Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists最新文献

{"title":"Redefining the wildfire problem and scaling solutions to meet the challenge","authors":"Beverly Law, Ralph Bloemers, Nancy Colleton, Mackenzie Allen","doi":"10.1080/00963402.2023.2266941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2023.2266941","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTAs the climate warms, extended drought and heat events in the United States are driving an increase in acres burned and homes lost to wildfire. The most devastating wildfires happen when dry winds carry embers long distances, start spot fires and ignite homes. Burning homes then become the fuel that ignites other nearby homes, causing mass conflagrations. Today wildfire is largely approached as a problem that can be controlled through vegetation treatments and firefighting, but that strategy has not stopped the loss of homes and even entire communities. However, new observational and analytical tools have given firefighters, governments, and the public a better understanding of wildfire and how to prepare for it. By redefining the wildfire problem as a home ignition problem, communities can survive even extreme fires and can safely reintroduce fire to the land.KEYWORDS: Adaptationresiliencewildfire impactswildfire solutions Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).FundingRalph Bloemers and Nancy Colleton received support from the National Aeronautic and Space Administration for a portion of the research conducted for this article.FundingRalph Bloemers and Nancy Colleton received support from the National Aeronautic and Space Administration for a portion of the research conducted for this article.Additional informationFundingRalph Bloemers and Nancy Colleton received support from the National Aeronautic and Space Administration for a portion of the research conducted for this article.Notes on contributorsBeverly LawBeverly Law is a professor emeritus of Global Change Biology & Terrestrial Systems Science at Oregon State University, where she has worked for 25 years. She is a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union and has served on the US Carbon Cycle Science Steering Group and on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) expert panels. She has been a lead author of the National Climate Assessment, and co-author of National Research Council reports on verifying greenhouse gas emissions and air quality management.Ralph BloemersRalph Bloemers is the Director of Fire Safe Communities, Green Oregon Alliance. He produced the award-wininng documentary Elemental: Reimagine Wildfire (2023), https://www.elementalfilm.com. For over two decades, he has worked with scientists, tribes, conservation groups, government agencies and communities throughout the Pacific Northwest on the conservation of forests, including burned landscapes. He has investigated the causes of fires, documented wildlife and recovery in burned landscapes, and worked to help people and communities prepare for more fire in a hotter drier world.Nancy ColletonNancy Colleton leads the Arlington, Virginia-based Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, is a member of the National Space Council Users’ Advisory Group, and frequently writes on the need for improved environmental intelligence to better respond to climate change.Macken","PeriodicalId":46802,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists","volume":"28 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135975346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Charging ahead: Steven Chu, Nobel Prize-winner and former energy secretary, on today’s battery research—and more","authors":"Dan Drollette","doi":"10.1080/00963402.2023.2266938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2023.2266938","url":null,"abstract":"Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).FundingThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.FundingThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.Notes1. See “Taking stock: Steven Chu, former secretary of Energy, on fracking, renewables, nuclear weapons, and his work, post-Nobel Prize,” Dan Drollette Jr, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, November 1, 2016, https://thebulletin.org/2016/11/taking-stock-steven-chu-former-secretary-of-the-energy-department-on-fracking-renewables-nuclear-weapons-and-his-work-post-nobel-prize/.2. See “Toyota claims battery breakthrough in potential boost for electric cars,” by Rob Davies, The Guardian, July 4, 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/jul/04/toyota-claims-battery-breakthrough-electric-cars.3. A battery is a device that is able to store electrical energy in the form of chemical energy, and then convert that energy back into electricity when called upon. The chemical reactions in a battery involve the flow of electrons from one material (known as an anode) to another (known as a cathode), through an external circuit. This flow of electrons provides an electric current that can be used to do work—whether it be moving a car, operating a cell phone, or powering a laptop. To enable the electrons to move within the battery, they are carried by a liquid known as an electrolyte solution that is in contact with both the anode and cathode. Anodes and cathodes made from different substances produce different chemical reactions that affect how the battery works. In other words, what the anodes and cathodes are made of affects how much energy the battery can store and its voltage. For more, see “How a battery works” at https://www.science.org.au/curious/technology-future/batteries.4. See “The obsession with EV range is all wrong,” by Shannon Osaka, The Washington Post, July 7, 2023, https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-solutions/2023/07/07/ev-range-anxiety-battery-myth/.5. See “Global EV Outlook 2023: Trends in Batteries,” International Energy Agency, https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2023/trends-in-batteries.6. For more on EV batteries and weight, see https://blog.evbox.com/ev-battery-weight.7. As the name implies, a solid-state battery would be just that—a battery that does not use a liquid electrolyte solution to ferry the ions that make for a charge, such as what a lithium-ion battery does. A solid-state battery can also store more energy, pound for pound, than a battery that is liquid-based, and it does not run the same risks of overheating. It would also have more range and charge twice as fast. But this new technology is still very much in the R&D phase.8. According to energy.gov, the battery cell of a lithium-ion battery—the most common one used in","PeriodicalId":46802,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists","volume":"27 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135975351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction: Climate change—where are we now?","authors":"Dan Drollette","doi":"10.1080/00963402.2023.2268398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2023.2268398","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46802,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists","volume":"28 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135975345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Where climate journalism is now: Interview with Emily Atkin, the fire behind the <i>Heated</i> climate newsletter","authors":"Dan Drollette","doi":"10.1080/00963402.2023.2266937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2023.2266937","url":null,"abstract":"Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).FundingThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.FundingThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.Notes1. See https://heated.world/about.2. See “Introducing: The Fossil Fuel Ad Anthology,” Heated, Emily Atkin, December 13, 2019 https://heated.world/p/introducing-the-fossil-fuel-ad-anthology.3. See “Good Grief,” Columbia Journalism Review, Spring 2020, by Emily Atkin. https://www.cjr.org/special_report/good_grief.php.4. A few months before this interview, Atkin hired Arielle Samuelson, “a mid-career journalist, older than I am, whose judgement I could trust” to help with putting out Heated every week. Atkin said: “Heated is worker-owned. Arielle and I make the same amount of money, take the same amount of stock, have the same percentage of profits, and we leave the rest to someday hire another person.”5. See “Who gets arrested for climate crimes? People protesting the climate crisis are getting arrested around the world while actual alleged climate criminals walk free,” Heated, Emily Atkin and Arielle Samuelson, July 18, 2023 https://heated.world/p/who-gets-arrested-for-climate-crimes.6. The piece says “Musk is popularizing electric cars so we can keep driving everywhere. Gates is pushing carbon capture so we can keep using fossil fuels. Bezos is trying to move millions of humans to space while extracting energy from other planets so we can keep emitting carbon, but on other planets.” See “The climate colonizer mentality,” Heated, Emily Atkin, October 12, 2021 https://heated.world/p/the-climate-colonizer-mentality.7. See “When Exxon used Mickey Mouse to promote fossil fuels,” Heated, Emily Atkin, March 5, 2020 https://heated.world/p/when-exxon-used-mickey-mouse-to-promote.8. Atkin has worked fulltime at a number of journalism outlets including The New Republic, Sinclair Broadcast Group, and ThinkProgress, among others. Her freelance writing has appeared in places such as Slate, Mother Jones, Sojourners, CityLab, and The Hill. In addition, she’s appeared on MSNBC, CPAN, and NPR.9. See “Cranky Uncle: The smartphone game designed to fight climate denial,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, December 4, 2019, by John Cook https://thebulletin.org/2019/12/cranky-uncle-the-smartphone-game-designed-to-fight-climate-denial/.10. See “Peter Davis of the British Antarctic Survey on changes in the Thwaites Glacier,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May 1, 2020, by Dan Drollette Jr. https://thebulletin.org/premium/2020–05/peter-davis-of-the-british-antarctic-survey-on-changes-in-the-thwaites-glacier/.11. In 1991, a front group for a collection of fossil fuel and utility companies calling itself “Informed Citizens for the Environment” ran a series of ads claiming that the e","PeriodicalId":46802,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists","volume":"28 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135975342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nuclear weapons sharing, 2023","authors":"Hans M. Kristensen, Matt Korda, Eliana Johns, Mackenzie Knight","doi":"10.1080/00963402.2023.2266944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2023.2266944","url":null,"abstract":"The Nuclear Notebook is researched and written by the staff of the Federation of American Scientists’ Nuclear Information Project: director Hans M. Kristensen, senior research fellow Matt Korda, research associate Eliana Johns, and Scoville fellow Mackenzie Knight. The Nuclear Notebook column has been published in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists since 1987. This issue’s column examines the current state of global nuclear sharing arrangements, which include non-nuclear countries that possess nuclear-capable delivery systems for employment of a nuclear-armed state's nuclear weapons. To see all previous Nuclear Notebook columns, go to https://thebulletin.org/nuclear-notebook/.","PeriodicalId":46802,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135975347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conditional restraint: Why the India-Pakistan Kargil War is not a case of nuclear deterrence","authors":"Arzan Tarapore","doi":"10.1080/00963402.2023.2266943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2023.2266943","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTIn the 1999 Kargil War, India defended its territory from a Pakistani incursion but—in a departure from its historical behavior and standing war plans—chose not to expand the war with counter-attacks into Pakistan. Many observers attribute this restraint to nuclear deterrence, since India and Pakistan had become declared nuclear powers just a year earlier. In fact, India’s restraint was rooted not in deterrence, but specific strategic conditions. Those conditions no longer apply—and in a future conflict India may be encouraged to take especially risky and escalatory wartime action, which would pose an unprecedented test for nuclear deterrence.KEYWORDS: IndiaKargil WarPakistannuclear weapons AcknowledgmentsThe author wishes to thank Paul Kapur for helpful comments on an earlier draft.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).FundingThis article is based on research funded by the Stanton Foundation and administered through the Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University.FundingThis article is based on research funded by the Stanton Foundation and administered through the Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University.Additional informationFundingThis article is based on research funded by the Stanton Foundation and administered through the Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University.Notes on contributorsArzan TaraporeArzan Tarapore is a research scholar at the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University, where his research focuses on Indian military strategy and Indo-Pacific regional security. He is completing a book manuscript on the factors that shape Indian wartime strategy. He previously served in the Australian Defence Department.","PeriodicalId":46802,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists","volume":"27 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135975349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laying the groundwork for long-duration energy storage","authors":"Jeremy Twitchell","doi":"10.1080/00963402.2023.2266939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2023.2266939","url":null,"abstract":"The electric grid was designed to move large amounts of energy through space, but decarbonization goals will require it to also move energy through time—from days and seasons with a surplus of energy production to days and seasons with insufficient production. Long-duration energy storage technologies that can hold a large amount of electricity and distribute it over periods of many hours to days and even seasons will play a critical role in the clean energy transition. But creating an environment in which these nascent technologies can develop and thrive will require changes in how the grid is planned and built.","PeriodicalId":46802,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists","volume":"27 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135975350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate anxiety is not a mental health problem. But we should still treat it as one","authors":"Anne M. van Valkengoed","doi":"10.1080/00963402.2023.2266942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2023.2266942","url":null,"abstract":"Climate anxiety refers to pervasive worry and apprehension about climate change. Scholars have stressed that climate anxiety is a normal and healthy response to climate change that can motivate climate action and should therefore not be medicalized. This article considers the inadvertent consequences associated with not treating climate anxiety as a mental health problem.","PeriodicalId":46802,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists","volume":"28 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135975343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book excerpt—Catastrophic climate change: Lessons from the dinosaurs","authors":"Michael E. Mann","doi":"10.1080/00963402.2023.2266936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2023.2266936","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46802,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists","volume":"28 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135975344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Like writing the biography of a ghost”—Interview with Jeff Goodell, author of <i>The Heat Will Kill You First</i>","authors":"Dan Drollette","doi":"10.1080/00963402.2023.2266927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2023.2266927","url":null,"abstract":"Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).FundingThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.Additional informationFundingThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.Notes on contributorsDan DrolletteDan Drollette Jr. is the executive editor of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. He is a science writer/editor and foreign correspondent who has filed stories from every continent except Antarctica. His stories have appeared in Scientific American, International Wildlife, MIT’s Technology Review, Natural History, Cosmos, Science, New Scientist, and the BBC Online, among others. He was a TEDx speaker to Frankfurt am Main, Germany, and held a Fulbright Postgraduate Traveling Fellowship to Australia—where he lived for a total of four years. For three years, he edited CERN’s on-line weekly magazine about high-energy subparticle physics, in Geneva, Switzerland, where his office was 100 yards from the injection point of the Large Hadron Collider.","PeriodicalId":46802,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists","volume":"27 9‐10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135975348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}