Molecular Syndromology最新文献

{"title":"Severe Antenatal Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Secondary to <i>ACAD9</i>-Related Mitochondrial Complex I Deficiency.","authors":"Charlotte Dubucs,&nbsp;Jacqueline Aziza,&nbsp;Agnès Sartor,&nbsp;François Heitz,&nbsp;Annick Sevely,&nbsp;Damien Sternberg,&nbsp;Claude Jardel,&nbsp;Tiscar Cavallé-Garrido,&nbsp;Steffen Albrecht,&nbsp;Chantal Bernard,&nbsp;Isabelle De Bie,&nbsp;Nicolas Chassaing","doi":"10.1159/000526022","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000526022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Antenatal presentation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is rare. We describe familial recurrence of antenatal HCM associated with intrauterine growth restriction and the diagnostic process undertaken.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two pregnancies with antenatal HCM were followed up. Biological assessment including metabolic analyses, genetic analyses, and respiratory chain study was performed. We describe the clinical course of these two pregnancies, antenatal manifestations as well as specific histopathological findings, and review the literature.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The assessment revealed a deficiency in complex I of the respiratory chain and two likely pathogenic variations in the <i>ACAD9</i> gene.</p><p><strong>Discussion and conclusion: </strong>Antenatal HCM is rare and a diagnosis is not always made. In pregnancies presenting with cardiomyopathy and intrauterine growth restriction, ACAD9 deficiency should be considered as one of the potential underlying diagnoses, and <i>ACAD9</i> molecular testing should be included among other prenatal investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":48566,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Syndromology","volume":"14 2","pages":"101-108"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10091013/pdf/msy-0014-0101.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9309530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Variant in the <i>USP9X</i> Gene Is Associated with Congenital Heart Disease in a Male Patient: A Case Report and Literature Review.","authors":"Cristiana Agazzi,&nbsp;Monia Magliozzi,&nbsp;Onofrio Iacoviello,&nbsp;Stefano Palladino,&nbsp;Maurizio Delvecchio,&nbsp;Maristella Masciopinto,&nbsp;Alessio Galati,&nbsp;Antonio Novelli,&nbsp;Francesco Andrea Causio,&nbsp;Giuseppe Zampino,&nbsp;Claudia Ruggiero,&nbsp;Rita Fischetto","doi":"10.1159/000527424","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000527424","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The X-chromosomal <i>USP9X</i> gene encodes a deubiquitylating enzyme involved in protein turnover and TGF-β signaling during fetal and neuronal development. <i>USP9X</i> variants in females are primarily associated with complete loss-of-function (LOF) alleles, leading to neurodevelopmental delay and intellectual disability, as well as a wide range of congenital anomalies. In contrast, <i>USP9X</i> missense variants in males often result in partial rather than complete LOF, specifically affecting neuronal migration and development. <i>USP9X</i> variants in males are associated with intellectual disability, behavioral disorders, global developmental delay, speech delay, and structural CNS defects. Facial dysmorphisms are found in almost all patients.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We report the case of an Italian boy presenting dysmorphism, intellectual disability, structural brain anomalies, and congenital heart disease. Using next-generation sequencing analysis, we identified a hemizygous de novo variant in the <i>USP9X</i> gene (c.5470A>G, p.Met1824Val) that was never reported in the literature.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We provide an overview of the available literature on <i>USP9X</i> variants in males, in order to further expand the genotypic and phenotypic landscape of male-restricted X-linked mental retardation syndrome. Our findings confirm the involvement of <i>USP9X</i> variants in neuronal development and corroborate the possible association between the novel <i>USP9X</i> variant and congenital heart malformation.</p>","PeriodicalId":48566,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Syndromology","volume":"14 2","pages":"158-163"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10090979/pdf/msy-0014-0158.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9316757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overlapping Interstitial Deletions of the Region 9q22.33 to 9q33.3 of Three Patients Allow Pinpointing Candidate Genes for Epilepsy and Cleft Lip and Palate.","authors":"Renata Szalai,&nbsp;Agnes Till,&nbsp;Andras Szabo,&nbsp;Bela Melegh,&nbsp;Kinga Hadzsiev,&nbsp;Marta Czako","doi":"10.1159/000525976","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000525976","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Patients carrying interstitial deletions of the long arm of chromosome 9 show similar features. These phenotypes are often characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, short stature, and dysmorphism. Previously reported deletions differ in size and location spanning from 9q21 to 9q34 and were mostly detected by conventional cytogenetic techniques.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Based on clinical features suggesting primarily chromosomal diseases, aCGH analysis was indicated. We report on de novo overlapping interstitial 9q deletions in 3 unrelated individuals presenting neurodevelopmental disorder and multiple congenital anomalies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>An 8.03-Mb (90 genes), a 15.71-Mb (193 genes), and a 15.81-Mb (203 genes) deletion were identified in 9q affecting 9q22.33q33.3. The overlapping region was 1.50 Mb, including 2 dosage-sensitive genes, namely <i>EPB41L4B</i> (OMIM #610340) and <i>SVEP1</i> (OMIM #611691). These genes are thought to be involved in cellular adhesion, migration, and motility. The non-overlapping regions contain 24 dosage-sensitive genes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Besides the frequently described symptoms (developmental delay, intellectual disability, skeletal abnormalities, short stature, and dysmorphic facial features) shared by the patients with interstitial deletions of chromosome 9q reported thus far, two of our patients showed distinct forms of epilepsy, which were successfully treated, and one had a bilateral cleft lip and palate. Possible candidate genes for epilepsy and cleft lip and palate are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":48566,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Syndromology","volume":"14 2","pages":"109-122"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/72/d5/msy-0014-0109.PMC10090976.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9309532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovating Therapies for Down Syndrome: An International Virtual Conference of the T21 Research Society.","authors":"Eric D Hamlett,&nbsp;Lisi Flores-Aguilar,&nbsp;Benjamin Handen,&nbsp;Marie-Claude Potier,&nbsp;Ann-Charlotte Granholm,&nbsp;Stephanie Sherman,&nbsp;Victoria Puig,&nbsp;Jonathan D Santoro,&nbsp;María Carmona-Iragui,&nbsp;Anne-Sophie Rebillat,&nbsp;Elizabeth Head,&nbsp;André Strydom,&nbsp;Jorge Busciglio","doi":"10.1159/000526021","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000526021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research focused on Down syndrome continued to gain momentum in the last several years and is advancing our understanding of how trisomy 21 (T21) modifies molecular and cellular processes. The Trisomy 21 Research Society (T21RS) is the premier scientific organization for researchers and clinicians studying Down syndrome. During the COVID pandemic, T21RS held its first virtual conference program, sponsored by the University of California at Irvine, on June 8-10, 2021 and brought together 342 scientists, families, and industry representatives from over 25 countries to share the latest discoveries on underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of T21, cognitive and behavioral changes, and comorbidities associated with Down syndrome, including Alzheimer's disease and Regression Disorder. Presentations of 91 cutting-edge abstracts reflecting neuroscience, neurology, model systems, psychology, biomarkers, and molecular and pharmacological therapeutic approaches demonstrate the compelling interest and continuing advancement toward innovating biomarkers and therapies aimed at ameliorating health conditions associated with T21.</p>","PeriodicalId":48566,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Syndromology","volume":"14 2","pages":"89-100"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/23/ae/msy-0014-0089.PMC10090974.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9316751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Front & Back Matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1159/000530481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000530481","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48566,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Syndromology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48159435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Second Family with Myhre Syndrome Caused by the Same Recurrent <i>SMAD4</i> Pathogenic Variation (p.Arg496Cys).","authors":"Şenol Demir,&nbsp;Ceren Alavanda,&nbsp;Gözde Yeşil,&nbsp;Ayça Dilruba Aslanger,&nbsp;Esra Arslan Ateş","doi":"10.1159/000527149","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000527149","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Myhre syndrome (MS; OMIM #139210) is a rare connective tissue disorder presenting with cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and skeletal system findings. Fewer than 100 patients were reported until recently, and all molecularly confirmed cases had de novo heterozygous gain-of-function mutations in the <i>SMAD4</i> gene. Dysregulation of the TGF-beta signaling pathway leads to axial and appendicular skeleton, connective tissue, cardiovascular system, and central nervous system abnormalities.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>Two siblings, 12 and 9 years old, were referred to us because of intellectual disability, neurodevelopmental delay, and dysmorphic facial features. Physical examination revealed hypertelorism, strabismus, small mouth, prognathism, short neck, stiff skin, and brachydactyly.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>With a clinical diagnosis of MS, the <i>SMAD4</i> gene was analyzed via Sanger sequencing, and a heterozygous c.1486C>T (p.Arg496Cys) pathogenic variation was detected in both of the siblings. The segregation analysis revealed that the mutation was inherited from the father who displayed a milder phenotype. Among the 90 patients in the literature, one family was reported in which two siblings carried the same variation (p.Arg496Cys), inherited from the severely affected mother. We are reporting the second family which has three affected family members, a father and two children. We report this study to remind the clinicians to be aware of the parental transmission of <i>SMAD4</i> variations and also evaluate the parents of the Myhre cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":48566,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Syndromology","volume":"14 2","pages":"175-180"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10090971/pdf/msy-0014-0175.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9309531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Rare Contiguous Gene Deletion Leading to Trichothiodystrophy Type 4 and Glutaric Aciduria Type 3.","authors":"Engin Demir,&nbsp;Neslihan Doğulu,&nbsp;Ceyda Tuna Kırsaçlıoğlu,&nbsp;Vehap Topçu,&nbsp;Fatma Tuba Eminoglu,&nbsp;Zarife Kuloğlu,&nbsp;Aydan Kansu","doi":"10.1159/000526393","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000526393","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Trichothiodystrophy type 4 and glutaric aciduria type 3 are rare autosomal recessive disorders caused by biallelic variants in the <i>MPLKIP</i> and <i>SUGCT</i> genes on chromosome 7p14, respectively. Trichothiodystrophy type 4 is characterized by neurologic and cutaneous abnormalities. Glutaric aciduria type 3 is a rare metabolic disorder with inconsistent phenotype and elevated urinary excretion of glutaric acid.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>Here, we report on an infant presenting with hypotonia, failure to thrive, microcephaly, dysmorphic features, brittle hair, hypertransaminasemia, and recurrent lower respiratory tract infections. Microarray analysis revealed a homozygous microdeletion involving the <i>MPLKIP</i> and <i>SUGCT</i> genes, which are located close to each other.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Copy number variations should be considered in patients with coexisting clinical expression of different genetic alterations. To the best of our knowledge, our patient is the second case with co-occurrence of trichothiodystrophy type 4 and glutaric aciduria type 3, resulting from a contiguous gene deletion.</p>","PeriodicalId":48566,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Syndromology","volume":"14 2","pages":"136-142"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10090967/pdf/msy-0014-0136.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9316753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocular Manifestations of Hurler-Scheie Syndrome: Recurrence of Host Disease in the Corneal Transplant.","authors":"Zsófia Kölkedi,&nbsp;Adrienne Csutak,&nbsp;Eszter Szalai","doi":"10.1159/000525453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000525453","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Hurler-Scheie syndrome is a type of mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS). In MPS I the decreased activity of alpha-L-iduronidase lysosomal enzyme leads to glycosaminoglycan (GAG) deposition in the intra- and extracellular matrix. Excessive amounts of GAG can accumulate in most layers of the cornea, including epithelial cells, stromal keratocytes, and endothelial cells.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 25-year-old female patient suffering from Hurler-Scheie syndrome with multiple ocular manifestations is reported. Due to significant bilateral corneal opacification, penetrating keratoplasty was performed on both eyes. Histopathologic examination of the corneal buttons showed disorganized collagen fibers with heterogenous thickness and many granule-containing keratocytes with excessive cytoplasm. Despite receiving enzyme replacement therapy, in vivo confocal microscopy revealed characteristic vacuoles in the basal epithelium and corneal stroma 96 months after transplantation. High resolution anterior segment optical coherence tomography demonstrated hyperreflective opacities superficial and deeper in the stroma which was consistent with recurrence of host disease in the graft.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented Hurler-Scheie syndrome case of recurrence after penetrating keratoplasty demonstrated by in vivo confocal microscopy. Additionally, this patient manifested severe ocular involvement of MPS which might be an explanation of the progressive course of corneal opacification after transplantation.</p>","PeriodicalId":48566,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Syndromology","volume":"14 1","pages":"44-50"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/30/38/msy-0014-0044.PMC9911992.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9915947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"De novo Pure Partial Trisomy 6p Associated with Facial Dysmorphism, Developmental Delay, Brain Anomalies, and Primary Congenital Hypothyroidism.","authors":"Ayberk Türkyılmaz,&nbsp;Emine Ayça Cimbek,&nbsp;Alper Han Çebi,&nbsp;Elif Acar Arslan,&nbsp;Gülay Karagüzel","doi":"10.1159/000525393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000525393","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Partial trisomy 6p is a rare chromosomal anomaly, characterized by low birth weight, developmental delay, craniofacial abnormalities, feeding difficulties, congenital heart defects, and renal abnormalities. Some of the partial trisomy 6p cases reported in the literature included partial monosomy of another chromosome. This is often due to the fact that one of the parents is a balanced translocation carrier, thereby making it difficult to determine the genotype-phenotype relationship. Pure partial trisomy 6p cases are even rarer and may occur as a result of a marker chromosome, tandem or inverted duplication, and interchromosomal insertion.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>In this study, we evaluated the physical characteristics and genetic data of a 2-year-old girl with developmental delay and facial dysmorphic features. Dysmorphology assessment revealed the presence of a prominent forehead, short and narrow palpebral fissures, blepharoptosis, convex nasal ridge, hemangioma on the left eyelid, high-arched palate, retromicrognathia, and low-set ears. The patient‧s G-banded karyotype was 46,XX,der(2)t(2;6)(q37.3;p22.1). Upon SNP-array analysis, aimed to determine the origin of the extra chromosomal material detected in chromosome 2 of the patient, there was a de novo 27.5-Mb duplication at 6p, arr[GRCh37] 6p25.3p22.1(204,909_27,835,272)×3, interpreted to be pathogenic.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We present this case report to clarify the clinical findings of a rare chromosomal anomaly, discuss the genes that may be related to the phenotype and contribute to the literature in terms of knowledge regarding genotype-phenotype correlation.</p>","PeriodicalId":48566,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Syndromology","volume":"14 1","pages":"35-43"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9912003/pdf/msy-0014-0035.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9915952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Mutation in Melanocortin Receptor 2 and a Reported Mutation in Melanocortin Receptor 2 Accessory Protein: Three Chinese Cases with Familial Glucocorticoid Deficiency.","authors":"Ying Duan,&nbsp;Yu Xia,&nbsp;Zhuwen Gong,&nbsp;Huili Liu,&nbsp;Lili Liang,&nbsp;Kaichuang Zhang,&nbsp;Yi Yang,&nbsp;Ruifang Wang,&nbsp;Bing Xiao,&nbsp;Wenjuan Qiu","doi":"10.1159/000526320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000526320","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Familial glucocorticoid deficiency (FGD) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by glucocorticoid deficiency without mineralocorticoid deficiency. We report 3 Chinese patients with <i>MRAP</i> or <i>MC2R</i> mutations.</p><p><strong>Case reports: </strong>Patient 1 presented with hyperpigmentation. Endocrine investigations revealed low serum cortisol levels and elevated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels. Furthermore, low serum sodium was evident. She was diagnosed with FGD type 2 due to a homozygous mutation in <i>MRAP</i> (c.106+1delG), revealed through exome sequencing (ES). After 2-year treatment with hydrocortisone, skin hyperpigmentation was improved. Patient 2 initially presented with hyponatremia. Low cortisol levels and high levels of ACTH were subsequently detected; he was subjected to a hydrocortisone treatment during which he experienced repeated hypoglycemic attacks and pigmentation. ES revealed the same mutation as in patient 1 in <i>MRAP</i> (c.106+1delG), thus he was diagnosed with FGD type 2. After 6 years of age, his symptoms remarkably improved, and there was no episode of hypoglycemia. Patient 3 mainly presented with hyperpigmentation, hypoglycemic attack, and tall stature. Laboratory findings were normal except for low serum cortisol levels and high ACTH levels. She was diagnosed with FGD type 1 as ES revealed a novel homozygous mutation in <i>MC2R</i> (c.712C>A, p.His238Tyr). After nearly 2 years of hydrocortisone replacement therapy, the excessive growth was reduced to near normal, and the skin color returned to normal.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Three patients were diagnosed with FGD (one with FGD type 1 and two with FGD type 2). They all presented with hyperpigmentation and hypoglycemia; however, compared with patient 1, the clinical manifestations of patient 2 were more complicated. Patient 3 had later onset and taller stature than patients 1 and 2. A novel mutation in patient 3 expands the mutation spectrum of <i>MC2R</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":48566,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Syndromology","volume":"14 1","pages":"71-79"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9911991/pdf/msy-0014-0071.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9906683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}