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Decentralization Is Good or Not? Defending Consensus in Ethereum 2.0 去中心化到底好不好？捍卫以太坊 2.0 中的共识
Blockchains Pub Date : 2024-01-23 DOI: 10.3390/blockchains2010001
Vojislav B. Mišić, Soosan Naderi Mighan, J. Misic, Xiaolin Chang
{"title":"Decentralization Is Good or Not? Defending Consensus in Ethereum 2.0","authors":"Vojislav B. Mišić, Soosan Naderi Mighan, J. Misic, Xiaolin Chang","doi":"10.3390/blockchains2010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/blockchains2010001","url":null,"abstract":"Proof-of-Stake (PoS) protocols are widely accepted as a viable substitute for the Proof-of-Work-based consensus, which is why recent blockchain-based cryptocurrencies and applications, most notably Ethereum 2.0, are using some variant of PoS as the basis for the consensus protocol. However, the implementation of PoS protocols in Ethereum 2.0 are not without its share of problems and vulnerabilities, especially with respect to the malicious behavior of validator nodes. In this paper, we first review the basic tenets of PoS protocols. We then discuss some of the recently described attacks on the Ethereum 2.0 consensus, and we also show that some of the design rationales adopted in PoS implementation—the decentralization of the voting process in particular—have, in actuality, enabled attacks that can be launched at a very low cost to the attacker. We also propose simple remedies that can reduce or eliminate the impact of those attacks and can evaluate the performance of the Ethereum 2.0 consensus when these remedies are applied.","PeriodicalId":472341,"journal":{"name":"Blockchains","volume":"115 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139605620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Web3: Exploring Decentralized Technologies and Applications for the Future of Empowerment and Ownership Web3：探索去中心化技术和应用，实现赋权和所有权的未来
Blockchains Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.3390/blockchains1020008
Yiwei Lai, Jingyi Yang, Mingzhe Liu, Yibei Li, Shanlin Li
{"title":"Web3: Exploring Decentralized Technologies and Applications for the Future of Empowerment and Ownership","authors":"Yiwei Lai, Jingyi Yang, Mingzhe Liu, Yibei Li, Shanlin Li","doi":"10.3390/blockchains1020008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/blockchains1020008","url":null,"abstract":"The emergence of the World Wide Web has revolutionized online communication, aiming to achieve global information sharing and communication. However, the current Web 2.0 architecture, which relies on centralized platforms, presents limitations such as restricted user rights, data privacy concerns, and dependence on centralized institutions. Web3, as a concept describing the next evolutionary stage of the internet, offers a solution to these issues by reshaping the internet infrastructure. Web3 provides a foundation for autonomous digital experiences and drives the advancement of the digital economy. This paper offers a thorough exploration of Web3, covering its key technologies, applications, challenges, and opportunities. We begin by introducing the core technologies behind Web3, followed by an exploration of its prominent applications. Finally, we analyze the challenges faced by Web3 and discuss potential research opportunities to address these challenges in the future. In summary, this study comprehensively elaborates on Web3 and lays a solid foundation for subsequent research work, encouraging researchers to explore new frontiers.","PeriodicalId":472341,"journal":{"name":"Blockchains","volume":"17 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138979921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Bitcoin and Renewable Energy Mining: A Survey 比特币和可再生能源采矿：调查
Blockchains Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.3390/blockchains1020007
Yusuke Tomatsu, Wenlin Han
{"title":"Bitcoin and Renewable Energy Mining: A Survey","authors":"Yusuke Tomatsu, Wenlin Han","doi":"10.3390/blockchains1020007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/blockchains1020007","url":null,"abstract":"Bitcoin, the most valuable and energy-consuming cryptocurrency, has recently been at the center of a heated debate over its environmental impact. This controversy has caught the public’s attention, prompting us to investigate the energy consumption of Bitcoin. In this paper, we have conducted a review of the literature on various aspects of Bitcoin mining, including its mechanisms, energy consumption, mining sites, and the potential for renewable energy use. Our findings reveal that the power consumption of Bitcoin is bound to increase with the continued adoption of the proof-of-work (PoW) consensus algorithm. Nonetheless, the growing availability of affordable renewable energy sources worldwide brings hope that Bitcoin mining will shift towards cleaner energy in the near future.","PeriodicalId":472341,"journal":{"name":"Blockchains","volume":"29 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138593514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Blockchain and Healthcare: A Critical Analysis of Progress and Challenges in the Last Five Years 区块链与医疗保健:对过去五年进展和挑战的批判性分析
Blockchains Pub Date : 2023-11-08 DOI: 10.3390/blockchains1020006
Hamed Taherdoost
{"title":"Blockchain and Healthcare: A Critical Analysis of Progress and Challenges in the Last Five Years","authors":"Hamed Taherdoost","doi":"10.3390/blockchains1020006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/blockchains1020006","url":null,"abstract":"Utilizing the fundamental characteristics of the decentralization, immutability, and transparency of blockchain technology, the healthcare industry has made notable advancements in incorporating it over the past five years. This review examines the progress and challenges encountered in this critical study by assessing 124 articles published by MDPI between 2018 and the current date. Examining blockchain’s potential uses, like safe data exchange and interoperability in supply chain management and electronic health records, provides exciting new directions for the future of healthcare. Blockchain technology can greatly increase efficiency and cost-effectiveness by guaranteeing data integrity, protecting patient privacy, and reducing administrative procedures. This paper objectively evaluates blockchain’s advancement in healthcare through a thorough analysis of real-world applications and research projects. By highlighting both its advantages and disadvantages, this analysis seeks to add to the continuing conversation about how blockchain will influence the way healthcare is managed and delivered in the future.","PeriodicalId":472341,"journal":{"name":"Blockchains","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135342103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Blockchain Technology Application in Security: A Systematic Review 区块链技术在安全中的应用:系统回顾
Blockchains Pub Date : 2023-10-29 DOI: 10.3390/blockchains1020005
Nazanin Moosavi, Hamed Taherdoost
{"title":"Blockchain Technology Application in Security: A Systematic Review","authors":"Nazanin Moosavi, Hamed Taherdoost","doi":"10.3390/blockchains1020005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/blockchains1020005","url":null,"abstract":"Blockchain technology is a promising technology that attracts popularity among researchers. However, it was first introduced with digital currencies, particularly Bitcoin, but nowadays, it is also known as one of the most frequently used techniques for securing networks. This systematic review research identifies studies that use blockchain for their security challenges. In addition, different fields in blockchain usage, blockchain categorization type, consensus mechanism, smart contract usage, and integration with other software-based algorithms are also investigated. Our results maintain that the Internet of Things (IoT) is the main field in which blockchain provides security.","PeriodicalId":472341,"journal":{"name":"Blockchains","volume":"59 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136135102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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