Frontiers in Geochemistry最新文献

{"title":"Low-temperature hydrogen production and consumption in partially-hydrated peridotites in Oman: implications for stimulated geological hydrogen production","authors":"Alexis S. Templeton, E. Ellison, Peter B. Kelemen, James Leong, E. Boyd, D. Colman, Juerg M. Matter","doi":"10.3389/fgeoc.2024.1366268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fgeoc.2024.1366268","url":null,"abstract":"The Samail Ophiolite in Oman, the largest exposed body of ultramafic rocks at the Earth’s surface, produces a continuous flux of hydrogen through low-temperature water/rock reactions. In turn, the scale of the subsurface microbial biosphere is sufficient to consume much of this hydrogen, except where H2 is delivered to surface seeps via faults. By integrating data from recent investigations into the alteration history of the peridotites, groundwater dynamics, and the serpentinite-hosted microbial communities, we identify feasible subsurface conditions for a pilot demonstration of stimulated geological hydrogen production. A simple technoeconomic analysis shows that the stimulation methods to be used must increase the rate of net hydrogen production at least 10,000-fold compared to the estimated natural rate to economically produce hydrogen from engineered water/rock reactions in the peridotite formations. It may be possible to meet this challenge within the upper 1–2 km, given the projected availability of reactive Fe(II)-bearing phases and the lower drilling costs associated with shallower operations. Achieving ≥10,000-fold increases in the H2 production rate will require a combination of stimuli. It will likely be necessary to increase the density of fracturing in the reaction volume by at least two orders of magnitude. Then, the H2-production rates must also be increased by another two orders of magnitude by increasing the water/rock ratio and modifying the chemistry of the injected fluids to optimize formation of Fe(III)-bearing secondary phases. These fluid modifications must be designed to simultaneously minimize microbial consumption of H2 within the stimulation volume. In contrast, preserving the high potentials for biological H2 consumption in the shallow groundwaters replete with oxidants such as nitrate, sulfate and dissolved inorganic carbon will reduce the potential for any inadvertent leaks of hydrogen to the atmosphere, where it acts as an indirect greenhouse gas.","PeriodicalId":472150,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Geochemistry","volume":" 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140383764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential for natural hydrogen in Quebec (Canada): a first review","authors":"S. Séjourné, F.-A. Comeau, Maria Luisa Moreira dos Santos, Geneviève Bordeleau, M. Claprood, Pascal Mouge, Valentin Mulliez, Michel Malo, Bernard Giroux, E. Gloaguen, Jasmin Raymond","doi":"10.3389/fgeoc.2024.1351631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fgeoc.2024.1351631","url":null,"abstract":"The energy transition calls for natural hydrogen exploration, with most occurrences discovered either inadvertently or, more recently, at the location of potentially diffusive circles observed from a change of vegetation cover at the surface. However, some notable hydrogen occurrences are not directly associated with the presence of diffusive circles like the Bourakebougou field in Mali. Thus, the objective of this work was to highlight geological areas that have some potential to find natural hydrogen in Quebec, a Canadian province where no diffusive circles have yet been documented but which is rich in potential source rocks and where no exploration for natural hydrogen has been undertaken so far. A review of the different geological regions of Quebec was undertaken to highlight the relevant characteristics and geographical distribution of geological assemblages that may produce or have produced natural hydrogen, in particular, iron-rich rocks but also uranium-rich rocks, supramature shales and zones where significant structural discontinuities are documented or suspected, which may act as conduits for the migration of fluids of mantle origin. In addition to regional and local geological data, an inventory of available geochemical data is also carried out to identify potential tracers or proxies to facilitate subsequent exploration efforts. A rating was then proposed based on the quality of the potential source rocks, which also considers the presence of reservoir rocks and the proximity to end-users. This analysis allowed rating areas of interest for which fieldwork can be considered, thus minimizing the exploratory risks and investments required to develop this resource. The size of the study area (over 1.5 million km2), the diversity of its geological environments (from metamorphic cratons to sedimentary basins) and their wide age range (from Archean to Paleozoic) make Quebec a promising territory for natural hydrogen exploration and to test the systematic rating method proposed here.","PeriodicalId":472150,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Geochemistry","volume":"71 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140234465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of groundwater suitability for irrigation purposes in the Fritissa region, Moulouya, Morocco","authors":"Moulay Ahmed Ben Driss, Abdelhadi Ifliliss, Said Ettazarini, Yousef Hahou, Larbi Boudad, Mohamed El Amrani, Said Courba","doi":"10.3389/fgeoc.2024.1307252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fgeoc.2024.1307252","url":null,"abstract":"Under arid and semi-arid climate conditions, as is the case in many Moroccan regions, the availability and quality of water are the main keys to the sustainable development of agricultural zones. In the Fritissa region covering Middle Moulouya and a part of Lower Moulouya, North-eastern Morocco, irrigation practices are necessary for agricultural activities, in an environment with significant population growth, and limited water resources. The main aim of this study is to assess the quality of groundwater and its suitability for irrigation purposes, and to determine the possible water-rock interaction processes that influence the groundwater chemistry. The approach is based on the analysis of major ions contents and the calculation of quality indices namely pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Hardness (TH), Sodium Percentage (Na%), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Permeability Index (PI) for 94 groundwater samples. Piper classification is used to determine the chemical water facies, while commonly used distribution and geochemical diagrams helped to discuss the possible interaction processes between water and aquifer rocks. The studied groundwater showed varying values for pH (5.8–8.8), salinity (367–3301 mg/L) and total hardness (15–186 mg/l as CaCO3). Ca-Mg-HCO3, Ca-Mg-SO4-Cl, and mixed water facies types are found, while one sample showed Na-K-SO4-Cl facies. The plotting of samples in Gibbs diagrams suggests possible water-rock interactions, that are confirmed by geochemical distribution diagrams. The Wilcox diagram showed that most of the water samples are of excellent to good and good to permissible categories, while the US salinity Hazard diagram revealed low sodium hazard and low, medium and high levels of salinity. Groundwater is suitable for irrigation according to current international standards if some precautions are considered.","PeriodicalId":472150,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Geochemistry","volume":"598 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139839090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of groundwater suitability for irrigation purposes in the Fritissa region, Moulouya, Morocco","authors":"Moulay Ahmed Ben Driss, Abdelhadi Ifliliss, Said Ettazarini, Yousef Hahou, Larbi Boudad, Mohamed El Amrani, Said Courba","doi":"10.3389/fgeoc.2024.1307252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fgeoc.2024.1307252","url":null,"abstract":"Under arid and semi-arid climate conditions, as is the case in many Moroccan regions, the availability and quality of water are the main keys to the sustainable development of agricultural zones. In the Fritissa region covering Middle Moulouya and a part of Lower Moulouya, North-eastern Morocco, irrigation practices are necessary for agricultural activities, in an environment with significant population growth, and limited water resources. The main aim of this study is to assess the quality of groundwater and its suitability for irrigation purposes, and to determine the possible water-rock interaction processes that influence the groundwater chemistry. The approach is based on the analysis of major ions contents and the calculation of quality indices namely pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Hardness (TH), Sodium Percentage (Na%), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Permeability Index (PI) for 94 groundwater samples. Piper classification is used to determine the chemical water facies, while commonly used distribution and geochemical diagrams helped to discuss the possible interaction processes between water and aquifer rocks. The studied groundwater showed varying values for pH (5.8–8.8), salinity (367–3301 mg/L) and total hardness (15–186 mg/l as CaCO3). Ca-Mg-HCO3, Ca-Mg-SO4-Cl, and mixed water facies types are found, while one sample showed Na-K-SO4-Cl facies. The plotting of samples in Gibbs diagrams suggests possible water-rock interactions, that are confirmed by geochemical distribution diagrams. The Wilcox diagram showed that most of the water samples are of excellent to good and good to permissible categories, while the US salinity Hazard diagram revealed low sodium hazard and low, medium and high levels of salinity. Groundwater is suitable for irrigation according to current international standards if some precautions are considered.","PeriodicalId":472150,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Geochemistry","volume":"49 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139779080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interrelationships among litter chemistry, plant species diversity, and litter decomposition in tropical stream environments: a review","authors":"R. S. Rabelo, Guilherme Sena, José F. Gonçalves","doi":"10.3389/fgeoc.2024.1346457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fgeoc.2024.1346457","url":null,"abstract":"Factors that may accelerate decomposition are important for ecosystem functioning since plant litter decomposition is essential for carbon and nutrient cycling, but it is a generally slow process, which can take weeks up to years. In this context, studies have demonstrated that the chemical characteristics of litter mixtures can accelerate decomposition through several mechanisms. Tropical riparian forests are known for their high diversity of tree species, which leads to a wide array of litter types in tropical streams, each with distinct chemical properties. This underscores the key role of litter chemistry in significantly influencing the litter breakdown rate within of these streams. Here, we explore the interplay among litter chemistry, plant species diversity, and litter decomposition in tropical streams. We highlight the importance of litter physical and chemical characteristics for decomposition, as well as of the preservation of the natural floristic composition of tropical riparian forests. In this sense, more attention must be paid to the influence that the environment and phylogeny may have on the phytochemical characteristics of riparian forest plant species in different tropic biomes, and how the insertion of different exotic species interferes with the decomposition process. Furthermore, we emphasize the need for additional research into the consequences of the loss of rare plant species with unique functional characteristics to decomposition in tropical ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":472150,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Geochemistry","volume":"62 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139802236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interrelationships among litter chemistry, plant species diversity, and litter decomposition in tropical stream environments: a review","authors":"R. S. Rabelo, Guilherme Sena, José F. Gonçalves","doi":"10.3389/fgeoc.2024.1346457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fgeoc.2024.1346457","url":null,"abstract":"Factors that may accelerate decomposition are important for ecosystem functioning since plant litter decomposition is essential for carbon and nutrient cycling, but it is a generally slow process, which can take weeks up to years. In this context, studies have demonstrated that the chemical characteristics of litter mixtures can accelerate decomposition through several mechanisms. Tropical riparian forests are known for their high diversity of tree species, which leads to a wide array of litter types in tropical streams, each with distinct chemical properties. This underscores the key role of litter chemistry in significantly influencing the litter breakdown rate within of these streams. Here, we explore the interplay among litter chemistry, plant species diversity, and litter decomposition in tropical streams. We highlight the importance of litter physical and chemical characteristics for decomposition, as well as of the preservation of the natural floristic composition of tropical riparian forests. In this sense, more attention must be paid to the influence that the environment and phylogeny may have on the phytochemical characteristics of riparian forest plant species in different tropic biomes, and how the insertion of different exotic species interferes with the decomposition process. Furthermore, we emphasize the need for additional research into the consequences of the loss of rare plant species with unique functional characteristics to decomposition in tropical ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":472150,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Geochemistry","volume":"34 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139862212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The perturbation of PAHs on mosses in Aberdeen, Scotland, as a consequence of social restrictions imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Thomas S. Daniya, Stephen A. Bowden","doi":"10.3389/fgeoc.2023.1320096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fgeoc.2023.1320096","url":null,"abstract":"Air quality and the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban environments are increasingly becoming a concern. Measuring air quality and PAHs, and linking these to specific activities, requires deploying and recovering sampling devices to capture and measure any changes. From May 2020 to June 2021, during the “lockdown” period of the COVID-19 pandemic, acrocarpous and pleurocarpous mosses were collected from five types of site in Aberdeen, United Kingdom, and the concentration of PAHs measured to track changes in PAHs as travel-related activities changed. The predominant types of PAHs found on mosses were of the four- and five-ring varieties, with the four-ring variety of PAH (medium molecular weight) becoming more dominant as the lockdown was lifted. However, for most sites, the concentration of PAHs was evidently perturbed by the transient lifting, reimposing, and then lifting of lockdown conditions, which either directly limited travel or changed people’s motivations to travel by car. Molecular diagnostic ratios or molecular marker parameters used to infer the source of PAHs varied little and were nearly always consistent with PAHs deriving from combustion in vehicle engines. Thus, even when travel was limited, PAHs were still derived from vehicle usage, although the overall concentrations on mosses were much lower. On average, the lowest PAH concentrations were found on mosses collected from a recreational park located the furthest from traffic. The highest PAH concentrations were observed on mosses collected from residential car parks during periods when the lockdown had been lifted. However, mosses from the same residential car parks had very low PAH concentrations during periods of travel restrictions, strongly suggesting that, for mosses, local factors and patterns of vehicle usage strongly determine their exposure to PAHs. Therefore, mosses within urban environments can be used for monthly monitoring of PAHs as they are able to detect changes induced by human behaviour.","PeriodicalId":472150,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Geochemistry","volume":"124 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139613667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical mineral demands may limit scaling of green hydrogen production","authors":"Julia E. Greenwald, Mervin Zhao, Douglas A. Wicks","doi":"10.3389/fgeoc.2023.1328384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fgeoc.2023.1328384","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen (H2) is widely viewed as critical to the decarbonization of industry and transportation. Water electrolysis powered by renewable electricity, commonly referred to as green H2, can be used to generate H2 with low carbon dioxide emissions. Herein, we analyze the critical mineral and energy demands associated with green H2 production under three different hypothetical future demand scenarios, ranging from 100–1,000 Mtpa H2. For each scenario, we calculate the critical mineral demands required to build water electrolyzers (i.e., electrodes and electrolyte) and to build dedicated or additional renewable electricity sources (i.e., wind and solar) to power the electrolyzers. Our analysis shows that scaling electrolyzer and renewable energy technologies that use platinum group metals and rare earth elements will likely face supply constraints. Specifically, larger quantities of lanthanum, yttrium, or iridium will be needed to increase electrolyzer capacity and even more neodymium, silicon, zinc, molybdenum, aluminum, and copper will be needed to build dedicated renewable electricity sources. We find that scaling green H2 production to meet projected net-zero targets will require ∼24,000 TWh of dedicated renewable energy generation, which is roughly the total amount of solar and wind projected to be on the grid in 2050 according to some energy transition models. In summary, critical mineral constraints may hinder the scaling of green H2 to meet global net-zero emissions targets, motivating the need for the research and development of alternative, low-emission methods of generating H2.","PeriodicalId":472150,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Geochemistry","volume":" 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139620039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A laser–laser method for carbonate C and O isotope measurement, metrology assessment, and stratigraphic applications","authors":"Alban Petitjean, Christophe Thomazo, Olivier Musset, Ivan Jovovic, Pierre Sansjofre, K. Kirsimäe","doi":"10.3389/fgeoc.2023.1334490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fgeoc.2023.1334490","url":null,"abstract":"The stable isotopic compositions of carbon and oxygen (δ13Ccarb and δ18Ocarb) measured from carbonates are widely used in geology, notably to reconstruct paleotemperatures and the secular evolution of the biogeochemical carbon cycle, to characterize limestone sediment diagenesis, and to provide chemostratigraphy records. The standard technique used since the mid-20th century to measure C and O isotopic ratios is based on a wet chemical acid digestion protocol in order to evolve CO2 from carbonates—the latter being analyzed by mass spectrometry and, more recently, infrared spectroscopy. A newly developed laser-based method aims to circumvent this chemical preparation step by producing CO2 via an instant and spatially resolved calcination reaction. We describe an evolution of the laser calcination benchtop system previously described and used as a proof of concept toward a portable system, and we present the efficiency of this tool for performing carbon and oxygen isotope measurements from carbonate matrixes following standard evaluation metrology protocol. This metrological study explores the following: i) the use of internal standards; ii) inter-calibration with the traditional acid chemical preparation method; iii) analysis of the uncertainties of using GUM and ANOVA. Using 15 different types of carbonate minerals encompassing a range of isotopic VPDB compositions between −18.6‰ and +16.06‰ and between −14.80‰ and −1.72‰ for δ13Ccarb and δ18Ocarb, we show that isotopic cross-calibration is verified for both carbon and oxygen, respectively, and we demonstrate that the uncertainties (1σ) of the δ13Ccarb and δ18Ocarb measurements of laser–laser isotopic analysis are within 0.41‰ and 0.68‰, respectively. The advantages of this method in saving time and spatially resolved and automated analysis in situ are demonstrated by high-resolution chemostratigraphic analysis of a laminated lacustrine travertine sample.","PeriodicalId":472150,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Geochemistry","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139532744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the corrosion of ductile cast iron by sulphate reducing bacteria—implications for long-term nuclear waste repositories","authors":"Marc Tamisier, Florin Musat, Hans-Hermann Richnow, Carsten Vogt, Matthias Schmidt","doi":"10.3389/fgeoc.2023.1244283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fgeoc.2023.1244283","url":null,"abstract":"Ductile cast iron is a candidate material for long term nuclear waste repository canisters. However, little is known about microbial corrosion of this material, a phenomenon threatening the integrity of the repository. Here, the corrosion of ductile cast iron (92.73%–94.19% Fe) and mild steel (∼99.37% Fe) by the sulphate reducing bacterium Desulfopila corrodens were compared. Particular attention was payed to the impact of graphite nodules in ductile cast iron on the corrosion. The two materials developed similar crusts after 36 days. However, in the early corrosion stages different mineral compositions of the formed crusts were observed, e.g., dome shaped minerals (<1 µm) that formed on mild steel were absent on ductile cast iron. Further, iron sulphide was formed equally on all surfaces, the iron and graphite nodules. Our results contribute to the understanding of how microbial activity drives the corrosion of ductile cast iron made structures (e.g., canisters) in long-term nuclear waste repositories, particularly with respect to the mineral composition of the crust at different stages of the corrosion process. We propose that under the conditions used in this study, the ductile cast iron and mild steel bio-corrode similarly on long time scales which makes both material not favourable for use in long term nuclear waste repository with regard to microbial corrosion.","PeriodicalId":472150,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Geochemistry","volume":"23 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135326226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}