African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Thyroid testing in primary hypothyroidism.","authors":"Anshula Ambasta, Guillaume Grenet, Jessica Otte, Wade Thompson, Kenneth Bassett, Thomas Perry","doi":"10.4102/phcfm.v17i1.5043","DOIUrl":"10.4102/phcfm.v17i1.5043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thyroid hormones regulate essential metabolic processes and development. The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis regulates hormone production, with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels being a key indicator of thyroid function in primary hypothyroidism. This therapeutics letter emphasises a TSH-centred approach to the diagnosis and management of primary hypothyroidism (dysfunction at the level of the thyroid gland) in adults. It discourages routine thyroid function screening in asymptomatic individuals due to a lack of demonstrated benefit and potential harm from overdiagnosis and overtreatment. It outlines appropriate diagnostic strategies, including when to use TSH, free T4 (thyroxine), and free T3 (triiodothyronine) tests, and outlines indications for antibody testing. Special considerations are provided for subclinical hypothyroidism and hypothyroidism during pregnancy.</p>","PeriodicalId":47037,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine","volume":"17 1","pages":"e1-e4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12223887/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144545400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interventions for reaching men to improve HIV Testing Services in sub-Saharan Africa: A narrative review.","authors":"Lebogang G Matonyane, Andrew Ross, Sandra Qolesa, Zandile Sibeko","doi":"10.4102/phcfm.v17i1.4869","DOIUrl":"10.4102/phcfm.v17i1.4869","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong> The HIV Testing Services (HTS) are a vital component of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention initiatives, and the essential first step to healthcare. Men in South Africa have been shown to test for HIV at a lower rate than women, with a resulting higher mortality rate.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong> This narrative review aimed to describe the approaches used to improve the uptake of HTS by men both at the facility and community level in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong> Online databases were used to search for relevant studies published from 2019 to 2024 in English. A total of 475 records were identified, with 426 being included after duplicates were removed. After reviewing the abstracts, only 13 studies were included in the review.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong> This findings revealed three themes and seven sub-themes related to improving HTS uptake: improved access to testing (HIV self-testing, community-based testing and workplace testing), motivation and support (stakeholder involvement and creating a demand for testing) and health facility services (facility-based testing and services provided by male healthcare workers).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong> The limited number of studies highlights the need for more research into developing and testing interventions to encourage men to utilise HTS. A multipronged approach that includes various role-players can be beneficial. This needs to be supported by continuous demand creation utilising platforms such as social media, radio and local newspapers.Contribution: The study collates the interventions intended to encourage men to undertake HTS in SSA.</p>","PeriodicalId":47037,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine","volume":"17 1","pages":"e1-e13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12224067/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144545397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating emergency medical services and palliative care: A nominal group technique.","authors":"Caleb H Gage, Liz Gwyther, Julia Ambler, Jan Burke, Katya Evans, Linley Holmes, René Krause, Kaleb Lachenicht, Danielle Lincoln, Kerene Payne, Mpho Ratshikana-Moloko, Charnelle Stander, Willem Stassen","doi":"10.4102/phcfm.v17i1.4891","DOIUrl":"10.4102/phcfm.v17i1.4891","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong> The need for integrated healthcare has been increasingly recognised because of mounting challenges associated with the proliferation of injuries and noncommunicable diseases. A developing example of integration is between Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and palliative care. Despite recommendations for integration in South Africa (SA), these services remain segregated.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong> This study aimed to develop and prioritise approaches facilitating EMS and palliative care system integration within SA.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong> An online meeting was held with SA EMS and palliative care experts.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong> A nominal group technique was employed to answer the question, 'What do you think should be done to most effectively integrate EMS and palliative care services in SA?' Answers were categorised, awarded scores by participants, and ranked according to impact and feasibility.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong> The following categories were generated: Awareness, Education, Community Engagement, Communication and Information Sharing, Stakeholder Collaborations, Alternative Pathways and Approaches, Research, Funding, Policy Development and Governance. The top five individual approaches were: (1) enable EMS to administer already prescribed medications, (2) Emergency Medical Services undergraduate training in palliative care, (3) improve EMS recognition of signs of dying at the end-of-life, (4) palliative care awareness for the EMS community, and (5) palliative care awareness for in-hospital healthcare providers, particularly those in emergency medicine.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong> The categories developed in this study should be used to guide EMS and palliative care integration in SA. Future research should aim at establishing the safety and efficacy of these interventions.Contribution: This study provides a structured approach to integrating EMS and palliative care in SA, enhancing holistic care for patients with palliative needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":47037,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine","volume":"17 1","pages":"e1-e10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12224028/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144545396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acceptability of patient education for hypertension self-management among healthcare providers and beneficiaries in South Africa, 2024: A qualitative study.","authors":"Xoliswa Simelane, Juliana Kagura, Athini Nyatela, Samanta T Lalla-Edward","doi":"10.4102/phcfm.v17i1.4801","DOIUrl":"10.4102/phcfm.v17i1.4801","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong> The prevalence of hypertension (HTN) is increasing among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Self-management is vital for improving health outcomes and preventing disease progression. While education for HTN self-management has been implemented in South Africa, little is known about its acceptability.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong> The study aims to explore the acceptability of patient education for self-management of HTN among people living with HIV (PLWH) and HTN, and healthcare providers in Integrating HIV and hEART health in South Africa (iHEART-SA) intervention clinics.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong> The study was conducted in six primary health care facilities in Johannesburg.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong> A qualitative study design using in-depth interviews (IDIs) was conducted with 18 healthcare providers and 13 PLWH and HTN. Data were gathered using a semi-structured interview guide. Interviews were conducted in English and audio recorded for transcription and analysis. MAXQDA was used for analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong> The use of simple language, empowerment through knowledge and perceived health improvements were identified as facilitators of acceptability. Emotional discomfort attributable to booklet colours, diagnosis denial and staff shortages, were barriers. Ongoing training was the preferred strategy to enhance acceptability.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong> Acceptability of patient education among participants was high and can be enhanced via continuous trainings. Future research should further explore these aspects to refine and tailor interventions for diverse populations.Contribution: The study contributes to the body of literature about the acceptability of patient education for HTN self-management among healthcare providers and people with HIV and HTN. Findings can be used in improving education interventions using innovative approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":47037,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine","volume":"17 1","pages":"e1-e10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12223999/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144545394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Training in the speciality of General and Family Medicine in Angola: A cross-sectional study.","authors":"Clara T L Da Silva Fernandes, Isabel N Da Mata Ferreira, Manuel F D Dos Santos, Paulo Santos","doi":"10.4102/phcfm.v17i1.4812","DOIUrl":"10.4102/phcfm.v17i1.4812","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong> Primary healthcare plays a crucial role in health system, acting as the first line of assistance in preventing, treating and caring for diseases. In Angola, primary healthcare is a recent and developing reality.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong> To evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the Angolan General and Family Medicine speciality training programme, identifying areas for improvement and promotion of medical education quality.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong> Primary healthcare doctors in Angola, including General and Family Medicine specialists and residents in training.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong> A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2024 to June 2024 using an online structured questionnaire. The survey was distributed via email and messaging platforms to all primary care doctors practising in Angola. Participants were asked about their opinions regarding the education process and training conditions. Two open-ended questions complemented the data collection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong> A total of 584 doctors responded (61.1% females), with a mean age of 40.6 years. The most positively evaluated dimensions were faculty and mentoring, supervision, resident guidance, and programme evaluation. Conversely, the quality of infrastructure and access to educational resources were identified as major weaknesses in the training process.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong> Despite limitations in teaching materials and infrastructure, the overall perception of General and Family Medicine training in Angola is positive. There is a recognised opportunity to expand and strengthen the programme nationally.Contribution: These findings reflect the perspectives of primary care doctors in Angola and provide valuable insights for policymakers and medical institutions to reinforce a speciality essential to national health system development and population health outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":47037,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine","volume":"17 1","pages":"e1-e8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12223969/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144545411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Partner notification and STI patient experiences in Ekurhuleni East, Gauteng, South Africa.","authors":"Noluthando Mpobole, Raikane J Seretlo, Mathildah M Mokgatle","doi":"10.4102/phcfm.v17i1.4904","DOIUrl":"10.4102/phcfm.v17i1.4904","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong> Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a widespread public health concern, disproportionately impacting young adults. This group is at higher risk due to factors like limited knowledge, misconceptions about sexual health, inconsistent condom use, multiple sexual partners, and barriers to youth-friendly sexual and reproductive health services. Partner notification (PN) strategies are critical in STI control. Effective notification and communication with sexual partners can help break the infection chain and encourage early diagnosis and treatment. However, the dynamics of PN in young individuals remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong> To explore PN practices and experiences of STI-diagnosed patients with their sexual partners in the Ekurhuleni East sub-district, Gauteng, South Africa.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong> The study was conducted in five healthcare facilities in Ekurhuleni East.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong> Thirty participants were selected purposively, using an exploratory design. A semi-structured interview guide and in-depth face-to-face interviews were used. Data were analysed using thematic content analysis, following Braun and Clarke's six-phase approach: familiarisation, coding, theme identification, theme review, theme definition, and report production.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong> The study identifies key areas for improving STI prevention and PN. Low understanding and cultural attitudes around STIs highlight the need for culturally relevant health education. PN presents emotional and relational issues, including intimate partner abuse and casual relationships, indicating the need for supportive and adaptable notification methods.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong> The study highlights the importance of addressing knowledge gaps and cultural beliefs about STIs and promoting open communication in relationships.Contribution: This study contributes insights to healthcare policymakers and practitioners to improve STI management and safer sexual practices among young people.</p>","PeriodicalId":47037,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine","volume":"17 1","pages":"e1-e9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12224000/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144545398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retention of clients in HIV oral pre-exposure prophylaxis care in Engela, Namibia.","authors":"Kristiana Kosmas, Enos Moyo, Mbuzeleni Hlongwa, Perseverance Moyo, Tafadzwa Dzinamarira, Anna Shilunga","doi":"10.4102/phcfm.v17i1.4806","DOIUrl":"10.4102/phcfm.v17i1.4806","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong> Namibia has made tremendous progress in controlling the HIV epidemic. The progress has resulted in significant incidence and AIDS-related mortality reductions. However, new infections continue to persist.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong> The study aimed to measure the clients' retention rate in pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) care and associated factors.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong> Engela District, in Namibia's Ohangwena region.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong> We chose an analytical cross-sectional study design for this study. We selected 275 participants using a proportional stratified random sampling method. We used a self-administered questionnaire to collect data. We employed Chi-square tests and logistic regression for data analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong> Participants' retention rate in PrEP care at 3 months was 35.6%, 95% CI (35.2% - 36.0%). Binomial logistic regression showed that men and the unemployed were less likely to be retained in PrEP, crude odds ratio (OR) = 0.52, 95% CI (0.30-0.91), and OR = 0.27, 95% CI (0.15-0.49), respectively. Participants who were divorced or in a relationship were also less likely to be retained in PrEP care, OR = 0.41, 95% CI (0.18-0.96), and OR = 0.43 95% CI (0.23 - 0.80), respectively. Furthermore, participants at Engela District Hospital were less likely to be retained in PrEP care, OR = 0.52, 95% CI (0.29 -0.93).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong> Addressing the specific challenges unemployed individuals face in continuing on PrEP is crucial. Strategies should include decentralising PrEP services in the district and employing community-based models.Contribution: In addition, comprehensive PrEP education targeting men should be provided in diverse settings to improve their PrEP knowledge.</p>","PeriodicalId":47037,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine","volume":"17 1","pages":"e1-e8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12223995/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144545399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges and solutions to nurse-delivered integrated primary health care in Nelson Mandela Bay.","authors":"Zubrina Baartman, Cornelle Young, Justine C Baron","doi":"10.4102/phcfm.v17i1.4873","DOIUrl":"10.4102/phcfm.v17i1.4873","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong> Delivery of a comprehensive and integrated primary health care service to increase healthcare access, quality, equity and efficiency requires an effective working environment.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong> To explore perceptions of primary health care nurses in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, regarding the adequacy of their working environment for integrated primary health care service delivery.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong> Selected public primary health care clinics in a subdistrict of the Nelson Mandela Bay metropole, Eastern Cape, South Africa.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong> A qualitative descriptive explorative design was used. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine nurses working in the selected facilities. Data were thematically analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong> Availability of members of the multidisciplinary primary health care team, nurse competency, responsiveness and productivity levels compromise integrated primary health care. Service delivery is further negatively impacted by a lack of resources and non-optimal collaboration among members of the primary health care team.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong> Challenges to rendering an effective integrated primary health care service exist within the primary health care working environment. To significantly increase comprehensive and integrated primary health care service delivery as a quality component of South African healthcare, these challenges need to be addressed.Contribution: An evidence-based description of aspects of primary health care workspaces that compromise integrated primary health care delivery is provided. This information can be used to improve integrated primary health care services. Integrated services are a prerequisite for the Ideal Clinic Initiative, which is a foundation of the implementation of the National Health Insurance (NHI) scheme for South Africa.</p>","PeriodicalId":47037,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine","volume":"17 1","pages":"e1-e10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12223976/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144545395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Barriers and facilitators of incorporating Ubuntu principles in the integrated management of childhood illness.","authors":"Felicia O Meno, Fhumulani M Mulaudzi, Nombulelo V Sepeng","doi":"10.4102/phcfm.v17i1.4802","DOIUrl":"10.4102/phcfm.v17i1.4802","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong> Success in incorporating Ubuntu principles in the integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) requires collaboration between health professionals and families and assistance from their communities. Despite this, the literature reviewed is silent about exploring caregivers' perspectives regarding the barriers and facilitators of incorporating Ubuntu principles in managing childhood illness.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong> The study explored and described the barriers and facilitators of incorporating Ubuntu principles in managing childhood illness.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong> The study was conducted in selected primary healthcare settings, community health centres and clinics in the Mafikeng sub-district of the North West province.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong> The study was conducted using exploratory descriptive contextual, qualitative design. The 36 participants were selected using purposeful sampling. Data were collected through focus group discussions, and thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong> The study revealed three themes: the negative attitude of professional nurses, communication barriers and facilitators enhancing the incorporation of Ubuntu into IMCI. The findings indicated that health education of caregivers is crucial, the right allocation of nurses will facilitate the inclusion of Ubuntu into IMCI and the unannounced visit of government authorities will also facilitate the incorporation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong> The study illustrated that caregivers face several barriers hindering the incorporation of Ubuntu in IMCI. These findings support the need for healthcare providers to prioritise the incorporation of Ubuntu principles for better management of childhood illness for children under the age of five.Contribution: This is the first study to report the barriers and facilitators of incorporating Ubuntu principles into IMCI.</p>","PeriodicalId":47037,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine","volume":"17 1","pages":"e1-e8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12223842/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144209872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding implementation research.","authors":"Robert Mash, Juliet Nyasulu, Zelra Malan, Lisa Hirschhorn","doi":"10.4102/phcfm.v17i2.4934","DOIUrl":"10.4102/phcfm.v17i2.4934","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Implementation research (IR) focuses on understanding and closing the gap between evidence-based interventions and practice. Key elements to evaluate include the design of the intervention itself, contextual barriers and enablers to implementation, the use of implementation strategies as well as the achievement of implementation outcomes. This article gives an overview of IR for doctoral-level researchers in the fields of family medicine and primary care. The consolidated framework for IR and socioecological model are considered for making sense of the contextual factors. A typology of implementation strategies is also described to make conceptualisation, reporting and sharing of findings easier. Standard implementation outcomes are described, such as coverage or reach, acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, feasibility, fidelity, costs and sustainability. The RE-AIM framework for implementation outcomes is described. Finally, different study designs are discussed, including hybrid effectiveness-implementation designs and approaches to reporting using the IR logic model.</p>","PeriodicalId":47037,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine","volume":"17 2","pages":"e1-e7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12223990/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144209898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}