Evolution Letters最新文献

{"title":"Condition dependence and the paradox of missing plasticity costs.","authors":"Stephen P De Lisle,&nbsp;Locke Rowe","doi":"10.1093/evlett/qrad009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/evlett/qrad009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phenotypic plasticity plays a key role in adaptation to changing environments. However, plasticity is neither perfect nor ubiquitous, implying that fitness costs may limit the evolution of phenotypic plasticity in nature. The measurement of such costs of plasticity has proved elusive; decades of experiments show that fitness costs of plasticity are often weak or nonexistent. Here, we show that this paradox could potentially be explained by condition dependence. We develop two models differing in their assumptions about how condition dependence arises; both models show that variation in condition can readily mask costs of plasticity even when such costs are substantial. This can be shown simply in a model where plasticity itself evolves condition dependence, which would be expected if costly. Yet similar effects emerge from an alternative model where trait expression itself is condition-dependent. In this more complex model, the average condition in each environment and genetic covariance in condition across environments both determine when costs of plasticity can be revealed. Analogous to the paradox of missing trade-offs between life history traits, our models show that variation in condition can mask costs of plasticity even when costs exist, and suggest this conclusion may be robust to the details of how condition affects trait expression. Our models suggest that condition dependence can also account for the often-observed pattern of elevated plasticity costs inferred in stressful environments, the maintenance of genetic variance in plasticity, and provides insight into experimental and biological scenarios ideal for revealing a cost of phenotypic plasticity.</p>","PeriodicalId":48629,"journal":{"name":"Evolution Letters","volume":"7 2","pages":"67-78"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10078974/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9266187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Not just flowering time: a resurrection approach shows floral attraction traits are changing over time.","authors":"Sasha G D Bishop,&nbsp;Shu-Mei Chang,&nbsp;Regina S Baucom","doi":"10.1093/evlett/qrad006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/evlett/qrad006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Contemporary anthropogenic changes in climate and landscape form a complex set of selective pressures acting on natural systems, yet, in many systems, we lack information about both whether and how organisms may adapt to these changes. In plants, research has focused on climate-induced changes in phenology and the resultant potential for disruption of plant-pollinator interactions, however, there remains a paucity of knowledge regarding how other pollinator-mediated traits may be involved in the adaptive response. Here, we use resurrection experiments to investigate the phenotypic basis of adaptation in a mixed-mating system plant, the common morning glory (<i>Ipomoea purpurea</i>). Specifically, we measure temporal and spatial changes in traits grouped into three categories relevant to plant-pollinator interactions - floral morphology, floral rewards, and floral phenology. We show a significant temporal increase in corolla size and shift to earlier flowering times, as well as a potential for increased investment in floral rewards, all of which are driven primarily by populations at more northern latitudes. Additionally, we find evidence for directional selection on floral morphology and phenology and evidence of balancing selection acting on anther-stigma distance. Overall, these results show an adaptive response in line with greater investment in pollinator attraction rather than self-pollination and fine-scale spatial differences in adaptive potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":48629,"journal":{"name":"Evolution Letters","volume":"7 2","pages":"88-98"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10078973/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9266189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recurrent selection and reduction in recombination shape the genomic landscape of divergence across multiple population pairs of Green-backed Tit.","authors":"Zhiyong Jiang,&nbsp;Gang Song,&nbsp;Xu Luo,&nbsp;Dezhi Zhang,&nbsp;Fumin Lei,&nbsp;Yanhua Qu","doi":"10.1093/evlett/qrad005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/evlett/qrad005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Speciation is fundamental for building and maintaining biodiversity. The formation of the highly differentiated genomic regions between diverging taxa has been interpreted as a result of divergence with gene flow, linked selection, and reduction in recombination. It is challenging to unravel these nonexclusive processes in shaping genomic divergence. Here, we investigate the relative roles of these processes in shaping genomic differentiation in a montane bird, the Green-backed Tit (<i>Parus monticolus</i>). Our genetic structure and demographic analyses identify that four genetic lineages diverge between 838 and 113 thousand years ago and there is evidence of secondary gene flow. The highly divergent genomic regions do not increase with the divergence time, as we found that the old lineages show relatively fewer numbers and smaller sizes of highly differentiated regions than the young divergent lineages (numbers, 118-138 vs. 156-289; sizes, 5.9-6.9 vs. 7.8-14.5 megabase). Across the genome, the outlier windows show a reduction in nucleotide diversity, absolute genetic divergence, and recombination rate, suggesting recurrent selection in regions with low recombination being the major driver of genomic divergence. Finally, we show that secondary gene flow tends to affect the highly differentiated genomic regions if these regions are less likely to be the targets of selection. Altogether, our study shows how common ancestry, recurrent selection, low recombination rate, and gene flow have contributed to the emergence of genomic islands at different stages of speciation.</p>","PeriodicalId":48629,"journal":{"name":"Evolution Letters","volume":"7 2","pages":"99-111"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/7f/89/qrad005.PMC10078914.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9266188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat stress reveals a fertility debt owing to postcopulatory sexual selection","authors":"Julian Baur, Martyna Zwoinska, Mareike Koppik, Rhonda R Snook, David Berger","doi":"10.1093/evlett/qrad007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/evlett/qrad007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Climates are changing rapidly, demanding equally rapid adaptation of natural populations. Whether sexual selection can aid such adaptation is under debate; while sexual selection should promote adaptation when individuals with high mating success are also best adapted to their local surroundings, the expression of sexually selected traits can incur costs. Here we asked what the demographic consequences of such costs may be once climates change to become harsher and the strength of natural selection increases. We first adopted a classic life history theory framework, incorporating a trade-off between reproduction and maintenance, and applied it to the male germline to generate formalized predictions for how an evolutionary history of strong postcopulatory sexual selection (sperm competition) may affect male fertility under acute adult heat stress. We then tested these predictions by assessing the thermal sensitivity of fertility (TSF) in replicated lineages of seed beetles maintained for 68 generations under three alternative mating regimes manipulating the opportunity for sexual and natural selection. In line with the theoretical predictions, we find that males evolving under strong sexual selection suffer from increased TSF. Interestingly, females from the regime under strong sexual selection, who experienced relaxed selection on their own reproductive effort, had high fertility in benign settings but suffered increased TSF, like their brothers. This implies that female fertility and TSF evolved through genetic correlation with reproductive traits sexually selected in males. Paternal but not maternal heat stress reduced offspring fertility with no evidence for adaptive transgenerational plasticity among heat-exposed offspring, indicating that the observed effects may compound over generations. Our results suggest that trade-offs between fertility and traits increasing success in postcopulatory sexual selection can be revealed in harsh environments. This can put polyandrous species under immediate risk during extreme heat waves expected under future climate change.","PeriodicalId":48629,"journal":{"name":"Evolution Letters","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135439781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The magnitude of selection on growth varies among years and increases under warming conditions in a subarctic seabird","authors":"Drew Sauve, Anne Charmantier, Scott A Hatch, Vicki L Friesen","doi":"10.1093/evlett/qrad001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/evlett/qrad001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Because of ongoing rapid climate change, many ecosystems are becoming both warmer and more variable, and these changes are likely to alter the magnitude and variability of natural selection acting on wild populations. Critically, changes and fluctuations in selection can impact both population demography and evolutionary change. Therefore, predicting the impacts of climate change depends on understanding the magnitude and variation in selection on traits across different life stages and environments. Long-term experiments in wild settings are a great opportunity to determine the impact of environmental conditions on selection. Here we examined variability in the strength of selection on size traits of nestling black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) in a 25-year study including a food supplementation experiment on Middleton Island in the Gulf of Alaska. Using mixed effect models, we examined the annual variability of stage-specific and resource-specific selection gradients across 25 years. We found that (a) larger and heavier hatchlings were the most likely to survive during early ontogeny, (b) non-food supplemented younger nestlings in a brood experienced the strongest selection, and (c) warmer conditions increased the magnitude of selection on nestling mass and affected non-food supplemented and second-hatched nestlings the most. Our results suggested that variable resource dynamics likely caused some of the changes in selection from year to year and that warming conditions increased the strength of selection on subarctic seabird growth. However, our experimental manipulation revealed that local environmental heterogeneity could buffer the selection expected from broader climatic changes. Consequently, understanding the interactive effects of local conditions and general changes in climate seems likely to improve our ability to predict future selection gradients.","PeriodicalId":48629,"journal":{"name":"Evolution Letters","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135677426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tolerance-conferring defensive symbionts and the evolution of parasite virulence","authors":"Cameron A. Smith, B. Ashby","doi":"10.1101/2022.12.05.519091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.12.05.519091","url":null,"abstract":"Defensive symbionts in the host microbiome can confer protection from infection or reduce the harms of being infected by a parasite. Defensive symbionts are therefore promising agents of biocontrol that could be used to control or ameliorate the impact of infectious diseases. Previous theory has shown how symbionts can evolve along the parasitism-mutualism continuum to confer greater or lesser protection to their hosts, and in turn how hosts may coevolve with their symbionts to potentially form a mutualistic relationship. However, the consequences of introducing a defensive symbiont for parasite evolution and how the symbiont may coevolve with the parasite have received relatively little theoretical attention. Here, we investigate the ecological and evolutionary implications of introducing a tolerance-conferring defensive symbiont into an established host-parasite system. We show that while the defensive symbiont may initially have a positive impact on the host population, parasite and symbiont evolution tend to have a net negative effect on the host population in the long-term. This is because the introduction of the defensive symbiont always selects for an increase in parasite virulence and may cause diversification into high- and low-virulence strains. Even if the symbiont experiences selection for greater host protection, this simply increases selection for virulence in the parasite, resulting in a net negative effect on the host population. Our results therefore suggest that tolerance-conferring defensive symbionts may be poor biocontrol agents for population-level infectious disease control. Lay Summary Defensive symbionts – microbes that confer protection to a host against a harmful parasite – are found throughout the natural world and represent promising candidates for biological control to combat infectious diseases. Symbionts can protect their hosts through a variety of mechanisms that may prevent infection (resistance) or increase survival following infection (tolerance), yet our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary impact of defensive symbionts on parasites is limited. Moreover, few theoretical predictions exist for how defensive symbionts are likely to evolve in the presence of parasites, and for the net effect on the host population. Using a mathematical model where defensive symbionts reduce parasite virulence (harm to the host), we investigate the impact of their introduction on the evolution of parasite virulence, how selection increases or decreases host protection, and whether such symbionts are beneficial for the host population. We find that this form of defensive symbiosis always selects for higher parasite virulence and that it can cause the parasite to diversify into high and low virulence strains which specialise on different host subpopulations. Crucially, we show that the introduction of a defensive symbiont will always lead to a long-term reduction in host population size even if they are beneficial in the ","PeriodicalId":48629,"journal":{"name":"Evolution Letters","volume":"7 1","pages":"262 - 272"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41899357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Individual- and group-level sex ratios under local mate competition: consequences of infanticide and reproductive dominance.","authors":"Jussi Lehtonen, Serena Malabusini, Xiaomeng Guo, Ian C W Hardy","doi":"10.1093/evlett/qrac005","DOIUrl":"10.1093/evlett/qrac005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Extremely female-biased sex ratios of parasitoid wasps in multiple-foundress groups challenges evolutionary theory which predicts diminishing bias as foundress numbers increase. Recent theory based on foundress cooperation has achieved qualitative rather than quantitative success in explaining bias among parasitoids in the genus <i>Sclerodermus</i>. Here, we develop an explanation, expanding the theory of local mate competition, based on the observation that male production seems dominated by some foundresses within groups. Two sex ratio effects arise from such reproductive dominance: an immediate effect via suppression of male production, and a long-term evolutionary response to reproductive skew. We analyze the outcome of these effects at the individual and group level, the latter being more readily observable. Three model scenarios are analyzed: (1) random killing of developing sons in a group by all foundresses, without reproductive skew, (2) the development of reproductive dominance by some foundresses after sex allocation decisions by all foundresses have been implemented, and (3) reproductive dominance within foundress groups before sex allocation decisions are implemented. The 3 scenarios have subtly different implications for sex ratio evolution, with Models 2 and 3 being novel additions to theory, showing how reproductive dominance can alter the outcome of sex ratio evolution. All models match observations in their outcomes better than other recently proposed theory, but Models 2 and 3 are closest to observations in their underlying assumptions. Further, Model 2 shows that differential offspring mortality after parental investment can influence the primary sex ratio even when random with respect to parental and offspring characters, but targeted at entire clutches. The novel models are solved for both diploid and haplodiploid genetic systems, and confirmed with simulations. Overall, these models provide a feasible explanation for the extremely female-biased sex ratios produced by multi-foundress groups and expand the scope of local mate competition theory to consider reproductive dominance.</p>","PeriodicalId":48629,"journal":{"name":"Evolution Letters","volume":"7 1","pages":"13-23"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10091503/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9317129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Slower-X: reduced efficiency of selection in the early stages of X chromosome evolution.","authors":"Andrea Mrnjavac,&nbsp;Ksenia A Khudiakova,&nbsp;Nicholas H Barton,&nbsp;Beatriz Vicoso","doi":"10.1093/evlett/qrac004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/evlett/qrac004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Differentiated X chromosomes are expected to have higher rates of adaptive divergence than autosomes, if new beneficial mutations are recessive (the \"faster-X effect\"), largely because these mutations are immediately exposed to selection in males. The evolution of X chromosomes after they stop recombining in males, but before they become hemizygous, has not been well explored theoretically. We use the diffusion approximation to infer substitution rates of beneficial and deleterious mutations under such a scenario. Our results show that selection is less efficient on diploid X loci than on autosomal and hemizygous X loci under a wide range of parameters. This \"slower-X\" effect is stronger for genes affecting primarily (or only) male fitness, and for sexually antagonistic genes. These unusual dynamics suggest that some of the peculiar features of X chromosomes, such as the differential accumulation of genes with sex-specific functions, may start arising earlier than previously appreciated.</p>","PeriodicalId":48629,"journal":{"name":"Evolution Letters","volume":"7 1","pages":"4-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10091493/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9317128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The immediate effects of polyploidization of <i>Spirodela polyrhiza</i> change in a strain-specific way along environmental gradients.","authors":"Quinten Bafort,&nbsp;Tian Wu,&nbsp;Annelore Natran,&nbsp;Olivier De Clerck,&nbsp;Yves Van de Peer","doi":"10.1093/evlett/qrac003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/evlett/qrac003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The immediate effects of plant polyploidization are well characterized and it is generally accepted that these morphological, physiological, developmental, and phenological changes contribute to polyploid establishment. Studies on the environmental dependence of the immediate effects of whole-genome duplication (WGD) are, however, scarce but suggest that these immediate effects are altered by stressful conditions. As polyploid establishment seems to be associated with environmental disturbance, the relationship between ploidy-induced phenotypical changes and environmental conditions is highly relevant. Here, we use a common garden experiment on the greater duckweed <i>Spirodela polyrhiza</i> to test whether the immediate effects of WGD can facilitate the establishment of tetraploid duckweed along gradients of two environmental stressors. Because successful polyploid establishment often depends on recurrent polyploidization events, we include four genetically diverse strains and assess whether these immediate effects are strain-specific. We find evidence that WGD can indeed confer a fitness advantage under stressful conditions and that the environment affects ploidy-induced changes in fitness and trait reaction norms in a strain-specific way.</p>","PeriodicalId":48629,"journal":{"name":"Evolution Letters","volume":"7 1","pages":"37-47"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b2/c9/qrac003.PMC10091501.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9317125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population genomics of the island thrush elucidates one of earth's great archipelagic radiations.","authors":"Andrew Hart Reeve,&nbsp;Graham Gower,&nbsp;José Martín Pujolar,&nbsp;Brian Tilston Smith,&nbsp;Bent Petersen,&nbsp;Urban Olsson,&nbsp;Tri Haryoko,&nbsp;Bonny Koane,&nbsp;Gibson Maiah,&nbsp;Mozes P K Blom,&nbsp;Per G P Ericson,&nbsp;Martin Irestedt,&nbsp;Fernando Racimo,&nbsp;Knud Andreas Jønsson","doi":"10.1093/evlett/qrac006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/evlett/qrac006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tropical islands are renowned as natural laboratories for evolutionary study. Lineage radiations across tropical archipelagos are ideal systems for investigating how colonization, speciation, and extinction processes shape biodiversity patterns. The expansion of the island thrush across the Indo-Pacific represents one of the largest yet most perplexing island radiations of any songbird species. The island thrush exhibits a complex mosaic of pronounced plumage variation across its range and is arguably the world's most polytypic bird. It is a sedentary species largely restricted to mountain forests, yet it has colonized a vast island region spanning a quarter of the globe. We conducted a comprehensive sampling of island thrush populations and obtained genome-wide SNP data, which we used to reconstruct its phylogeny, population structure, gene flow, and demographic history. The island thrush evolved from migratory Palearctic ancestors and radiated explosively across the Indo-Pacific during the Pleistocene, with numerous instances of gene flow between populations. Its bewildering plumage variation masks a biogeographically intuitive stepping stone colonization path from the Philippines through the Greater Sundas, Wallacea, and New Guinea to Polynesia. The island thrush's success in colonizing Indo-Pacific mountains can be understood in light of its ancestral mobility and adaptation to cool climates; however, shifts in elevational range, degree of plumage variation and apparent dispersal rates in the eastern part of its range raise further intriguing questions about its biology.</p>","PeriodicalId":48629,"journal":{"name":"Evolution Letters","volume":"7 1","pages":"24-36"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/59/33/qrac006.PMC10091502.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9317124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}