{"title":"Contractualism and Social Risk","authors":"J. Frick","doi":"10.1111/PAPA.12058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/PAPA.12058","url":null,"abstract":"Contemporary nonconsequentialism is a family of views united less by a positive doctrine than by skepticism toward central tenets of consequentialist ethical thought. One such tenet, which is embraced by most consequentialists but opposed by many nonconsequentialists, is the notion of interpersonal aggregation. Ethical theories, like classical utilitarianism, that defend interpersonal aggregation hold that in evaluating an action, we should sum the benefits and losses it imposes on different people to obtain an aggregate quantity; this represents the overall goodness of the action’s consequences. The rightness or wrongness of the action depends not on how it affects each individual, but on the net balance of benefits over losses. Aggregative reasoning of this kind often yields counterintuitive implications, especially in cases where it enjoins us to let a few people suffer","PeriodicalId":47999,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy & Public Affairs","volume":"43 1","pages":"175-223"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/PAPA.12058","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63562586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wrongs, Rights, and Third Parties","authors":"Nicholas Cornell","doi":"10.1111/PAPA.12054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/PAPA.12054","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47999,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy & Public Affairs","volume":"32 1","pages":"109-143"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/PAPA.12054","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63562486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Apologetic Stance","authors":"Jeffrey S. Helmreich","doi":"10.1111/PAPA.12053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/PAPA.12053","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47999,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy & Public Affairs","volume":"43 1","pages":"75-108"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/PAPA.12053","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63562942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wrongful Intentions without Closeness","authors":"Victor Tadros","doi":"10.1111/PAPA.12043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/PAPA.12043","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47999,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy & Public Affairs","volume":"43 1","pages":"52-74"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/PAPA.12043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63562930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Risking and Wronging","authors":"Rahul Kumar","doi":"10.1111/PAPA.12042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/PAPA.12042","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47999,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy & Public Affairs","volume":"43 1","pages":"27-51"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/PAPA.12042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63562895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rule Over None II: Social Equality and the Justification of Democracy","authors":"N. Kolodny","doi":"10.1111/PAPA.12037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/PAPA.12037","url":null,"abstract":"What is to be said for democracy? Not that it gives people what they want. Not that it realizes a kind of autonomy or self-government. Not that it provides people with the opportunity for valuable activities of civic engagement. Not, at least not in the first instance, that it avoids insulting them. Or so I argued in the companion to this article. At the end of that article, I suggested that the justification of democracy rests instead on the fact that democracy is a particularly important constituent of a society in which people are related to one another as social equals, as opposed to social inferiors or superiors. The concern for democracy is rooted in a concern not to have anyone else above—or, for","PeriodicalId":47999,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy & Public Affairs","volume":"42 1","pages":"287-336"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/PAPA.12037","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63562878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Democratic Equality and Political Authority","authors":"Daniel Viehoff","doi":"10.1111/PAPA.12036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/PAPA.12036","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47999,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy & Public Affairs","volume":"42 1","pages":"337-375"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/PAPA.12036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63562834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Against Elections: The Lottocratic Alternative","authors":"Alexander A. Guerrero","doi":"10.1111/PAPA.12029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/PAPA.12029","url":null,"abstract":"It is widely accepted that electoral representative democracy is better — along a number of different normative dimensions — than any other alternative lawmaking political arrangement. It is not typically seen as much of a competition: it is also widely accepted that the only legitimate alternative to electoral representative democracy is some form of direct democracy, but direct democracy — we are told — would lead to bad policy. This article makes the case that there is a legitimate alternative system — one that uses lotteries, not elections, to select political officials — that would be better than electoral representative democracy. Part I diagnoses two significant failings of modern-day systems of electoral representative government: the failure of responsiveness and the failure of good governance. The argument offered suggests that these flaws run deep, so that even significant and politically unlikely reforms with respect to campaign finance and election law would make little difference. Although my distillation of the argument is novel, the basic themes will likely be familiar. I anticipate the initial response to the argument may be familiar as well: the Churchillian shrug. Parts II, III, and IV of this article represent the beginning of an effort to move past that response, to think about alternative political systems that might avoid some of the problems with the electoral representative system without introducing new and worse problems. In the second and third parts of the article, I outline an alternative political system, the lottocratic system, and present some of the virtues of such a system. In the fourth part of the article, I consider some possible problems for the system. The overall aims of this article are to raise worries for electoral systems of government, to present the lottocratic system and to defend the view that this system might be a normatively attractive alternative, removing a significant hurdle to taking a non-electoral system of government seriously as a possible improvement to electoral democracy.","PeriodicalId":47999,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy & Public Affairs","volume":"42 1","pages":"135-178"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2014-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/PAPA.12029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63562666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Integration, Inequality, and Imperatives of Justice: A Review Essay","authors":"Tommie Shelby","doi":"10.1111/PAPA.12034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/PAPA.12034","url":null,"abstract":"Black Americans continue to be a disadvantaged group in the United States. Compared to whites or Asians, they are, on average, significantly worse off with respect to wealth, income, educational achievement, employment, life expectancy, and other indicators of well-being. Some—for instance, those who reside in racially segregated and severely disadvantaged metropolitan neighborhoods (sometimes called “ghettos”)—are particularly bad off. These deep, pervasive, and longstanding inequalities also have negative repercussions for black political empowerment and civic inclusion. Despite such continuing and salient disadvantages, blacks’ charges of injustice are frequently dismissed as lacking merit. Racism and discrimination are widely viewed as no longer affecting black life chances, and blacks’ disadvantages are regularly attributed to the failings of blacks themselves. This trend toward postracial ideology notwithstanding, some people remain steadfast in their conviction that existing racial inequalities represent social injustices that urgently demand remedy. Among these are many who believe that aggressive enforcement of antidiscrimination laws, an expansion of economic and educational opportunities, a more equitable distribution of income and wealth, and","PeriodicalId":47999,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy & Public Affairs","volume":"42 1","pages":"253-285"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2014-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/PAPA.12034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63562751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}