Filosofiâ nauki i tehniki最新文献

Demarcation and categorization of technologies: a philosophical and methodological approach 技术的划分和分类:哲学和方法论方法

Filosofiâ nauki i tehniki Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-91-104

Timur M. Gafitulin

{"title":"Demarcation and categorization of technologies: a philosophical and methodological approach","authors":"Timur M. Gafitulin","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-91-104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-91-104","url":null,"abstract":"In philosophical and methodological scientific research at the field of philosophy of technology, it is necessary to correctly name and distinguish technological spheres, simple and complex technologies, and techniques. The spontaneously established practice of naming technologies and techniques does not always meet the objectives of scientific research, because it is not fully rigorous and based on uniform, reasonable and sustainable technological categories. This problem is particularly acute in the field of technologies that go beyond the boundaries of human proportionality and are not directly observed, in particular, in socio-humanitarian technologies. The article describes a possible methodological approach to solving this problem through the allocation of basic technological categories on the example of material technology, known from the philosophical writings of Aristotle and Heidegger; describes such technological categories as “technological chain”, “material”, “goal”, “master”, “form”, “tool” and “method”; a four-part technological categorization is proposed, including an indication of the purpose, material, method, tool and allowing to define the technology; the similarity of material technologies and non-material (socio-humanitarian) is stated; promising philosophical and methodological problems of “merging of the master and the tool”, “expansion of the technological subject” are indicated; the principal possibility of using the declared categorization is substantiated by examples in the field of both material technology and non-material; the necessity of “softening” terminological correction when using technological categories in the socio-humanitarian sphere is described; the range from “art” to “artificial” in technology is shown; possible directions for further research are set.","PeriodicalId":475643,"journal":{"name":"Filosofiâ nauki i tehniki","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135709230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ontological layers of modern technology 现代技术的本体层

Filosofiâ nauki i tehniki Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-66-78

Daria S. Bylieva, Alfred Nordmann

{"title":"Ontological layers of modern technology","authors":"Daria S. Bylieva, Alfred Nordmann","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-66-78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-66-78","url":null,"abstract":"The word “technology” in the modern understanding became the subject of wide discussion only at the second part of the XXth century. Today technology is considered as ontologically distinct, no longer a dependent process but a special phenomenon. It encompasses many meanings from different discourses, the word is used as self-evident, and is employed in a wide variety of contexts, sometimes with widely divergent implications. In order to reveal the ontological heterogeneity of this concept, we consider it in three layers or levels of being: the subject-object level where technology breaks up into many objects, practices and knowledge, presented phenomenologically and closely related to various areas of scientific activity; the social level where technology permeates society as a network, system and power, a web of influences and relationships that shape the technological environment in which people exist; and the metaphysical level where technology is seen as the fate of humankind. Technology turns out to be the cornerstone of modernity, entering into a dialectical contradiction with nature and culture, and is considered as the driving force of civilizational development.","PeriodicalId":475643,"journal":{"name":"Filosofiâ nauki i tehniki","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135710853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The paradox of trust in artificial intelligence and its rationale 信任人工智能的悖论及其基本原理

Filosofiâ nauki i tehniki Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-34-47

Tatiana G. Leshkevich

{"title":"The paradox of trust in artificial intelligence and its rationale","authors":"Tatiana G. Leshkevich","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-34-47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-34-47","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the analysis of the phenomenon of trust in digital intelligent systems that are actively involved in the transformation of social practices, decision-making processes and become “new” mediators of our existence. As AI technologies run into trouble, the main challenge is to analyze the paradox of trust in AI, which includes both trust in online systems, servers and software, as well as failures demonstrated by artificial intelligence. The purpose of the article is to study the paradox of trust in the AI system, taking into account the comparison of “pro & contra” arguments. This involves, firstly, identifying the essence and specifics of the proxy culture as a culture of trust. Secondly, consideration of AI opacity and algorithmic responsibility becomes important. The theoretical basis is the modern work of Russian and foreign researchers. The methodological strategy includes a comparative analysis and comparison of the socio-humanitarian understanding of trust and the specifics of trust in AI. The conclusions are based on the following statements. The AI trust paradox is accompanied by an obscure compromise, the essence of which is to ignore all the risks due to the usability of fast intelligent systems. Algorithmic responsibility, aimed at reducing the unreliability and threats of using AI, conflicts with the obligation provided by the programmed code. The priorities of technological evolution are to develop standards for algorithmic transparency that ensure the disclosure of information related to the consequences of algorithmic decisions.","PeriodicalId":475643,"journal":{"name":"Filosofiâ nauki i tehniki","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135710852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Book review: P.N. Baryshnikov “Computational models of the mind: From code to meaning” (Moscow: LENAND, 2022. 320 pp.) 书评:P.N. Baryshnikov《思维的计算模型:从代码到意义》(莫斯科:LENAND, 2022)。320页。)

Filosofiâ nauki i tehniki Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-148-153

Alexander A. Gusev

{"title":"Book review: P.N. Baryshnikov “Computational models of the mind: From code to meaning” (Moscow: LENAND, 2022. 320 pp.)","authors":"Alexander A. Gusev","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-148-153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-148-153","url":null,"abstract":"The cognitive revolution of the mid-20th century allowed scientists to return consciousness into respectable scientific research, thereby bypassing the eliminativist approaches of behaviorism and physicalism. Machine functionalism adopted the computer metaphor and became the philosophical foundation for this new scientific trend. In the second half of the 20th century, many significant data were obtained by the efforts of cognitive scientists on how mental processes are arranged, but the methodological boundaries of computational theories and the ontological status of mental states remained a serious problem. This complex issue is closely analyzed by P.N. Baryshnikov in his book “Computational models of the mind: From code to meaning”. Moving along the historical line of development of cognitive science and related philosophical conceptions, the author demonstrates that computational theories are not able to explain the semantic aspect of mental states, although they have heuristic potential for creating artificial intelligent systems that implement some of the cognitive functions of the human mind.","PeriodicalId":475643,"journal":{"name":"Filosofiâ nauki i tehniki","volume":"139 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135710840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Prospects for artificial intelligence in Russia and abroad 人工智能在俄罗斯和国外的前景

Filosofiâ nauki i tehniki Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-121-132

Alexey P. Lyubimov, Grigoriy A. Maistrenko

{"title":"Prospects for artificial intelligence in Russia and abroad","authors":"Alexey P. Lyubimov, Grigoriy A. Maistrenko","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-121-132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-121-132","url":null,"abstract":"The development of high technologies is currently one of the key factors determining the country’s success in the international arena. The development of all spheres of society today depends on the latest research and technological developments: not only economic and social, in which high technologies are widely used, but also political and cultural, in which they are actively involved, allowing to optimize traditional approaches to organizing activities in these areas. The question of the use of artificial intelligence in Russia and in the world is extremely relevant due to the importance that the latest developments have acquired in such areas as military affairs, medicine, and the judicial system. At the same time, the problem of determining the prospects for artificial intelligence in the Russian Federation, as well as in other countries, continues to be open. In this article, the authors turn to the analysis of the concept of “artificial intelligence”, distinguishing it from “artificial consciousness”, consider the causes and results of the introduction of artificial intelligence in various spheres of society in Russia and abroad, predicting its future.","PeriodicalId":475643,"journal":{"name":"Filosofiâ nauki i tehniki","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135710841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

P.P. Gaidenko’s legacy and actual problems of teaching the discipline “History and Philosophy of Science” in the Master’s and Postgraduate courses of the modern University P.P.盖登科在现代大学的硕士和研究生课程中教授“科学史和哲学”这门学科的遗产和实际问题

Filosofiâ nauki i tehniki Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-20-33

Olga B. Panova

{"title":"P.P. Gaidenko’s legacy and actual problems of teaching the discipline “History and Philosophy of Science” in the Master’s and Postgraduate courses of the modern University","authors":"Olga B. Panova","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-20-33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-20-33","url":null,"abstract":"The work is devoted to the consideration of the scientific heritage of the Russian philosopher Piama P. Gaidenko in connection with the problems of teaching the discipline “History and Philosophy of Science” (“History and Methodology of Science”) in the framework of master’s and postgraduate educational programs of modern universities. Based on scientific works and textbooks of P.P. Gaidenko the author identifies the following problems that were raised by an authoritative scientist in a timely manner and are still relevant in modern realities: the problem of the status and place of science in the system of culture and society, the cultural origins and philosophical foundations of scientific knowledge, the relationship between science and religion, the transdisciplinarity of modern scientific research. The question of the importance of socio-humanitarian knowledge in the history of science, axiological, ethical and environmental problems of post-non-classical science are of fundamental importance. It is shown that P.P. Gaidenko, having international experience in European universities, followed the best traditions of world classical university education and at the same time supported modern innovations in teaching philosophy. Her methodological principles serve as a support and reference point for the teacher-philosopher at the present time.","PeriodicalId":475643,"journal":{"name":"Filosofiâ nauki i tehniki","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135710844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Does consciousness have an ontological status? 意识有本体论地位吗?

Filosofiâ nauki i tehniki Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-133-147

Vladislav V. Cheshev

{"title":"Does consciousness have an ontological status?","authors":"Vladislav V. Cheshev","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-133-147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-133-147","url":null,"abstract":"The question of the ontological status of consciousness traditionally accompanies the philosophy of consciousness. In modern conditions, it is often initiated by representatives of analytical philosophy and assumes the nature of the discussion of a mind-body problem. The author of the article proceeds from the fact that in the history of philosophy, appeal to the problem of the ontology of consciousness began with the discussion of the specific properties of mental constructs used to describe reality. On this basis, the initial contrast between the ideal and material arises, and consciousness appears as a manifestation of the ideal. With the birth of experimental science, philosophy of the New Age and Psychology, the condemnation of a psychophysical problem is actualized, the solution of which was to open the way to comprehend the nature of consciousness. In modern conditions, cognitive studies are one of the grounds for actualizing the psychophysical problem, focused on the study of brain and neural networks. The article shows that the study of biophysical instruments of consciousness is not enough to understand its nature. The author relies on the cultural-historical (cultural-activity) concept of the formation of consciousness, which focuses on the formation of symbolic behavior as its attribrutive property.","PeriodicalId":475643,"journal":{"name":"Filosofiâ nauki i tehniki","volume":"159 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135709229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Designing the social role of a scientist: from professional competencies to solving global problems 设计科学家的社会角色:从专业能力到解决全球问题

Filosofiâ nauki i tehniki Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-105-120

Sophia V. Pirozhkova, Valentina V. Omelaenko

{"title":"Designing the social role of a scientist: from professional competencies to solving global problems","authors":"Sophia V. Pirozhkova, Valentina V. Omelaenko","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-105-120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-105-120","url":null,"abstract":"Who is a modern employee in the field of research and development – a representative of one of the many professions or a carrier of a special social role? The authors of the article try to answer this question by analyzing the normative, framework and strategic documentation designed to bring uniformity to the educational practices of future scientists and the system of professional qualifications. It is shown that starting from the lecture of M.M. Weber, in which he stated that the activity of a scientist is no longer built in accordance with the social model of vocation, but is normalized as a profession among other professions, it is considered that research work requires the formation of special knowledge and skills of a future scientist. The framework documents developed by the efforts of the countries of the European Union, representing the system of research competencies and their development, as well as UNESCO documents that set the foundations of the legal and social status of a researcher, form a different image of a scientist. It correlates with such trends in the development of science as the expansion of interdisciplinary research, and such trends in education and staffing in various fields as the strengthening of the importance of not narrow special, but universal skills and competencies. As an important component of universal competencies, the authors emphasize agency – social and socio-political entrepreneurship. The conformity of normative documentation and real practice is critically analyzed, limitations and problems are identified that hinder the realization of the social role of a scientist as responsible not only for individual consequences of scientific discoveries and technical inventions, but for the development of society as a whole and, therefore, called upon to actively participate in dialogue with various social actors, making various decisions and developing public consensus.","PeriodicalId":475643,"journal":{"name":"Filosofiâ nauki i tehniki","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135710842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On the origins of the political philosophy of science and analytical philosophy 论政治科学哲学与分析哲学的起源

Filosofiâ nauki i tehniki Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-5-19

Valentin A. Bazhanov

{"title":"On the origins of the political philosophy of science and analytical philosophy","authors":"Valentin A. Bazhanov","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-5-19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-5-19","url":null,"abstract":"The article puts forward arguments refuting the claims of some representatives of Western philosophy that we are witnessing the birth of a new direction of research within the philosophy of science – political philosophy of science. It is shown that, in fact, the making of political philosophy of science dates back to the activity of left wing of the Vienna Circle representatives and B.M. Hessen’s work “The Social and Economic Roots of Newton’s Mechanics” (1931). The paper traces evolution of the views of the left wing Vienna Circle representatives who emigrated to the USA, and cooperated with the “Philosophy of Science” journal founded by the Russian emigrant V. Malisoff, the International Encyclopedia of Unified Science and Association of Unified Science in the context of which analytical philosophy took shape, where there was no place for political philosophy of science. It is stressed that this evolution happened due to several reasons: the McCarthyism riots in the U.S. in the mid-1950’s; the death of several prominent scientists who paid attention to the political philosophy of science; the disagreement between prominent scholars in logical empiricism, which led to the blurring of the problems of this segment of research. Nevertheless in the European philosophy these studies have been continued. The case of modal logic enables to argue that sometimes the political sympathies and antipathies of scientists significantly affect their perception and assessment of colleague’s works. Attention drawn to the weak development in the history and philosophy of science of the problems associated with the impact of the political views of scientists on the reception of ideas of their political opponents. Finally, an attempt is made to outline the subject area of contemporary political philosophy of science.","PeriodicalId":475643,"journal":{"name":"Filosofiâ nauki i tehniki","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135710845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Digital hybridity: innovative reality or utopia? 数字混合:创新的现实还是乌托邦?

Filosofiâ nauki i tehniki Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-48-65

Liudmila A. Vasilenko, Nataliya N. Meshcheryakova

{"title":"Digital hybridity: innovative reality or utopia?","authors":"Liudmila A. Vasilenko, Nataliya N. Meshcheryakova","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-48-65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2023-28-1-48-65","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of hybridity is a set of relatively new, controversial, complex theoretical, methodological and practical issues that humanity has faced during the period of digital transformation. The purpose of this article is to address the dual nature of hybridity in the emerging digital society. The inconsistency of hybridity is due to the symbiosis of the real and virtual (digital) worlds, which merge into a single integrity. A fundamentally new human habitat has emerged. And a person can no longer always understand which of the spaces – real or virtual – he is in at one moment or another, and how does human existence appear to us in this hybrid innovative world? In this hybrid environment, a person communicates not only with his own kind, but also with artificial subjects (technosubjects), giving rise to the problem of hybridity of a higher order. Being is complicated by the hybrid symbiosis of natural and artificial intelligence, new ways of externalization, the expansion of personal identity through digital or network identification. On the other hand, in the joint evolutionary development, a tendency begins to take shape to displace man himself with these artificial self-developing systems, in which human qualities are increasingly manifested. At the same time, a person is not always ready to bear responsibility for the consequences and quality of the created artificial self-image. Meanwhile, the world is already entering the next level of complexity of being – the Post-Human world, the hybridity of which is generated by the symbiosis of the human body and the electronic devices built into it. This article examines how the interpenetration of previously heterogeneous elements occurs in various spheres of life and what risks this generates. The authors propose the formulated concept of hybridity as a kind of analytical tool for studying social processes from the point of view of their dual nature, emerging risks and vulnerabilities.","PeriodicalId":475643,"journal":{"name":"Filosofiâ nauki i tehniki","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135710843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0