Musicae Scientiae最新文献

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Student perceptions of the classroom environment, student characteristics, and motivation for music lessons at secondary school 中学生对课堂环境、学生特点和中学音乐课动机的看法
IF 2.4 3区 心理学
Musicae Scientiae Pub Date : 2021-12-21 DOI: 10.1177/10298649211055832
I. Papageorgi, Natassa Economidou Stavrou
{"title":"Student perceptions of the classroom environment, student characteristics, and motivation for music lessons at secondary school","authors":"I. Papageorgi, Natassa Economidou Stavrou","doi":"10.1177/10298649211055832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10298649211055832","url":null,"abstract":"The literature suggests that there is often no alignment between student preferences and what and how it is taught in the music classroom. A total of 749 Cypriot secondary school students, aged 12 to 14 years, responded to a survey addressing enjoyment of music, motivation for school music lessons, and perceptions of the music classroom environment. The survey included a questionnaire with six subscales: Involvement, Affiliation, Teacher Support, Task Orientation, Order and Organization, and Rule Clarity. High ratings for Affiliation, Teacher Support, and Rule Clarity suggest that, overall, students’ perceptions of the classroom environment were positive. They were not uniform, but varied on the basis of student characteristics. Girls rated Rule Clarity higher than boys. Younger students tended to rate Task Orientation, Order and Organization, and Rule Clarity higher than older students. Higher-achieving students tended to rate Affiliation and Teacher Support higher. Older boys rated Involvement lower than younger boys, whereas older girls rated Involvement higher than younger girls. It can be inferred that boys experienced a gradual increase in perceived Affiliation as their achievement improved, although the pattern was less consistent for girls. Girls tended to report higher motivation for school music lessons than boys. Motivation was enhanced by classroom environments in which students experienced higher levels of enjoyment of music, engagement, and support from teachers. The findings show that the music classroom environment should be characterized by student engagement, clarity of rules, good organization, clear goals, teacher support, and affiliation between classmates.","PeriodicalId":47219,"journal":{"name":"Musicae Scientiae","volume":"41 1","pages":"348 - 365"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80810011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Singing at menopause: A systematic review with pedagogical implications 绝经期歌唱:一项具有教学意义的系统综述
IF 2.4 3区 心理学
Musicae Scientiae Pub Date : 2021-12-16 DOI: 10.1177/10298649211047884
Mauro B. Fiuza, M. L. Sevillano, Filipa M. B. Lã
{"title":"Singing at menopause: A systematic review with pedagogical implications","authors":"Mauro B. Fiuza, M. L. Sevillano, Filipa M. B. Lã","doi":"10.1177/10298649211047884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10298649211047884","url":null,"abstract":"Menopause is a certainty in a female singer’s life; depletion of estrogens may lead to physical, mental, and vocal symptoms. To investigate the extent to which these symptoms affect singers, a systematic literature review was carried out using eight interdisciplinary bibliographic databases. Combinations of the following key words were used: menopause, climacterium, singing, singers, and choir. From 18 studies, including three doctoral dissertations and a master’s thesis, only 10 met the inclusion criteria. The heterogeneity of study designs and methods of data collection and analysis precluded the carrying out of a meta-analysis. Instead, descriptors of symptoms affecting the voice, and vocal characteristics associated with menopause (menopause descriptors) were categorized, and their frequency of occurrence determined, according to six types of primary dataset: (1) self-reported symptoms, (2) acoustic characteristics, (3) observations of the larynx, (4) perceptual evaluations, (5) analysis of electrolaryngographic waveform characteristics, and (6) analysis of hormone concentrations. The descriptors that occurred most frequently in the literature concerned aspects of voice production, whereas those concerning vocal health, and vocal practice and performance, were less common. Of the three subsystems that comprise the vocal instrument, the vibrating vocal folds seem to be more affected than breathing and resonance. Changes in vocal range, timbre, endurance, and vocal fold mobility occur during menopause, affecting singers’ voice quality. Some singers reported that their ability to perform was compromised, mainly due to memory lapses and lack of confidence. Maintaining regular singing and practicing semi-occluded vocal tract exercises throughout the menopausal transition seem to help singers to overcome the negative impacts of menopause on vocal performance.","PeriodicalId":47219,"journal":{"name":"Musicae Scientiae","volume":"187 1","pages":"193 - 217"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78523976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Choose your own adventure: Vocal jazz improvisation, conceptual metaphor, and cognitive embodiment 选择你自己的冒险:声乐爵士即兴演奏,概念隐喻和认知体现
IF 2.4 3区 心理学
Musicae Scientiae Pub Date : 2021-12-15 DOI: 10.1177/10298649211062730
Melissa Forbes, Kate Cantrell
{"title":"Choose your own adventure: Vocal jazz improvisation, conceptual metaphor, and cognitive embodiment","authors":"Melissa Forbes, Kate Cantrell","doi":"10.1177/10298649211062730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10298649211062730","url":null,"abstract":"Creativity in the form of musical improvisation has received growing attention from researchers informed by the literature on embodiment. To date, this research has focused on the embodied experiences of improvising instrumentalists rather than those of improvising singers. This article investigates the experience of embodiment during improvisation through a systematic analysis of the metaphorical language used by an artist-level jazz singer in her reflections on practice. Extensive interview data with the participant were analyzed to identify and reconstruct metaphorical expressions into conceptual metaphors. In this process, the metaphor of IMPROVISATION IS AN ADVENTURE was identified as the overarching conceptual structure that the participant used to make sense of her experiences of improvisation. This metaphor and its mappings illuminate the cognitively embodied dimension of vocal jazz improvisation. These findings will be of interest to jazz singers and vocal jazz educators who are encouraged to explore more fully the role of the body–mind’s interactions with its environment in order to establish expertise in improvisational ways of knowing. This research illuminates the multidimensional nature of an expert singer’s experiences of improvisation and is presented as a provocation for future research to include singers as participants when investigating musical improvisation and cognitive embodiment.","PeriodicalId":47219,"journal":{"name":"Musicae Scientiae","volume":"8 1","pages":"332 - 347"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77896269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Individual differences in music reward sensitivity influence the perception of emotions represented by music 音乐奖励敏感性的个体差异影响音乐所代表的情绪的感知
IF 2.4 3区 心理学
Musicae Scientiae Pub Date : 2021-12-15 DOI: 10.1177/10298649211060028
Nieves Fuentes-Sánchez, M. C. Pastor, T. Eerola, Raúl Pastor
{"title":"Individual differences in music reward sensitivity influence the perception of emotions represented by music","authors":"Nieves Fuentes-Sánchez, M. C. Pastor, T. Eerola, Raúl Pastor","doi":"10.1177/10298649211060028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10298649211060028","url":null,"abstract":"Although music is one of the most important sources of pleasure for many people, there are considerable individual differences in music reward sensitivity. Behavioral and neurobiological characterizations of music reward variability have been topics of increasing scientific interest over the last two decades. However, it is not clear how differences in music reward sensitivity might influence the perception of emotions represented by music and, specifically, how music reward sensitivity could influence subjective music evaluation when the affective valence of music is considered. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between music reward sensitivity and the perception of emotions in music, taking into account the emotional category of stimuli (pleasant, neutral, or unpleasant music clips). Music reward and emotion perception were also explored as a function of gender, musicianship, and music discrimination skills. We used the Barcelona Music Reward Questionnaire and the previously validated Film Music Stimulus Set (FMSS); participants rated FMSS excerpts for affective dimensions (valence, energy, and tension arousal) and discrete emotions (happiness, anger, fear, tenderness, and sadness). Our results showed that music reward was the main factor influencing FMSS evaluation, particularly for excerpts associated with positive affect. Gender had an important influence on evaluations linked to the negative pole of emotions, and music discrimination skills seemed to be associated with cognitive aspects of music analysis, rather than with the emotional architecture of pleasant music excerpts. Our findings highlight the need to consider music reward sensitivity and gender in studies of music and emotion, and open the possibility of using the FMSS in studies exploring the neurobiological and psychosocial bases of music emotion.","PeriodicalId":47219,"journal":{"name":"Musicae Scientiae","volume":"18 1","pages":"313 - 331"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81889129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Life satisfaction and adolescent music making: A comparison of youth choirs and bands in Spain 生活满意度与青少年音乐创作:西班牙青年合唱团与乐队之比较
IF 2.4 3区 心理学
Musicae Scientiae Pub Date : 2021-12-13 DOI: 10.1177/10298649211021458
Salvador Oriola-Requena, Diego Calderón-Garrido, José Gustems
{"title":"Life satisfaction and adolescent music making: A comparison of youth choirs and bands in Spain","authors":"Salvador Oriola-Requena, Diego Calderón-Garrido, José Gustems","doi":"10.1177/10298649211021458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10298649211021458","url":null,"abstract":"Adolescents who are members of youth music groups learn music and develop other skills such as group work and conflict resolution. These skills and feelings may represent socioemotional factors underlying increased life satisfaction, leadership capacity, and academic motivation, together with the acquisition of emotional skills. The aim of the research was to determine the degree of life satisfaction reported by a sample of 660 Spanish adolescents who were members of a youth band or choir. It also aimed to examine correlations between life satisfaction, leadership capacity, academic motivation, and emotional development. Potential differences between these variables attributable to participants’ age, gender, type of youth music group, and musical instrument played were explored using a cross-sectional survey comprising four standardized questionnaires. The results show that the participants were highly satisfied with their lives. There were strong positive correlations between the variables studied but also some significant differences between the two groups (choirs and bands), and between players of different instrument families. These results are in line with those other studies, confirming the positive influence of group music making on adolescents’ social and emotional growth.","PeriodicalId":47219,"journal":{"name":"Musicae Scientiae","volume":"6 1","pages":"263 - 277"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85883408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Editor-in-Chief of Musicae Scientiae would like to thank all reviewers of manuscripts submitted in 2020 and 2021 who are not already members of the editorial board: Musicae Scientiae总编辑感谢2020年和2021年投稿稿件的所有审稿人,感谢他们不是编委会成员:
IF 2.4 3区 心理学
Musicae Scientiae Pub Date : 2021-11-25 DOI: 10.1177/10298649211055973
{"title":"The Editor-in-Chief of Musicae Scientiae would like to thank all reviewers of manuscripts submitted in 2020 and 2021 who are not already members of the editorial board:","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/10298649211055973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10298649211055973","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47219,"journal":{"name":"Musicae Scientiae","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73860913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Psychometric evaluation of the Involuntary Musical Imagery Scale (IMIS) in a South African sample 非自愿音乐意象量表(IMIS)在南非样本中的心理测量评估
IF 2.4 3区 心理学
Musicae Scientiae Pub Date : 2021-09-19 DOI: 10.1177/10298649211028643
M. Pitman, T. Geffen, Philippa Nettleton
{"title":"Psychometric evaluation of the Involuntary Musical Imagery Scale (IMIS) in a South African sample","authors":"M. Pitman, T. Geffen, Philippa Nettleton","doi":"10.1177/10298649211028643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10298649211028643","url":null,"abstract":"Involuntary musical imagery (INMI) is a common variety of musical imagery (MI) that has been a key research interest in the psychology of music over the last ten years. The Involuntary Musical Imagery Scale (IMIS), a closed-ended self-report instrument that offers a standardized means of assessing different aspects of earworm experience, has previously been evaluated psychometrically in at least two predominantly Euro-American samples. This report extends the study of INMI, and of the IMIS in particular, into a multicultural and multilingual African context. Responses to the IMIS from a South African student sample were subjected to factor analysis, reliability analysis, and a series of correlational analyses in order to assess its robustness and suitability for cross-cultural research. Results suggest the IMIS has a robust factor structure, reliability characteristics, and internal intercorrelation patterns when compared to previous findings, even outside a Global North setting. Item and subscale scores generally converged with other indicators of MI and INMI frequency, as well as INMI pleasantness and levels of disturbance. In contrast to the findings of much previous research, IMIS Negative Valence correlated negatively with earworm frequency, section length, and episode length, providing support for the claim that earworms are generally a positive rather than aversive experience. Although IMIS earworm frequency was strongly and positively correlated with INMI frequency, they shared only 36.8% variance – a result consistent with concerns that MI/INMI definitions have considerable impact on self-reports of these phenomena, and specifically that the earworm experience should not be equated with or considered prototypical of INMI experience.","PeriodicalId":47219,"journal":{"name":"Musicae Scientiae","volume":"50 1","pages":"495 - 509"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83190394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Chinese version of the Barcelona Music Reward Questionnaire (BMRQ): Associations with personality traits and gender 巴塞罗那音乐奖励问卷(BMRQ)的中文版:与人格特质和性别的关联
IF 2.4 3区 心理学
Musicae Scientiae Pub Date : 2021-09-08 DOI: 10.1177/10298649211034547
Jinyu Wang, Ming Xu, Zhi-shuai Jin, Lu Xia, Qiaoping Lian, Sizhu Huyang, Daxing Wu
{"title":"The Chinese version of the Barcelona Music Reward Questionnaire (BMRQ): Associations with personality traits and gender","authors":"Jinyu Wang, Ming Xu, Zhi-shuai Jin, Lu Xia, Qiaoping Lian, Sizhu Huyang, Daxing Wu","doi":"10.1177/10298649211034547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10298649211034547","url":null,"abstract":"Sensitivity to music reward varies across individuals. The Barcelona Music Reward Questionnaire (BMRQ) is an effective tool in the assessment of sensitivity to music reward. The current study investigated the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the BMRQ, including its internal consistency, factor structure, criterion-related validity, and measurement invariance across gender. In addition, the relationship between personality traits and sensitivity to music reward was explored. A total of 1,120 Chinese undergraduate students completed a pen-and-paper version of the BMRQ, either in individual sessions or in class groups. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit for the revised model of the BMRQ. In addition, good internal consistency reliability of the overall scale and criterion-related validity with the BIS/BAS scale were also supported in this study. Evidence of configural, metric, and scalar invariance supported its measurement invariance across gender. On this basis, women in our sample reported themselves more sensitive than men to music reward. Results also showed that the personality traits Openness to Experience and Agreeableness were the strongest contributors to music reward sensitivity, while Extraversion did not make a significant contribution. These findings may provide a reference point for therapists wishing to predict the efficacy of music therapy for individuals.","PeriodicalId":47219,"journal":{"name":"Musicae Scientiae","volume":" 9","pages":"218 - 232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72382717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Configurations of hope at the Afghanistan National Institute of Music 阿富汗国家音乐学院的希望形态
IF 2.4 3区 心理学
Musicae Scientiae Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/10298649211015793
G. Howell
{"title":"Configurations of hope at the Afghanistan National Institute of Music","authors":"G. Howell","doi":"10.1177/10298649211015793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10298649211015793","url":null,"abstract":"In settings of conflict and hardship, education can be a portal through which future lives are imagined. Experiences of schooling are thus tied closely to the generation of hope and the transformation of young lives. The goal of the Afghanistan National Institute of Music (ANIM), a vocational music school in Kabul, is to transform lives through music and education, by restoring music practices, cultural rights, and the country’s relationships with the rest of the world. Hope is central to this multi-faceted project and is cultivated within the school, strategically, as a source of protection and a driver of desired change. Conceptual in scope, this article explores how hope was situated and configured within the learning experience at ANIM and entwined with the school’s transformation goals during the years 2015–2017. Using concepts of hope from critical anthropology and sociology and thematic analysis of interviews with ANIM students and teachers, it presents four configurations of hope at ANIM. It examines how these configurations were produced, nurtured, and distributed through activities, organisational culture, and environmental factors, in varying degrees of intensity and dynamism. In so doing, this article shows hope to be a complex and ambivalent resource for social impact in contexts in which music education, social transformation goals, and international aid converge. Hope produces agencies that can drive transformation, but it is always shaped and conditioned by the complex challenges and power asymmetries of the wider context.","PeriodicalId":47219,"journal":{"name":"Musicae Scientiae","volume":"232 1","pages":"358 - 373"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85315247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Promoting prosociality in Colombia: Is music more effective than other cultural interventions? 在哥伦比亚促进亲社会:音乐是否比其他文化干预更有效?
IF 2.4 3区 心理学
Musicae Scientiae Pub Date : 2021-09-01 Epub Date: 2021-06-17 DOI: 10.1177/10298649211013505
Julian Cespedes-Guevara, Nicola Dibben
{"title":"Promoting prosociality in Colombia: Is music more effective than other cultural interventions?","authors":"Julian Cespedes-Guevara,&nbsp;Nicola Dibben","doi":"10.1177/10298649211013505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10298649211013505","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article reports a two-part study into the prosocial impacts of third sector cultural activities with children and adolescents in impoverished and violence-stricken urban neighbourhoods in Cali, Colombia. First, a year-long field study set out to compare a pre-existing music-training programme with a dance-training programme and a football-training programme with 9-14 year olds, to determine the extent to which each affords the development of empathic attitudes and prosocial behaviours. The music and dance programmes produced few significant changes in participants' empathy or prosociality, and there were few significant differences between the empathy and prosociality of the participants in the two groups. Participant dropout prevented comparison with the football-training programme. Second, an interview study was used to understand the place of prosociality in the aims and work of policymakers, funders and third-sector practitioners running cultural activities for social impacts in the Cali region. The study revealed that the organisations aimed to achieve individual and social transformation by creating the conditions for transformation, evidenced as positive outcomes. Neither the measures used by the organisations themselves nor the psychosocial constructs of prosociality and empathy used by the researchers adequately evidenced some of the intended outcomes, such as enabling individuals to build a <i>life project</i>, practising and sustaining social inclusion and transforming communities, nor a path from individual to social transformation. Differences between the structure of cultural activities and their associated values meant that different activities were believed to lend themselves to social transformation more or less well. This highlights the need for critically reflective, co-constructed research using a fuller range of constructs that can capture the outcomes of these programmes for both individuals and groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":47219,"journal":{"name":"Musicae Scientiae","volume":"25 3","pages":"332-357"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/10298649211013505","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39680421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
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