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Preliminary Sizing of High-Altitude Airships Featuring Atmospheric Ionic Thrusters: An Initial Feasibility Assessment 采用大气离子推进器的高空飞艇的初步选型：初步可行性评估

IF 2.1 3区工程技术

Aerospace Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.3390/aerospace11070590

C. Riboldi, Marco Belan, S. Cacciola, Raffaello Terenzi, Stefano Trovato, Davide Usuelli, Giuseppe Familiari

{"title":"Preliminary Sizing of High-Altitude Airships Featuring Atmospheric Ionic Thrusters: An Initial Feasibility Assessment","authors":"C. Riboldi, Marco Belan, S. Cacciola, Raffaello Terenzi, Stefano Trovato, Davide Usuelli, Giuseppe Familiari","doi":"10.3390/aerospace11070590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11070590","url":null,"abstract":"When it comes to computing the values of variables defining the preliminary sizing of an airship, a few standardized approaches are available in the existing literature. However, when including a disruptive technology in the design is required, sizing procedures need to be amended, so as to be able to deal with the features of any additional novel item. This is the case of atmospheric ionic thrusters, a promising propulsive technology based on electric power, where thrusters feature no moving parts and are relatively cheap to manufacture. The present contribution proposes modifications to an existing airship design technique, originally conceived accounting for standard electro-mechanical thrusters, so as to cope with the specific features of new atmospheric ionic thrusters. After introducing this design procedure in detail, its potential is tested by showing results from feasibility studies on an example airship intended for a high-altitude mission. Concurrently, the so-obtained results allow the demonstration of the sizing features corresponding to the adoption of atmospheric ionic thrusters at the current level of technology, comparing them to what is obtained for the same mission when employing a standard electro-mechanical propulsion system.","PeriodicalId":48525,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141823001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hybrid Detection Method for Multi-Intent Recognition in Air–Ground Communication Text 用于空地通信文本中多信息识别的混合检测方法

IF 2.1 3区工程技术

Aerospace Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.3390/aerospace11070588

Weijun Pan, Zixuan Wang, Zhuang Wang, Yidi Wang, Yuanjing Huang

{"title":"Hybrid Detection Method for Multi-Intent Recognition in Air–Ground Communication Text","authors":"Weijun Pan, Zixuan Wang, Zhuang Wang, Yidi Wang, Yuanjing Huang","doi":"10.3390/aerospace11070588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11070588","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the civil aviation industry has actively promoted the automation and intelligence of control processes with the increasing use of various artificial intelligence technologies. Air–ground communication, as the primary means of interaction between controllers and pilots, typically involves one or more intents. Recognizing multiple intents within air–ground communication texts is a critical step in automating and advancing the control process intelligently. Therefore, this study proposes a hybrid detection method for multi-intent recognition in air–ground communication text. This method improves recognition accuracy by using different models for single-intent texts and multi-intent texts. First, the air–ground communication text is divided into two categories using multi-intent detection technology: single-intent text and multi-intent text. Next, for single-intent text, the Enhanced Representation through Knowledge Integration (ERNIE) 3.0 model is used for recognition; while the A Lite Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (ALBERT)_Sequence-to-Sequence_Attention (ASA) model is proposed for identifying multi-intent texts. Finally, combining the recognition results from the two models yields the final result. Experimental results demonstrate that using the ASA model for multi-intent text recognition achieved an accuracy rate of 97.84%, which is 0.34% higher than the baseline ALBERT model and 0.15% to 0.87% higher than other improved models based on ALBERT and ERNIE 3.0. The single-intent recognition model achieved an accuracy of 96.23% when recognizing single-intent texts, which is at least 2.18% higher than the multi-intent recognition model. The results indicate that employing different models for various types of texts can substantially enhance recognition accuracy.","PeriodicalId":48525,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141823909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Characteristics of Ice Super Saturated Regions in Washington, D.C. Airspace (2019–2023) 华盛顿特区空域冰雪超饱和区域的特征（2019-2023 年）

IF 2.1 3区工程技术

Aerospace Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.3390/aerospace11070587

Kayla Ebright, Lance Sherry

{"title":"Characteristics of Ice Super Saturated Regions in Washington, D.C. Airspace (2019–2023)","authors":"Kayla Ebright, Lance Sherry","doi":"10.3390/aerospace11070587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11070587","url":null,"abstract":"Contrails are estimated to contribute 2% of the Earth’s anthropogenic global warming. Contrails are ice crystal clouds formed by the emission of soot and water vapor from jet engines in atmospheric conditions known as Ice Super Saturated (ISS) regions. The formation of contrails can be avoided by flying over or under the ISS regions. Aircraft operators/dispatchers and air traffic control need to know the location of ISS regions in a given airspace to flightplan to avoid contrails. This paper describes the statistics for the presence of ISS regions in the airspace over metropolitan Washington, D.C. These statistics can be used to better understand the operational implications for contrail avoidance. Based on the measurements taken from the twice-daily launch of an aerosonde from Sterling, Virginia (adjacent to Washington, D.C.), analysis of five years of data (2019–2023) indicated that this airspace experiences ISS regions 40% of the days. ISS regions were equally likely during daylight hours (26%) than nighttime (27%). The vertical depth of the ISS region averaged 3000 feet but with a median of 2000 feet. The ISS region floor and ceiling varied by season, with an annual average floor of FL330 and ceiling of FL360. The implications of these results on the operations to avoid contrails, limitations, and future work are discussed.","PeriodicalId":48525,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141828795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Airfoil Design Optimization of Blended Wing Body for Various Aerodynamic and Stealth Stations 针对各种空气动力和隐身站优化混合翼身的翼面设计

IF 2.1 3区工程技术

Aerospace Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.3390/aerospace11070586

Wei Zhang, Lin Zhou, Ke Zhao, Ruibin Zhang, Zhenghong Gao, B. Shu

{"title":"Airfoil Design Optimization of Blended Wing Body for Various Aerodynamic and Stealth Stations","authors":"Wei Zhang, Lin Zhou, Ke Zhao, Ruibin Zhang, Zhenghong Gao, B. Shu","doi":"10.3390/aerospace11070586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11070586","url":null,"abstract":"The airfoil is the foundation of an aircraft, and its characteristics have a significant impact on those of the aircraft. Conventional airfoil design mainly focuses on improving aerodynamic performance, while flying wing airfoil designs should also consider layout stability and stealth performance. The design requirements for an airfoil vary with its position on the flying wing layout aircraft based on corresponding spanwise flow field characteristics. By analyzing the spanwise flow characteristics of the flying wing, partition design models for flying wing airfoils were established in this study, and a series of flying wing airfoil designs that consider aerodynamics and aerodynamic/stealth were implemented. Then, the designed airfoils were configured on a three-dimensional X-47B layout for testing and verification. The results showed that the aerodynamic design and the aerodynamic/stealth design exhibited significant improvements in terms for aerodynamic and longitudinal trimming characteristics. However, the cruise drag performance of the aerodynamic/stealth design was slightly worse than that of the aerodynamic design, although the longitudinal moment trimming characteristics were basically the same. The stealth characteristics of the aerodynamic/stealth design had significant advantages, indicating that there were weak contradictions between the aerodynamic, stealth, and trimming requirements in the design of the flying wing.","PeriodicalId":48525,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141828110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cooling of 1 MW Electric Motors through Submerged Oil Impinging Jets for Aeronautical Applications 通过用于航空应用的浸没式撞油喷流冷却 1 兆瓦电机

IF 2.1 3区工程技术

Aerospace Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.3390/aerospace11070585

Giuseppe Di Lorenzo, Diego Giuseppe Romano, Antonio Carozza, Antonio Pagano

{"title":"Cooling of 1 MW Electric Motors through Submerged Oil Impinging Jets for Aeronautical Applications","authors":"Giuseppe Di Lorenzo, Diego Giuseppe Romano, Antonio Carozza, Antonio Pagano","doi":"10.3390/aerospace11070585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11070585","url":null,"abstract":"Electrification of aircraft is a very challenging task as the demand for energy and power is high. While the storage and generation of electrical energy are widely studied due to the limited specific energy and specific power of batteries and fuel cells, electric machines (power electronics and motors) which have years of experience in many industrial fields must be improved when applied to aviation: they generally have a high efficiency but the increase in power levels determines significant thermal loads which, unlike internal combustion engines (ICE), cannot be rejected with the exhaust. There is therefore a need for thermal management systems (TMSs) with the main objective of maintaining operating temperatures below the maximum level required by electric machines. Turboprop aircraft, such as the ATR 72 or the Dash 8-Q400, are commonly used for regional transport and are equipped with two gas turbine engines whose combined power is in the order of 4 MW. Electric and hybrid propulsion systems for these aircraft are being studied by several leading commercial aviation industries and start-ups, and the 1MW motor size seems to be the main option as it could be used in different aircraft configurations, particularly those that exploit distributed electric propulsion. With reference to the topics mentioned above, the present work presents the design of a TMS for a high-power motor/generator whose electrical architecture is known. Once integrated with the electrical part, the TMS must allow a weight/power ratio of 14 kW/kg (or 20 kW/kg at peak power) while maintaining the temperature below the limit temperature with reasonable safety margins. Submerged jet oil is the cooling technique here applied with a focus on diathermic oil. Parameters affecting cooling, like rotor speed and filling factor, are analysed with advanced CFD.","PeriodicalId":48525,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141829594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Architecture Preliminary Design and Trade-Off Optimization of Stratospheric Airship Based on MBSE 基于 MBSE 的平流层飞艇架构初步设计与权衡优化

IF 2.1 3区工程技术

Aerospace Pub Date : 2024-07-16 DOI: 10.3390/aerospace11070582

Weihao Lyu, Yanchu Yang, Jinggang Miao, Shenghong Cao, Lingsen Kong

{"title":"Architecture Preliminary Design and Trade-Off Optimization of Stratospheric Airship Based on MBSE","authors":"Weihao Lyu, Yanchu Yang, Jinggang Miao, Shenghong Cao, Lingsen Kong","doi":"10.3390/aerospace11070582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11070582","url":null,"abstract":"System architecture design is crucial for forward design in aerostat system engineering, yet a comprehensive research framework has been lacking. This paper presents a new method for stratospheric airship architecture preliminary design and optimization trade-off, grounded in Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) theory. Firstly, a requirement analysis for a stratospheric airship is conducted using SysML, leading to the analysis and acquisition of the airship’s mission architecture design. Additionally, a multidisciplinary coupling simulation platform is developed with MATLAB, and the architecture preliminary design’s Pareto front is derived using the NSGA-II algorithm. Finally, based on the Pareto optimization set, the TOPSIS algorithm is applied to derive the optimal architecture preliminary design scheme for the airship. The optimization results validate the accuracy of the architecture preliminary design obtained from the requirement analysis, the reliability of the multidisciplinary coupling simulation platform, and the feasibility of the optimization algorithms. This comprehensive study spans the requirement analysis to the optimal architecture scheme, providing theoretical reference and design guidance for the forward design of airship systems engineering.","PeriodicalId":48525,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141831556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Air Traffic Control Speech Enhancement Method Based on Improved DNN-IRM 基于改进型 DNN-IRM 的空中交通管制语音增强方法

IF 2.1 3区工程技术

Aerospace Pub Date : 2024-07-16 DOI: 10.3390/aerospace11070581

Yuezhou Wu, Pengfei Li, Siling Zhang

引用次数: 0

A Method for Air Route Network Planning of Urban Air Mobility 城市空中交通的航线网络规划方法

IF 2.1 3区工程技术

Aerospace Pub Date : 2024-07-16 DOI: 10.3390/aerospace11070584

Jie Li, Di Shen, Fuping Yu, Duo Qi

{"title":"A Method for Air Route Network Planning of Urban Air Mobility","authors":"Jie Li, Di Shen, Fuping Yu, Duo Qi","doi":"10.3390/aerospace11070584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11070584","url":null,"abstract":"Urban air mobility is an effective solution to address the current issue of ground traffic congestion in future cities. However, as the user scale continues to expand, the current civil aviation flight scheduling and control methods are becoming inadequate to meet the high-volume flight guarantee demands of future urban air transportation. In order to effectively handle and resolve potential issues in this field in the future, this paper proposes a method for planning urban air mobility route networks. The planning process is divided into two stages: construction and optimization. Methods for constructing urban air mobility route networks based on flight routes and global optimization methods based on node movement are proposed in each stage. In the construction stage, a complete construction process is designed to generate routes based on existing flight routes, in line with the trend of urban air transportation development. In the optimization stage, inspired by the ant colony algorithm, node transfer rules and information transfer rules are incorporated to design a global optimization process and algorithm for route networks. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and advancement of the proposed planning method.","PeriodicalId":48525,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141831599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Time-Domain Calculation Method for Gust Aerodynamics in Flight Simulation 飞行模拟中阵风空气动力学的时域计算方法

IF 2.1 3区工程技术

Aerospace Pub Date : 2024-07-16 DOI: 10.3390/aerospace11070583

Zexuan Yang, Chao Yang, Daxin Wen, Wenbo Zhou, Zhigang Wu

{"title":"A Time-Domain Calculation Method for Gust Aerodynamics in Flight Simulation","authors":"Zexuan Yang, Chao Yang, Daxin Wen, Wenbo Zhou, Zhigang Wu","doi":"10.3390/aerospace11070583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11070583","url":null,"abstract":"Gusts have a significant impact on aircraft and need to be analyzed through flight simulations. The solution for time-domain gust aerodynamic forces stands as a pivotal stage in this process. With the increasing demand for flight simulations within gusty environments, traditional methods related to gust aerodynamics cannot fail to balance computational accuracy and efficiency. A method that can be used to quickly and accurately calculate the time-domain gust aerodynamic force is needed. This study proposes the fitting strip method, a gust aerodynamic force solution method that is suitable for real-time flight simulations. It only requires the current and previous gust information to calculate the aerodynamic force and is suitable for different configurations of aircraft and different kinds of gusts. Firstly, the fitting strip method requires the division of fitting strips and the calculation of the aerodynamic force under calibration conditions. In this study, the double-lattice method and computational fluid dynamics are used to calculate the aerodynamic force of the strips. Then, the amplitude coefficients and time-delay coefficients are obtained through a fitting calculation. Finally, the coefficients and gust information are put into the formula to calculate the gust aerodynamic force. An example of a swept wing is used for validation, demonstrating congruence between the computational results and experimental data across subsonic and transonic speeds, which proves the accuracy of the fitting strip method in both discrete gusts and continuous gusts. Compared with other methods, the fitting strip method uses the shortest time. Furthermore, the results of a calculation for normal-layout aircraft show that this method avoids the shortcomings of the rational function approximation method and is more accurate than the gust grouping method. Concurrently, gust aerodynamic force calculations were performed on aircraft with large aspect ratios and used in a real-time flight simulation.","PeriodicalId":48525,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141831913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Printed Circuit Board Strain-Based Methodology in Space-Borne Electronics with Vertically Mounted Printed Circuit Boards 基于应变的印刷电路板方法在采用垂直安装印刷电路板的空载电子设备中的有效性实验评估

IF 2.1 3区工程技术

Aerospace Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.3390/aerospace11070562

Kwang-Woo Kim, Jae-Hyeon Park, Tae-Yong Park, Hyun-Ung Oh

{"title":"Experimental Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Printed Circuit Board Strain-Based Methodology in Space-Borne Electronics with Vertically Mounted Printed Circuit Boards","authors":"Kwang-Woo Kim, Jae-Hyeon Park, Tae-Yong Park, Hyun-Ung Oh","doi":"10.3390/aerospace11070562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11070562","url":null,"abstract":"The Oh-Park methodology was proposed to overcome the limitations of Steinberg’s theory for evaluating the structural safety of space-borne electronics and has been experimentally verified at the printed circuit board (PCB) specimen level for various types of electronic packages, such as ball grid arrays (BGAs), column grid arrays (CGAs), and small-outline packages (SOPs). However, it is necessary to validate the design methodology because the PCB mounted on the housing is affected by the elastic mode of the mechanical housing. In addition, although the validity of the existing theory based on critical strain has been verified for horizontally mounted structures, there are cases where PCBs are mounted vertically. Therefore, it is essential to consider the dynamic influence of the boundary conditions of mounted electronics. In this study, electronics specimens with corresponding boundary conditions were fabricated, and a fatigue-life test was performed. In addition, a structural analysis using Steinberg’s theory and the Oh-Park methodology was performed, and the results were compared with those of the fatigue-life test. The results showed that the analysis using the Oh-Park methodology accurately represented the test results, and the validity of the Oh-Park methodology for vertical electronics was verified experimentally.","PeriodicalId":48525,"journal":{"name":"Aerospace","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141836039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0