status, structure, and financial capabilities of the propertied aristocracy are described. Its impact on public life is discussed. Information is provided about the residence of Roman citizens in Laodicea and their activities and influence on the civic community of the city. The results obtained show that the social processes in Laodicea correspond to the basic trends of urban development in Late Antiquity and that this was the period when the social conflict within the Laodicean community intensified. The findings may be useful for students of history faculties and for researchers interested in the history of the Roman Empire and the Near East in Antiquity.","PeriodicalId":486360,"journal":{"name":"Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135316158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

M. Gorky’s correspondence with Kazan children 高尔基先生与喀山儿童的通信

Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета Pub Date : 2023-10-24 DOI: 10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.168-180

E. Kudrina

{"title":"M. Gorky’s correspondence with Kazan children","authors":"E. Kudrina","doi":"10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.168-180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.168-180","url":null,"abstract":"This article honors M. Gorky, the renowned proletarian writer, and considers his correspondence with Kazan schoolchildren and students of the Kazan Technical Plant in the 1920s and 1930s. So far, these letters have received little attention from researchers, but their value for raising young Soviet citizens in line with the new trends of Soviet education and state ideology is undeniable. Here, M. Gorky’s epistolary heritage and journalistic statements are analyzed, and 12 letters written to him by Kazan children are studied. The letters are available in the A.M. Gorky Archive of the A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences (AG IWL RAS) and introduced for the first time into the scholarly discourse. The analysis shows that M. Gorky was always considerate and thoughtful towards his young addressees so that he became a mentor to the younger Soviet generation. The survey reveals that the children’s letters have a rich informational and source potential. They provide a better insight into the psychological and social image of the Soviet people in the 1920s and 1930s. The results obtained are relevant to future studies on the epistolary and journalistic heritage of M. Gorky and add considerably to our understanding of the historical and literary process of that epoch. The epistolary materials involved in the study should be of interest to anyone curious about the Soviet period.","PeriodicalId":486360,"journal":{"name":"Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135316439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Third Moscow Gymnasium, Nikolay Ivanovich Kareev and Alexander Vasilievich Zhivago 莫斯科第三体育馆，尼古拉·伊万诺维奇·卡列夫和亚历山大·瓦西里耶维奇·日瓦戈

Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета Pub Date : 2023-10-24 DOI: 10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.143-154

Yu. A. Martynova, D. E. Martynov

{"title":"The Third Moscow Gymnasium, Nikolay Ivanovich Kareev and Alexander Vasilievich Zhivago","authors":"Yu. A. Martynova, D. E. Martynov","doi":"10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.143-154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.143-154","url":null,"abstract":"This article deals with the memoirs of A.V. Zhivago (1860–1940), a famous Moscow doctor, about the years he spent at the Third Moscow Men’s Gymnasium. He came from the highly cultured RyazanMoscow merchant family and was related to the Alekseev family (Zhivago was a lifelong friend of K.S. Stanislavsky). Zhivago’s younger sister was married to A.P. Chekhov’s attending physician in Germany. His great uncle was the first Russian business partner of Heinrich Schliemann, the future archaeologist. In 1873–1877 and 1878–1879, N.I. Kareev (1850–1931), a distinguished historian, taught history to Zhivago at the gymnasium. Kareev’s methodical attitude and the charm of his personality instilled in Zhivago a deep respect for the historical past and a desire to understand the material sources: his pedagogical method assumed the involvement of older students in scientific activities, as well as the use of illustrative materials and additional literature; he also argued that political and cultural history is inseparable from the history of art. Zhivago’s solid education in the field of historical and museum disciplines is thus to Kareev’s credit. This background enabled him to work as a lecturer at the Department of Coptology and Ancient Egypt of the Moscow Museum of Fine Arts (now the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts) from 1919 to 1937.","PeriodicalId":486360,"journal":{"name":"Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета","volume":"2015 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135315726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Syrinx in the Musical Culture of Ancient Greece 古希腊音乐文化中的鸣琴

Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета Pub Date : 2023-10-24 DOI: 10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.9-18

O. S. Enzeldt

引用次数: 0

Everyday Life of Students of the Kazan Theological Academy during the First World War 第一次世界大战期间喀山神学院学生的日常生活

Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета Pub Date : 2023-10-24 DOI: 10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.155-167

G. V. Ibneyeva, P. A. Mayorov

{"title":"Everyday Life of Students of the Kazan Theological Academy during the First World War","authors":"G. V. Ibneyeva, P. A. Mayorov","doi":"10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.155-167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.155-167","url":null,"abstract":"This article summarizes the results of a study on the daily life of students at the Kazan Imperial Theological Academy in 1914–1917 when the life of civilians was severely affected by the First World War. Through the analysis of archival materials and literary sources, a close look is taken at such major constituents of everyday activities as space and time, material means, as well as clothing and dietary habits. During that period, most students resided in boarding houses, which also determined their living conditions: state-paid students received food, sleeping and working space, clothes, treatment, etc. The life of all students of the Academy revolved around the main building on the Arsk Field of Kazan. They spent most of their time there but were occasionally allowed to make short-term trips into the city. When the First World War broke out, the students started visiting more places. They went to the infirmaries and hospitals to take part in religious sermons and entertainment events. Many of them fell into a poor financial situation because the annual basic scholarship was only enough to pay for staying at the boarding house. The canteen no longer served sufficient meals, especially during the fast, so the students were malnourished and forced to seek out other sources of food. They were offered nutritious food only on holidays. The statutory clothes (raincoats, uniforms, jackets, trousers, and shoes) supplied by the Academy were of little use to keep warm in the cold seasons. In 1917, the biggest changes occurred. The premises of the Academy were gradually militarized. By the end of the year, due to the social upheavals and the economic crisis, only 142 out of 300 students continued their education. They were mainly accommodated in government apartments, and the classes were held either in the assembly hall or in the rector’s apartment.","PeriodicalId":486360,"journal":{"name":"Ученые записки Казанского государственного университета","volume":"40 1-2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135266341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0