Police Practice and Research最新文献

{"title":"Police officer perceptions of diversity efforts: a disconnect between the goals and the methods","authors":"Chelsea Farrell, Lisa M. Barao","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2098127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2098127","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Diversifying law enforcement agencies to reflect the communities they serve has continued to be a difficult task worldwide. Research has focused on evaluating diversity initiatives in terms of staffing demographic changes, but the perspective of officers working in departments aiming to diversify is often missing. This study examines officers’ perceptions of diversity initiatives in practice. Qualitative analysis indicated officers were supportive of diversifying; however, nearly all officers, regardless of gender or race/ethnicity, were concerned with the methods used. Findings revealed that officers: 1) doubted the merit of their own achievements, 2) perceived promotion/assignment practices as ambiguous, 3) felt politics created symbolic changes, and 4) wanted to inform future diversity efforts. Findings suggest that officer perspectives, particularly from underrepresented groups, are needed to better understand why diversity initiatives have yielded minimal change and to build more effective practices to increase diversity and retain diverse personnel.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81257340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘Bread and butter’ policing: first-year constables and domestic violence","authors":"Toby Miles-Johnson","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2094380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2094380","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Domestic violence is an extensive social issue in Australia. It is a complex crime encompassing different behaviours and situations, which challenge police in terms of recognition and response, as well as determining appropriate outcomes of justice. During their first year of police work (whilst being evaluated under competency measures), first-year constables in Australia are frequently deployed to respond to public calls for help. As such, they are regularly sent to investigate domestic violence. Yet knowledge regarding the effectiveness of first-year constables in their response to domestic violence and policing of these crimes is lacking in much of the policing literature. This article focuses on policing of domestic violence from the perspective of first-year constables working in one of the largest Australian state police organisations (de-identified as part of the ethics agreement). It examines the findings from 46 interviews and offers insight into a hitherto under-researched area regarding policing of domestic violence by officers at the start of their policing career.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79793979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Return home interviews with children who have been missing: an exploratory analysis","authors":"L. Boulton, Jessica H. Phoenix, Eric Halford, A. Sidebottom","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2092480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2092480","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Responding to reports of missing children is an everyday occurrence in many police agencies, and a significant source of police demand. In England, there is a statutory requirement that all those under the age of 18 be offered a return home interview (RHI) within 72 hours of returning from a missing episode. The main purpose of an RHI is to better understand the reasons why a young person went missing and, where necessary, put measures in place to safeguard that young person and reduce the likelihood of them going missing again. Although widely practiced in England, there is currently limited research on the conduct of and information elicited from RHIs. In an attempt to help fill this research gap, this article reports the findings of an exploratory analysis of 113 RHIs carried out in one police force area in England. Findings indicate that 42% (n = 48) of the sampled RHIs occurred within the required 72-hour timeframe. Absent or incomplete information was common, particularly in relation to the presence and types of vulnerabilities associated with missing children. In terms of those interviewed, nearly half of the interviewees did not consider themselves to be missing. Moreover, many exhibited a high prevalence of mental health concerns, conflict at home and drug and alcohol use. The implications of the findings for safeguarding children and preventing missing incidents are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82567584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Race, class, and gender identity: implications for transgender people’s police help seeking","authors":"Young‐joo Lee, Luis Santiago","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2085102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2085102","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study examines various demographic, social, and economic factors related to transgender people’ reluctance to seek police help and appraises the intersectionality among these different factors. The results reveal differences in the degree of reluctance across gender groups, socioeconomic statuses, and racial groups, which suggest that the intersection of multiple minority statuses will increase transgender people’s reluctance to seek help from police. The findings also reveal that transgender people’ past interaction with police is negatively associated with their reluctance to seek police intervention. This study concludes with suggestions that seek to transform law enforcement culture by means of police training and community outreach activities.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75337785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative interrupted time-series assessing the impact of the Armstrong decision on officer-involved shootings","authors":"Hunter M. Boehme, R. Kaminski, Peter Leasure","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2079508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2079508","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the 2016 case of Estate of Armstrong V. The Village of Pinehurst (Armstrong), the Fourth Circuit Court decided to significantly restrict CED use to only encounters that pose an ‘immediate safety risk’ or ‘immediate danger.’ Some authors have argued that the decision from Armstrong could lead to increased officer-involved shootings. The present study tests this prediction by utilizing a comparative interrupted time-series analysis. Findings from time-series count models show statistically significant increases in monthly and weekly officer-involved shootings (OISs) within the Fourth Circuit, and statistically significant decreases in weekly OISs among states comparable to, but outside the Fourth Circuit’s jurisdiction. Policy implications of these findings are discussed in detail.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83064807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of physical health, mental wellbeing, and injury in a UK Police Firearms unit","authors":"Eddie Bradley, Saeed Fayaz, Chris Farish, M. Coulson","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2080066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2080066","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The aim was to examine the health and wellbeing of UK police firearms officers and to identify the incidence and severity of work-related injuries. Data from 96 officers were derived from an online self-report survey. General health indicators, physical activity levels, WHO-5 wellbeing score, and injury data from the previous 12-months were collected. Thirty work-related injuries (31%) occurred with an injury rate of 31 injuries per 100 FTE worked within the firearms unit in the previous year. Fifty per cent of officers took no time off for recovery. Twenty-nine per cent of injuries were classified as severe and the mechanisms of more severe injuries were linked to occupational demands. Officers who exercised ≥four times per week reported significantly less injuries, while low physical activity levels were associated with significantly lower wellbeing. UK police firearms officers are at a high risk of occupational injury, and physical activity can play an important role in reducing injury and improving wellbeing.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77595986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What do we know about blended learning to inform police education? A rapid evidence assessment","authors":"J. Belur, Helen Glasspoole-Bird, C. Bentall, Julian Laufs","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2073230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2073230","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper presents the findings of a rapid review of evidence on what works in blended learning in adult education which was undertaken to support the evidence informed introduction of blended learning in police education nationally across all police forces in England and Wales. Following a systematic search, screening, and quality assessment process, 42 studies, including 10 systematic reviews, were included in the final synthesis. Findings suggest that blended learning is at least as good as, if not more effective than, only face-to-face, or only online learning methods. The research evidence highlights the importance of bespoke design to suit learner needs and the type of content to be delivered, as well as the importance of providing appropriate support to both instructors and learners to engage with blended methods. Based on the findings, a toolkit is provided to guide police educators in designing and delivering curricula using blended methods.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85731850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"You can’t manage what you can’t measure: the importance of data in policing","authors":"Melissa S. Morabito, J. Gaub","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2066781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2066781","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, politicians and reporters have highlighted the lack of data on many policing outcomes, with a sharp focus on how little we know about police use of force in both the United States and internationally. Specifically, the death of Michael Brown in Ferguson (MO) in 2014 highlighted the fact that no entity within the United States tracks police use of force, even deadly force. This lack of data leadership prompted several news agencies to begin tracking civilian deaths at the hands of police, the most well-known of which is The Washington Post Fatal Force database (Nix et al., 2017; Shjarback & Nix, 2020). Yet while use of force is a crucial responsibility of police and more information is certainly needed (Bennell et al., 2022; Matusiak et al., 2022; White, 2016; Williams et al., 2019), it is not the only aspect of policing that could benefit from more and better data. Historically, police accountability has been measured by outcomes that are easily countable, such as arrest and case clearance rates, citations, traffic stops, and response times. While important, these data fall short of assessing the myriad responsibilities that police organizations are tasked with measuring, and they tell us little about the nature and extent of these community encounters. These outcomes are, however, of critical importance to community members and larger police reform efforts. Police departments do collect a great deal of interesting and informative data that can add context to the discourse about police work at both the individual and organizational levels. Recent research has touched on the ways in which police data impacts various facets of police work and highlights the possibilities for new, innovative uses for police data. For example, Lum et al. (2021) and Ratcliffe (2021) demonstrated the difficulty inherent in reallocating police calls to other, nonpolice entities for many calls traditionally yielding a police response. Muller and colleagues find that scant information is known about police responses during calls involving mental health crises. Gillooly (2021) asks important questions about how dispatchers shape police responses to incidents independent of incident data. White et al. (2018) interrogate the use of body-worn camera footage to reduce the use of force in encounters with community members. Yet despite these and other studies using police data, many questions remain about the utility of administrative data in law enforcement agencies. This special issue begins by exploring data sources and asking some important questions about the nature of policing for researchers across the globe. In this special issue, several papers include new ways to utilize incident-level data of offensespecific trends. Pearce and Simpson (2022) use Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD) data to better understand the nature and extent of welfare checks – an understudied responsibility of local police that often does not involve law enforcement. Barnett-Ryan (2022)","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86486646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘We handle it, I guess you’d say, the East Texas way’: Place-based effects on the police decision-making process and non-arrest outcomes","authors":"J. Peterson","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2067158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2067158","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Informal law enforcement approaches to crime problems are largely hidden from the public domain. Non-urban communities are often absent from the literature on police decision-making, but many characteristics of ‘the rural’ – such as lack of supervision, diminished access to resources, and more – expand police discretion and increase the use of informal policing methods. While most research on police discretion focuses on the decision to arrest, the current study utilizes semi-structured focused interviews with law enforcement officers in rural Texas to address non-arrest decision-making and the informal policing of youth. Specific informal responses, as well as factors that influence officer decision-making, are discussed. The findings suggest that the structural, cultural, and situational context of a rural setting uniquely affects police decision-making, highlighting the significance of geographic and sociocultural environment in use of discretion. The qualitative approach and analysis provide extensive detail regarding place-based effects on the police decision-making process, including officer motivations and how officers attribute meaning and contextually filter information in an encounter with youth. By illuminating the gray area of policing, these findings have implications for rural law enforcement training and practices and provide future direction for broader agency policy research.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78231553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital equipment – a game changer for police training?! Experiences of the Bavarian Police training","authors":"Michael Fuchs","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2067157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2067157","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Availability and appropriate use of digital devices are indispensable for modern learning and work environments. Compared to school and university education, however, there is hardly any empirical, scientifically sound knowledge available on this subject for the area of police training and education. The study therefore examined how the use of personally assigned digital devices such as tablet PCs and smartphones, as well as the use of interactive whiteboards, is related to the learning behaviour and academic performance of 99 police trainees during 18 months of police training. The results showed that a frequent use of digital devices was related to an improvement in learning behaviour and interest. The results on academic performance of these 99 police officers trainees compared to the trainees without personally assigned digital devices of the same cohort (N = 629) are mixed. The study points out several practical implications for the further implementation of digital devices, such as the need for training the police personnel, developing new didactic teaching methods as well as new teaching formats.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79094013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}