International Review of the Red Cross最新文献_第7页

IHL in the era of climate change: The application of the UN climate change regime to belligerent occupations 气候变化时代的国际人道法:联合国气候变化制度在交战占领中的应用

IF 0.7 4区社会学

International Review of the Red Cross Pub Date : 2023-05-12 DOI: 10.1017/S1816383123000188

R. E. Pezzot

引用次数: 1

The Inspector-General of the Australian Defence Force Afghanistan Inquiry Report and the applicability of Additional Protocol II to intervening foreign forces 澳大利亚国防军阿富汗调查监察长报告和《第二附加议定书》对干预外国部队的适用性

IF 0.7 4区社会学

International Review of the Red Cross Pub Date : 2023-05-10 DOI: 10.1017/S1816383123000140

C. McDougall

引用次数: 2

Will the centre hold? Countering the erosion of the principle of distinction on the digital battlefield 这一中心会保持下去吗?应对数字战场上区别原则的侵蚀

IF 0.7 4区社会学

International Review of the Red Cross Pub Date : 2023-05-10 DOI: 10.1017/S1816383123000152

K. Mačák

{"title":"Will the centre hold? Countering the erosion of the principle of distinction on the digital battlefield","authors":"K. Mačák","doi":"10.1017/S1816383123000152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383123000152","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article argues that the growing involvement of civilians in activities on the digital battlefield during armed conflicts puts individuals at risk of harm and contributes to the erosion of the principle of distinction, a cornerstone of international humanitarian law (IHL). The article begins by outlining the ongoing trend of civilianization of the digital battlefield and puts forward brief scenarios to illustrate it. It then examines the narrow circumstances under which such forms of civilian involvement may qualify as direct participation in hostilities under IHL, and discusses what this means for the individuals concerned, particularly from the perspective of their loss of protection under the law. The analysis shows that certain types of State conduct which put civilians in harm's way by inducing them to directly participate in hostilities may constitute standalone violations of IHL and human rights law obligations. Beyond these specific prescriptions, the encouragement of civilian involvement undermines the principle of distinction, with dangerous ripple effects on the interpretation of those rules of IHL that flow from it. Accordingly, the article concludes that States should act to reverse the trend of civilianization of the digital battlefield and refrain as much as possible from involving civilians in the conduct of cyber hostilities.","PeriodicalId":46925,"journal":{"name":"International Review of the Red Cross","volume":"6 1","pages":"965 - 991"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79799420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The legal limits to the destruction of natural resources in non-international armed conflicts: Applying international humanitarian law 非国际性武装冲突中破坏自然资源的法律限制:适用国际人道主义法

IF 0.7 4区社会学

International Review of the Red Cross Pub Date : 2023-04-26 DOI: 10.1017/S1816383123000139

Saeed Bagheri

引用次数: 0

Detonating the air: The legality of the use of thermobaric weapons under international humanitarian law 引爆空气:根据国际人道主义法使用温压武器的合法性

IF 0.7 4区社会学

International Review of the Red Cross Pub Date : 2023-04-17 DOI: 10.1017/S1816383123000115

A. Van Coller

{"title":"Detonating the air: The legality of the use of thermobaric weapons under international humanitarian law","authors":"A. Van Coller","doi":"10.1017/S1816383123000115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383123000115","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Thermobaric weapons cause damage and harm through overpressure and thermal effects, but secondary harm may also occur due to fragmentation, the consumption and depletion of ambient oxygen, and the release of toxic gases and smoke. Several international instruments prohibit or regulate weapons that generate asphyxiating or toxic gases, poison or poisoned weapons, chemical weapons, and weapons primarily designed to be incendiary. Thermobaric weapons are, however, primarily designed for blast and are not specifically covered by, or excluded from, the application of these instruments. The general customary law principles of international humanitarian law that determine the legality of the use of all weapons, including thermobaric weapons, prohibit causing superfluous injury and unnecessary suffering, and the use of indiscriminate weapons. Thermobaric weapons cause severe suffering but will not be rendered unlawful merely because of this effect. These weapons are also not automatically and inherently indiscriminate when used in their normal or designed circumstances. The use of thermobaric weapons, when directed at a military objective, while considering all feasible precautions to protect civilians and civilian objects and the principle of proportionality, will, as a result, be lawful in most circumstances. However, the use of thermobaric weapons should, in a similar manner to heavy explosive weapons, be avoided in urban or populated areas.","PeriodicalId":46925,"journal":{"name":"International Review of the Red Cross","volume":"97 1","pages":"1125 - 1151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82894382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Militarization and privatization of security: From the War on Drugs to the fight against organized crime in Latin America 军事化和安全私有化:从毒品战争到拉丁美洲打击有组织犯罪

IF 0.7 4区社会学

International Review of the Red Cross Pub Date : 2023-04-11 DOI: 10.1017/S1816383123000097

Antoine Perret

{"title":"Militarization and privatization of security: From the War on Drugs to the fight against organized crime in Latin America","authors":"Antoine Perret","doi":"10.1017/S1816383123000097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383123000097","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Fifty-two years ago, in 1971, President Nixon declared the “War on Drugs”, identifying drug abuse as a public enemy in the United States. Since then, US drug policy has been militarized and, more recently, privatized. Every year, the US government increasingly contracts private military and security companies to provide intelligence, logistical support and training to armed forces in drug-producing or drug-transit States. In Latin America, this militarization and privatization has increased the intensity of violence and has complexified domestic situations, to the extent that the existing international legal regimes now seem inappropriate to respond to the challenges posed by the War on Drugs. On the one hand, human rights law does not adequately address situations where the State faces organized crime groups that are able to control territory. On the other hand, international humanitarian law (IHL) was not created to address law enforcement situations, which the War on Drugs and the fight against organized crime ostensibly are. This article examines the situation in Latin America, looking at examples of different types of situations through the lens of intensity and organization of the group involved and, in some cases, the group's control over territory. It discusses the application of IHL and human rights law (focusing on the inter-American system of human rights) in these situations and their complementarity, and debates how these bodies of law are adapting or may need to be adapted.","PeriodicalId":46925,"journal":{"name":"International Review of the Red Cross","volume":"64 1","pages":"828 - 848"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81452881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Speech by Mirjana Spoljaric Egger, President of the International Committee of the Red Cross 红十字国际委员会主席米里亚娜·斯波尔贾里克·埃格讲话

IF 0.7 4区社会学

International Review of the Red Cross Pub Date : 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.1017/s1816383123000073

Mirjana Spoljaric Egger

引用次数: 0

Unveiling claims of discrimination based on nationality in the context of occupation under international humanitarian and human rights law 根据国际人道主义和人权法，揭露在占领背景下基于国籍的歧视主张

IF 0.7 4区社会学

International Review of the Red Cross Pub Date : 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.1017/S1816383123000085

George Dvaladze

引用次数: 0

(Transnational) Organized crime and corruption in conflict settings: Interview with Ms Ghada Waly (跨国有)冲突环境中的有组织犯罪和腐败:采访gada Waly女士

IF 0.7 4区社会学

International Review of the Red Cross Pub Date : 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.1017/S1816383123000048

G. Waly

引用次数: 0

Hidden stories: Survivors of organized crime 隐藏的故事:有组织犯罪的幸存者

IF 0.7 4区社会学

International Review of the Red Cross Pub Date : 2023-02-14 DOI: 10.1017/s1816383123000012

引用次数: 0