Water Economics and Policy最新文献

{"title":"Economic Research on the Global Allocation of Scarce Water Resources Needs Better Data","authors":"I. Dantas, R. Delzeit, G. Klepper","doi":"10.1142/s2382624x21500132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x21500132","url":null,"abstract":"Water sustainability is central to modern political and academic debates. Despite increasing efforts to promote regional and global integrated water management, climate change, population, and economic growth, and increasing consumption of water-intensive goods project higher water deficiency. Robust economic analyses rely on information about water supply and consumption across different production sectors, type of procurement source (public or private water supply), and water prices. Nevertheless, developing current and future economic water assessments and indicators is impeded by the absence of data. Despite the lack of official national statistics on water withdrawal and consumption, a small number of international and global databases have been constructed and attempt to combine available national water information into databases. Water databases do not commonly define and/or distinguish terms such as water use, water consumption, water supply, or water abstraction, and the associated aspects of water scarcity and sustainability. They comprise variable data quality, provided by numerous sources, and estimated values. This paper evaluates the current state of knowledge of national statistics, international and global water databases. We describe the data collection methods, identify basic concepts and definitions of water terms, followed by the criteria of consistent water databases. We inform about data availability across regions, and present the data content and definitions of national, international, and global water databases. The results show inconsistencies of data content and definitions, suggesting no evidence of data harmonization among databases. Therefore, our study cautions researchers to be careful when manipulating and comparing the available water data, especially when deriving policy recommendations or economic conclusions. In the long run, the headway of water research and political assessments depend on political enforcements to refine the meaningfulness of water data and support water collection, reporting, and monitoring. Alternatively, in the short- and medium-run, water data challenges can be addressed by joint research efforts for water data harmonization.","PeriodicalId":48492,"journal":{"name":"Water Economics and Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43601572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Economic Leakage Level with Optimization Algorithm in Water Distribution Systems","authors":"M. Firat, S. Yilmaz, Abdullah Ateş, Ö. Özdemir","doi":"10.1142/s2382624x21500144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x21500144","url":null,"abstract":"It is necessary to set the most appropriate targets in water loss management (WLM) and to choose the most economically and technically suitable method to achieve these targets. The aim of this work is to define the level of economic leakage with the optimization algorithm in sustainable WLM, considering the system components, requirements and costs of the methods. For this purpose, a new model based on discrete stochastic optimization has been developed to determine the most appropriate values of the pressure level and the number of teams. After the system components were entered into the model, the optimal values of parameters were determined according to the problem-specific defined objective function. It was calculated that the pressure should be reduced from 40[Formula: see text]m to 25.30[Formula: see text]m, and the number of teams was 4 for the sample system. The Economic Leakage Level for the system was calculated as 145.85[Formula: see text]m3/day in volume and 11.9% in percentage.","PeriodicalId":48492,"journal":{"name":"Water Economics and Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44878043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diaries to Increase the Adoption of Chlorine Tablets for Water Purification by Poor Households","authors":"A. Akram, R. Mendelsohn","doi":"10.1142/S2382624X21500090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S2382624X21500090","url":null,"abstract":"Over half-a-million children die annually from diarrheal disease. Despite the availability and known benefits of chlorine tablets, vulnerable populations in developing countries rarely use chlorine...","PeriodicalId":48492,"journal":{"name":"Water Economics and Policy","volume":"1 1","pages":"2150009"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49247519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can Engagement Improve Groundwater Management?","authors":"F. Silva, R. Perrin, L. Fulginiti, M. Burbach","doi":"10.1142/S2382624X21500089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S2382624X21500089","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater use often has external effects on both the environment and future groundwater benefits, leading to overwithdrawal. Ostrom’s research on common property resources (CPRs) and related lite...","PeriodicalId":48492,"journal":{"name":"Water Economics and Policy","volume":"1 1","pages":"2150008"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44933497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Potential PES Mechanism for Agroforestry-Led Industrial Wastewater Remediation Using Short-Rotation Trees","authors":"R. Ranjan","doi":"10.1142/S2382624X21500065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S2382624X21500065","url":null,"abstract":"Industrial effluents and municipal wastewaters are increasingly finding their way into freshwater bodies, posing serious health and environmental challenges. In this paper, the potential for industrial wastewater remediation through agroforestry is explored for a peri-urban farming region in India. Farmers are incentivized under a payment for ecosystem services (PES) mechanism to convert their farmlands into poplar-based agroforestry and utilize industrial effluents for irrigating trees. Additional income can be derived through sale of poplar timber which enhances the attractiveness of such a PES mechanism. A dynamic optimization model compares farmers’ optimal land use allocation to a socially optimal case. Further, the firm’s effluent discharge outcomes are compared to an alternative arrangement where it is fined for discharging untreated wastewater into waterbodies in the absence of the agroforestry remediation option. Results support the attractiveness of such PES mechanisms in addressing the industrial effluent discharge problem while simultaneously mitigating the effects of water scarcity through wastewater reclamation. The optimal level of tax required to accomplish complete treatment of effluents by polluting firms is several times higher compared to PES payments. Further, the incentive to convert farmland into poplar plantations improves with PES payments but declines with higher profitability of agricultural crops.","PeriodicalId":48492,"journal":{"name":"Water Economics and Policy","volume":"1 1","pages":"2150006"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44111842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Water Savings from Budget-Based Tiered Rates in Orange County, California","authors":"K. Harmon, Monobina Mukherjee, S. Gaur, Drew Atwater","doi":"10.1142/S2382624X21500077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S2382624X21500077","url":null,"abstract":"Interest in budget-based tiered rates (BBTRs, also referred to as water budgets) has grown across California in response to recurrent droughts, other threats to water supply, and calls for increased water-use efficiency. One major policy question surrounding BBTRs is whether or not they result in greater water-use efficiency relative to other rate structures, which results in water saving. In this paper, we provide a policy overview of BBTRs and their application in Orange County, California. We use fixed effects models to evaluate whether savings in water use occurred in two agencies which adopted BBTRs over the past decade, and the one which did not adopt BBTR but which applied a BBTR framework to provide information about water-use efficiency to consumers while retaining the existing rate structure. We also evaluate savings for three different user groups based on their average water-use characteristics, to assess whether BBTRs may produce greater savings for high-volume users relative to low- or medium-volume users. Our analysis indicates modest savings in single-family residential household water consumption attributable to BBTRs for three Orange County water agencies. Savings were realized for two agencies which converted to a budget-based rate structure at multiple levels of consumption. However, low-volume users in the agency which adopted an “informational” approach increased their water usage over the study period. This suggests that providing information on water budgets in the absence of a price signal may have limited conservation benefit, and may incentivize some low-volume users to increase their water consumption. Savings are generally higher for medium- and high-volume users than for low-volume users. We close with a discussion of our results, avenues for future research, and the limitations of this analytical framework, including the confounding effect of the 2015 historical drought and related government-mandated conservation measures. With ongoing climate change increasing the chances of more severe droughts in the future, research into the effects of alternative rate structures such as BBTRs will be valuable to water agencies and their customers.","PeriodicalId":48492,"journal":{"name":"Water Economics and Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44733026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Economic Optimization to Derive Site-Specific Treatment Objectives","authors":"David J. Tamblyn","doi":"10.1142/S2382624X21400014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S2382624X21400014","url":null,"abstract":"A procedure to estimate the economically efficient site- or system-specific treatment objective for enteric viruses in drinking water is presented. The health benefits of treatment are estimated using an existing quantitative microbiological risk assessment model for Rotavirus, which yields a reduction in burden of disease, measured in DALYs. The community’s willingness to pay for this reduced disease burden is then inferred using an estimate of the value of an avoided DALY from the literature. Economically efficient treatment occurs where the marginal cost of additional treatment equals the marginal benefit in terms of willingness to pay for avoided illness. In a case study on a small water system, capital and operating costs are estimated for four alternative treatment levels using commercially available UV disinfection systems. The case study results compare the economically efficient virus disinfection level, risk of infection, and burden of disease to international guidelines. A sensitivity analysis suggests that source water quality, population served, and the dose–response model are key inputs. Site-specific treatment objectives offer a viable alternative to prescribed national standards while respecting water safety and local autonomy.","PeriodicalId":48492,"journal":{"name":"Water Economics and Policy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44873987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book Review — Equality in Water and Sanitation Services","authors":"Karen S Levy","doi":"10.1142/S2382624X21800023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S2382624X21800023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48492,"journal":{"name":"Water Economics and Policy","volume":"1 1","pages":"2180002"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46812793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Will Climate Change Affect Residential Water Demand? Evidence from Hawai‘i Microclimates","authors":"Nathan Demaagd, M. Roberts","doi":"10.1142/S2382624X21500053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S2382624X21500053","url":null,"abstract":"The effect that climate change will have on water resource sustainability is gaining international interest, particularly in regions where stocks are strained due to changing climate and increasing populations. Past studies focus mainly on how water availability will be affected by climate change, with little attention paid to how consumer behavior is likely to react. How a changing climate affects water demand could be equally or more important to management solutions as its influence on water supply. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between residential water use and climate on the Hawaiian island of O‘ahu, and apply a variety of climate projections to estimate end-of-century water use. The island is serviced by only one water utility yet has a wide range of consumers and microclimates, which makes it an ideal location for studying these relationships. We find that climate is strongly associated with residential water use in a manner that is likely causal. If the association is causal, our mean estimates imply that residential demand may increase up to 36% island-wide by the end of the century, holding all else the same, depending on the climate model projection. Mean estimates, however, mask a large degree of uncertainty largely due to the wide range of projected climate outcomes. Strategies for offsetting the projected increase in demand are also considered, along with the study’s place in broader literature examining watershed management and consumer welfare.","PeriodicalId":48492,"journal":{"name":"Water Economics and Policy","volume":"1 1","pages":"2150005"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44653476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valuing Water Quality with Adaptation: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Jordan","authors":"Seth Morgan, J. Baker, Jennifer Orgill-Meyer, M. Jeuland","doi":"10.1142/S2382624X2150003X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S2382624X2150003X","url":null,"abstract":"Though water scarcity threats are increasing in severity across many regions of the world, allocation often remains inefficient — as in Jordan, the site of this study. One commonly discussed soluti...","PeriodicalId":48492,"journal":{"name":"Water Economics and Policy","volume":"1 1","pages":"2150003"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45123211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}