{"title":"The impact of freshening over the Antarctic Ocean on Pacific Decadal Oscillation","authors":"Xiaolin Zhang","doi":"10.18686/jaoe.v11i2.9793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18686/jaoe.v11i2.9793","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The profound influence of the Antarctic Ocean freshening on the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is investigated in this study by utilizing a series of fully coupled ocean-atmosphere 400-year-modeling experiments. The simulated results derived from the Fast Ocean-Atmosphere Model (FOAM) can reasonably identify the spatial pattern and time period (10–20 years and 20–50 years) of the observed PDO with slightly weak amplitudes. In the sensitivity experiment (Southern Ocean Water Hosing), 1.0 Sv (Sverdrup, 1Sv = 1.0 × 106 m<sup>3</sup>/s) freshwater flux is uniformly imposed over the Antarctic Ocean for 400 years. As a response to this Antarctic Ocean freshening, the Tropical Pacific Ocean displays a normal “La Niña pattern”, while the low-frequency variability within the North Pacific Ocean is much weakened. Preserving the PDO’s spatial pattern, the multidecadal (20–50 years) magnitude becomes weak and shifts toward higher frequency. In contrast, the decadal magnitude of the PDO (10–20 years) is slightly reinforced and also shifts towards higher frequency. Dynamical analysis indicates that the shortening of the PDO multidecadal variability is mainly caused by the acceleration of the first-baroclinic-mode Rossby waves. The spreading of the fresh anomalies and associated increasing stratification in the North Pacific Ocean result in the shortening of the long Rossby wave propagation to cross the subtropical North Pacific basin. A heat budget analysis further shows that the upper-ocean thermodynamic variability in relationship to the stratification oscillation in the North Pacific Ocean is mainly associated with the anomalous behaviors of the meridional advection, heat flux and ocean mixing.</p>","PeriodicalId":484200,"journal":{"name":"J of Atmosphere and Oceanography Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135862942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Understanding climate modes’ impact on the Indian Ocean decadal upwelling variability","authors":"Xiaolin Zhang","doi":"10.18686/jaoe.v11i1.9466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18686/jaoe.v11i1.9466","url":null,"abstract":"<p align=\"justify\">This study explores the spatial pattern and climate modes’ impact on the Indian Ocean decadal upwelling variability by using observational dataset, Static Linear Regression Model (SLM) and Bayesian Dynamic Linear Model (BDLM). Our analysis shows that the Indian Ocean decadal upwellings averaged in the Eastern and Western Indian Ocean (EIO and WIO) regions are positively correlated. Moreover, the BDLM that represents the temporal modulations of the El Niño and Southern Ocean (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) impacts, reproduces the time series of the EIO and WIO upwellings more realistically than a conventional SLM does. BD<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">L</span>M simulations further suggest that in both EIO and WIO, IOD is more important than ENSO impact. The time-varying regression coefficients in BDLM indicate that the observed shift of the IOD impact on the EIO upwelling around 1985 is mainly associated with the changes of <span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">alongshore </span>wind stress forcing <span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">and </span>the sensitivity of the upper <span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">ocean </span>temperature <span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">in the </span>E<span style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman';\">IO</span> through the surface warming tendency and the enhanced ocean stratification. This suggests that climate models need to consider the time-varying impact of different climate modes in order to simulate the Indian Ocean dynamics correctly.<strong></strong></p>","PeriodicalId":484200,"journal":{"name":"J of Atmosphere and Oceanography Environment","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136357433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Climate change and maritime law: A review of IMO governance mechanism","authors":"Khadija Zulfiqar, Yen-Chiang Chang","doi":"10.18686/jaoe.v11i1.9511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18686/jaoe.v11i1.9511","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong><em> </em></strong>International maritime trade has long played a pivotal role in human development; however, its environmental impact cannot be disregarded. Air pollution (that includes Carbon and Sulphur emissions—all together Greenhouse Gases) emanating from ships has emerged as a significant contributor to climate change, prompting growing concern among the international community. The combustion of fossil fuels in ship engines releases pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter into the atmosphere, adversely affecting both human health and the climate. In recognition of the need to tackle this issue, international laws have been established to regulate ship emissions. This research paper analysed the IMO’s regulations under international law for mitigating climate change, with a particular focus on various global initiatives controlling sulphur, carbon and GHG emissions. It is suggested that cooperation between public and private interests as well as at regional levels will play a crucial role in combating climate change and promoting global shipping sustainability.</p>","PeriodicalId":484200,"journal":{"name":"J of Atmosphere and Oceanography Environment","volume":"197 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135198598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adewale Oluwagbenga Adeyefa, Theophilus Odeyemi Odekunle, Francis Adeyinka Adesina
{"title":"Assessing the physical vulnerability of the coastal area of Nigeria to climate change","authors":"Adewale Oluwagbenga Adeyefa, Theophilus Odeyemi Odekunle, Francis Adeyinka Adesina","doi":"10.18686/jaoe.v11i1.9294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18686/jaoe.v11i1.9294","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study assessed the physical vulnerability of the coastal area of Nigeria to climate change effects using indices generated from a group of factors including relief, rock types, landforms, and erosion/deposition rates. Results show the very-high vulnerability class covering the largest proportion, about 53% of the area, amounting to about 23,850 km<sup>2</sup>, largely found in the Niger Delta region. The next, high-vulnerability class covers 17%, about 7650 km<sup>2</sup>, found mostly in Lagos State and the northern fringes of the Niger Delta region. The other classes i.e., moderate, low, and very-low vulnerability extend over 10% (4500 km<sup>2</sup>), 13%, (5850 km<sup>2</sup>) and 7% (3150 km<sup>2</sup>) of the coastal area, respectively. While the moderate-vulnerability class is found only in the western part of the coastal area, the low and very-low vulnerability classes dominate the extreme eastern flank and some northern edges of the western part. The low-vulnerability class is found mainly in Ondo, Ogun, Akwa Ibom and the Cross River States. The very-low vulnerability class is found covering the Ewen community of Cross River State only. Given that 70% of Nigeria’s coastal environment falls within very-high and high vulnerability classes, the region is evidently very vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":484200,"journal":{"name":"J of Atmosphere and Oceanography Environment","volume":"201 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135015742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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