Insect Systematics and Diversity最新文献

{"title":"Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species","authors":"Villu Soon, Ruth F. Castillo‐Cajas, N. Johansson, Juho Paukkunen, P. Rosa, F. Ødegaard, T. Schmitt, O. Niehuis","doi":"10.1093/ISD/IXAB002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ISD/IXAB002","url":null,"abstract":"Cuckoo wasps of the Chrysis ignita species group are difficult to identify at the species level, and the taxonomic status of various taxa has consequently been controversial. COI barcoding has helped clarify some of the taxonomic problems in this group, but also revealed cryptic diversity at the genetic level that remained difficult to interpret taxonomically. Here we show that analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) clarifies the taxonomic status of cuckoo wasp samples with distinct COI haplotypes. The advantages of studying CHCs in insects for taxonomic purposes reside on the fact that CHC profiles evolve quickly and that all proteins required for CHC biosynthesis are encoded by nuclear genes. Using Chrysis pseudobrevitarsis as an example, we show that COI barcoding in combination with analysis of CHCs extracted from freshly collected and from dry-mounted museum specimens (including the lectotype of C. pseudobrevitarsis) provides clear evidence for a separate taxon among samples which were previously considered to be conspecific with C. pseudobrevitarsis. We describe this taxon as Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. and present characters for distinguishing it chemically, genetically, and morphologically (females only) from C. pseudobrevitarsis. CHC profile comparison suggests females of C. pseudobrevitarsis may chemically mimic females of the vespid wasp Euodynerus notatus. Our study demonstrates the value of CHC analyses for supporting taxonomic inferences based on COI barcodes. It additionally underlines the value of dry-mounted collection specimens for chemical analyses and the potential of CHCs for inferring the identity of museum specimens, including type material, in a morphologically noninvasive manner.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ISD/IXAB002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61455901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic Position of the Enigmatic Psocid Family Lesneiidae (Insecta: Psocodea: Psocomorpha), With Description of Two New Species","authors":"K. Yoshizawa, Y. Marusik, I. Yao, C. Lienhard","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixaa019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The systematic placement of an enigmatic psocid family restricted to Africa, Lesneiidae, was estimated by using a multiple gene data set. The candidates for its close relatives are now classified under two different infraorders, the family Archipsocidae of the infraorder Archipsocetae or the families Elipsocidae/Mesopsocidae of the infraorder Homilopsocidea. The maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of the molecular data set strongly suggested that the Lesneiidae belongs to Homilopsocidea and forms a clade with Elipsocidae/Mesopsocidae/Eolachesillinae (Lachesillidae). However, the relationships among these (sub)families and Lesneiidae, including the monophyly of Elipsocidae and Mesopsocidae, were ambiguous or questionable, showing the necessity of further investigations for elucidating their relationships and validating the status of these families. Two species, L. johnsoni Yoshizawa & Lienhard, n. sp. and L. testudinata Yoshizawa & Lienhard, n. sp. (Psocodea: Lesneiidae), were described from South Africa. There appears to be a tight association between the reproductive biology and morphological specialization of this group.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":"4 1","pages":"1 - 6"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/isd/ixaa019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49201164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multilocus Phylogeny Support the Nonbioluminescent Firefly Chespirito as a New Subfamily in the Lampyridae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea)","authors":"Vinicius S. Ferreira, Oliver Keller, M. Branham","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixaa014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this study, we describe a new Lampyridae subfamily, Chespiritoinae new subfamily, its sole genus Chespirito new genus, and three new species: Chespirito zaragozai new species, Chespirito lloydi new species, and Chespirito ballantyneae new species from the Neotropical portions of Mexico. Chespirito can be readily separated from all other known Lampyridae by the unique prosternum, characterized by being very wide, divided in the middle by a distinct suture forming two plates, with the anterior margin bearing a narrow inter-coxal process, the strongly setose filiform antennae, with antennomere III much smaller than all other antennomeres, the pronotum medially constricted (not in C. ballantyneae), with area adjacent to disc strongly punctate and with the presence of a strongly developed longitudinal carina. To test the placement of the genus within the Lampyridae, we obtained three genetic markers (18S rRNA, 28SrRNA, and cox1 mitochondrial DNA) from C. zaragozai and performed a maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) analysis. Our analyses rendered nearly identical tree topologies, with C. zaragozai new species recovered as an independent lineage as sister to Pollaclasis bifaria (Say) (Coleoptera, Lampyridae) + Cyphonocerus ruficollis Kiesenwetter (Coleoptera, Lampyridae)+Luciolinae, with a posterior probability of 96 for the BI analysis and UFBoot respectively of 91 for the ML analysis with the entire clade sister to Pterotus obscuripennis LeConte (Coleoptera, Lampyridae). A detailed examination of the morphology of Chespirito indicates that this lineage is divergent from all other known Lampyridae, which combined with the results of our analyses supports the erection of a new subfamily. Resumen En este estudio se describe una nueva subfamilia de Lampyridae, Chespiritoinae subfamilia nueva, su único género Chespirito género nuevo, y tres especies nuevas: Chespirito zaragozai especie nueva, Chespirito lloydi especie nueva, and Chespirito ballantyneae especie nueva de la región Neotropical de México. Chespirito se puede separar fácilmente de todos los otros miembros conocidos de Lampyridae por su único prosternum, caracterizado por ser muy ancho, dividido en el medio por una sutura distintiva formando dos placas, con un margen anterior que posee un proceso inter-coxal estrecho, las antenas filiformes densamente cerdosas, con antenómero III mucho más pequeño que el resto de los antenómeros, el pronoto constringido medialmente (no en Chespirito ballantyneae), con área adyacente al disco fuertemente puntuada y con la presencia de una cariba longitudinal fuertemente desarrollada. Para evaluar la posición del género dentro de Lampyridae obtuvimos tres marcadores genéticos (18S rRNA, 28SrRNA y cox1 ADN mitocondrial) de C. zaragozai y realizamos análisis de Maximum Likelihood (ML) y Bayesian Inference (BI). Nuestros análisis produjeron arboles con topologías casi idénticas, donde Chespirito zaragozai especie nueva se recuperó como un","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":" ","pages":"1 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/isd/ixaa014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46628387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrative Taxonomy of Australian Metopia (Sarcophagidae: Miltogramminae) Reveals a New Species and Challenges Traditional Phylogeny","authors":"Nikolas P. Johnston, J. Wallman, T. Pape","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixaa016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A taxonomic revision of all Australian species of Metopia Meigen (Sarcophagidae: Miltogramminae) is completed using an integrated approach combining molecular and morphological data. Metopia nudibasis (Malloch) is redescribed as a species complex and a new endemic Australian species, Metopia sputnik sp. n., is described. Evidence is presented that Metopia sauteri (Townsend) is absent from Australia and this species is therefore removed from the known Australian fauna. Molecular phylogenetics is used to reconstruct interspecific and generic relationships and support morphology-based species hypotheses. Phylogenetic analysis splits Metopia Meigen into two clades, separated by Aenigmetopia Malloch, rendering the former genus nonmonophyletic. The implications of this are discussed.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":"4 1","pages":"1 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41362821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogenomic and Morphological Reevaluation of the Bee Tribes Biastini, Neolarrini, and Townsendiellini (Hymenoptera: Apidae) With Description of Three New Species of Schwarzia","authors":"S. Bossert, R. Copeland, Trevor J. L. Sless, M. Branstetter, J. Gillung, S. Brady, B. Danforth, Jana Policarová, J. Straka","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixaa013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Bees of the tribes Biastini, Neolarrini, and Townsendiellini are cleptoparasites in the subfamily Nomadinae (Hymenoptera, Apidae) and parasitize solitary bees. Understanding their phylogenetic relationships has proven difficult for many decades. Previous research yielded ambiguous results because of conflicting phylogenetic signals of larval and adult morphological characters. Molecular data settled some of this disparity but our knowledge remains fragmented due to limited taxon sampling and the discovery of a new lineage associated with Biastini: the enigmatic Schwarzia Eardley, 2009. Schwarzia has unusual morphological features and seems transitional between previously established taxa. This puts limits on our ability to diagnose the groups, understand their antiquity and biogeography, and study the evolution of host-choice. To address this, we integrate phylogenomics and morphology to establish a fossil-calibrated phylogeny for the tribes Biastini, Neolarrini, and Townsendiellini. We show that Schwarzia is indeed closely related to Biastes Panzer, 1806, but Biastes itself is paraphyletic in respect to Neopasites Ashmead, 1898, and even Biastini is paraphyletic due to Townsendiella Crawford, 1916, which is sister to Rhopalolemma Roig-Alsina, 1991. To ensure monophyly, we lower Neopasites to subgeneric rank within Biastes and resurrect Melittoxena Morawitz, 1873 as a third subgenus. We then assess the diagnosability of different tribal concepts and establish an expanded tribe Neolarrini that includes Biastini and Townsendiellini as new synonyms for Neolarrini. Neolarrini in this new, expanded sense likely originated in the Nearctic in the mid-Eocene and is, as far we know, composed exclusively of parasites of oligolectic hosts. Lastly, our continued efforts to find the rare Schwarzia in Eastern Africa led to the discovery of three new species, which are described herein.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":"4 1","pages":"1 - 29"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/isd/ixaa013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47654437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Phylogeny of the Notomicrine Water Beetles (Coleoptera: Noteridae) Reveals Signatures of Gondwanan Vicariance and Ecological Plasticity","authors":"S. Baca, A.E.Z. Short","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixaa015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Notomicrinae (Coleoptera: Noteridae) is a subfamily of minute and ecologically diverse aquatic beetles distributed across the Southeast Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. We investigate the evolution of Notomicrinae and construct the first species-level phylogeny within Noteridae using five nuclear and mitochondrial gene fragments. We focus on the genus Notomicrus Sharp (Coleoptera: Noteridae), sampling 13 of the 17 known Notomicrus species and an additional 11 putative undescribed species. We also include Phreatodytes haibaraensis Uéno (Coleoptera: Noteridae). Datasets are analyzed in Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian frameworks. With these, we 1) estimate divergence times among notomicrine taxa and reconstruct the biogeographical history of the group, particularly testing the hypothesis of Gondwanan vicariance between Old World and New World Notomicrus; 2) additionally, we assess ecological plasticity within Notomicrinae in the context of the phylogeny; and 3) finally, we test the monophyly of tentative species groups within Notomicrus and place putative new taxa. We recover a monophyletic Notomicrinae, with Phreatodytes sister to Notomicrus. We estimate the crown age of Notomicrinae to be ca. 110 Mya. The crown age of Notomicrus is recovered as ca. 75 Mya, there diverging into reciprocally monophyletic Old and New World clades, suggesting Gondwanan vicariance. Our phylogenetic estimate indicates a strong degree of ecological plasticity within Notomicrinae, with habitat switching occurring in recently diverging taxa. Finally, we recover five main species groups in Notomicrus, one Old World, Four New World, with tentative affirmation of the placement of undescribed species.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":"4 1","pages":"1 - 11"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/isd/ixaa015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48425033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vanewrightia gen. nov.—A Highly Variable Taxon of Neotropical Ctenuchina (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Arctiini) Revealed by Behavioral Traits","authors":"M. Boppré, J. Grados, M. Laguerre, J. Monzón","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixaa012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A series of different-looking tiger moths was collected at pyrrolizidine alkaloid baits in the daytime in Peru. They proved to be variants of a new genus, Vanewrightia gen. nov., and a new species, Vanewrightia kiesela sp. nov., both described here.This species presents a striking example of extensive intraspecific variation within a population. Its discovery demonstrates the importance of sampling moths by means other than collecting with light, of studying patterns of wing undersides, and of the value of barcoding. Specimens found in collections considered here potentially to represent further species of the new genus are documented and discussed; Vanewrightia subflavescens (Kaye, 1911) comb. nov., and Vanewrightia patawaensis (Cerda, 2017) comb. nov. are established; we propose Epidesma parva (Rothschild, 1912) as a junior synonym of E. aurimacula (Schaus, 1905). The newly recognized intraspecific variation greatly challenges delimitation of morphospecies and uncovers uncertainties in the taxonomy of Epidesma Hübner, [1819]. The occurrence of an oblique forewing band in many Lepidoptera and the stunning similarity in overall appearance of variants of Vanewrightia with unrelated taxa, in particular notodontid moths (Josiini) and Chamaelimnas C. & R. Felder, [1885] butterflies (Riodinidae), are discussed in the context of mimicry and crypsis, and some perspectives for further research are suggested.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":"4 1","pages":"1 - 19"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/isd/ixaa012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49625182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogeny, Evolution, and Biogeography of the North American Trapdoor Spider Family Euctenizidae (Araneae: Mygalomorphae) and the Discovery of a New ‘Endangered Living Fossil’ Along California’s Central Coast","authors":"J. Bond, C. Hamilton, Rebecca L Godwin, Joel Ledford, James Starrett","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixaa010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We report here the discovery of a remarkable new monotypic mygalomorph spider genus, known only from one geographical location along the central coast of California. The single relict species comprising Cryptocteniza kawtak n. gen. n. sp., is morphologically distinct and geographically isolated from other related genera, with its closest phylogenetic relatives found much further to the east in New Mexico and Arizona. Using a phylogenomic approach employing anchored hybrid enrichment, we reconstruct the evolutionary history of the family Euctenizidae Raven, 1985 to explore relationships among genera, affirmatively place previously undescribed taxa, explore rates of diversification, and reconstruct the group's biogeography. A biogeographic analysis shows that extinction likely played a significant role in shaping the observed disjunct modern-day distribution of Cryptocteniza and its sister taxa. Our extinction hypothesis is further bolstered by a diversification rate analysis identifying considerably higher rates of speciation in other euctenizid lineages like Aptostichus Simon, 1891. Consequently, changes in environmental conditions (or other related biotic and/or abiotic factors) may have spurred an adaptive radiation in related genera now widely distributed across the California Floristic Province biodiversity hotspot, with concomitant extinction in Cryptocteniza following the Miocene and establishment of a Mediterranean climate. Owing to its phylogenetic distinctiveness, incredibly narrow distribution and age, we show that Cryptocteniza meets all the criteria of an ‘Endangered Living Fossil’ and is consequently of grave conservation concern.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":"4 1","pages":"1 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/isd/ixaa010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45212786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Species Diversity in the Braconid Wasp Genus Allorhogas (Doryctinae) Associated With Cynipid Galls on Live Oaks (Quercus: Fagaceae) Using Natural History, Phylogenetics, and Morphology","authors":"Ernesto Samacá-Sáenz, S. Egan, A. Zaldívar‐Riverón","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixaa011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The discovery of new biodiversity, during an age of unprecedented extinction, is vital for all the life sciences and the quality of human life. One ecologically and economically important group that requires attention is the hymenopteran family Braconidae, which is estimated to include thousands of undescribed species. Here we assessed the genetic structure and species diversification in the braconid wasp genus Allorhogas Gahan (Doryctinae) that were reared from galls of five cynipid wasp species associated with three live oak species (Fagaceae: Quercus: subsection Virentes) in the southeastern United States. We explored genetic variation in the single-locus barcoding COI region of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and conducted analyses with different DNA sequence-based species delimitation approaches both for the above marker and genome-wide nuclear data using ultraconserved elements (UCEs). We found high variation in the mtDNA barcoding region among specimens of Allorhogas reared from galls made by different cynipid species in distinct plant organs and among specimens reared from the same type of gall from two separate geographic regions. In addition, our analyses of mtDNA and multilocus nuclear data were concordant in consistently delimiting at least five genetic lineages. We combined this molecular evidence with morphological data to describe four new species and redescribe the type species of the genus, Allorhogas gallicola Gahan, which exhibited similar morphological, ecological, and biogeographic characteristics to the four new species.This study highlights the importance of carrying detailed rearing surveys to uncover the intricate species interactions and species diversity that is present in gall-former systems.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":"4 1","pages":"1 - 20"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/isd/ixaa011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43716708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"World Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera): A Key to Higher-Level Groups","authors":"M. Buffington, M. Forshage, Johan Liljeblad, CHANG-TI Tang, S. van Noort","doi":"10.1093/isd/ixaa003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract While much has been learned regarding the phylogeny and evolution of cynipoid wasps, clearly illustrated diagnostic tools and identification keys have remained stagnant. So too, where keys do exist, they are often to genus or species, and there are no user-friendly keys to groups such as tribes, subfamilies, or families.This state of affairs leaves a knowledge gap for non-specialists and slows future research on the group.To address this, we provide a fully illustrated key to the higher-level groups of world Cynipoidea. We also provide summaries of all higher-level taxa with updated generic lists, biological data, distribution, and literature resources. The dichotomous key presented here is complimented with a multi-entry matrix-based key, created in Lucid, and served on www.waspweb.org with online versions of the dichotomous keys also available.","PeriodicalId":48498,"journal":{"name":"Insect Systematics and Diversity","volume":"4 1","pages":"1 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/isd/ixaa003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43886270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}