Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction最新文献

{"title":"Incidence, Aetiology, and Associated Fracture Patterns of Infraorbital Nerve Injuries Following Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fractures: A Retrospective Analysis of 272 Patients.","authors":"Kathia Dubron,&nbsp;Maarten Verbist,&nbsp;Eman Shaheen,&nbsp;Titiaan Jacob Dormaar,&nbsp;Reinhilde Jacobs,&nbsp;Constantinus Politis","doi":"10.1177/19433875211022569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19433875211022569","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Study design: </strong>Retrospective study.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures are common facial injuries with heterogeneity regarding aetiologies, fracture types, infraorbital nerve (ION) involvement, and treatment methods. The aim of this study was to identify associations between aetiologies, fracture types, and neurological complications. Additionally, treatment methods and recovery time were investigated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Medical files of 272 patients with unilateral and bilateral ZMC fractures were reviewed, whose cases were managed from January 2014 to January 2019 at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University hospitals Leuven, Belgium. History of ION sensory dysfunction and facial nerve motoric dysfunction were noted during follow-up.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ION hypoaesthesia incidence was 37.3%, with the main causes being fall accidents, road traffic accidents, and interpersonal violence. Significant predictors of ION hypoaesthesia were Zingg type B fractures (<i>P</i> = 0.003), fracture line course through the infraorbital canal (<i>P</i> < .001), orbital floor fracture (<i>P</i> < 0.001), and ZMC dislocation or mobility (<i>P</i> = 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Of all ZMC fractures, 37.3% exhibited ION hypoaesthesia. Only ZMC Zingg type B fractures (74.0%) were significantly more associated with ION hypoaesthesia. ION hypoesthesia was more likely (OR = 2.707) when the fracture line course ran through the infraorbital canal, and was less dependent on the degree of displacement. Neuropathic pain symptoms developed after ZMC fractures in 2.2% patients, posing a treatment challenge. Neuropathic pain symptoms were slightly more common among women, and were associated only with type B or C fractures. No other parameters were found to predict the outcome of this post-traumatic neuropathic pain condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":46447,"journal":{"name":"Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction","volume":"15 2","pages":"139-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/19433875211022569","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9927983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facial Fractures Have Similar Outcomes When Managed by Either Otolaryngology or Plastic Surgery: Encounters From a Single Level I Trauma Center.","authors":"Ashton Christian,&nbsp;Beatrice J Sun,&nbsp;Nima Khoshab,&nbsp;Areg Grigorian,&nbsp;Christina Y Cantwell,&nbsp;Sean A Melucci,&nbsp;Allison C Hu,&nbsp;Catherine M Kuza,&nbsp;Michael E Lekawa,&nbsp;Jeffry Nahmias","doi":"10.1177/19433875211020615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19433875211020615","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Study design: </strong>Retrospective cohort.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Traumatic facial fractures (FFs) often require specialty consultation with Plastic Surgery (PS) or Otolaryngology (ENT); however, referral patterns are often non-standardized and institution specific. Therefore, we sought to compare management patterns and outcomes between PS and ENT, hypothesizing no difference in operative rates, complications, or mortality.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with FFs at a single Level I trauma center from 2014 to 2017. Patients were compared by consulting service: PS vs. ENT. Chi-square and Mann-Whitney-U tests were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 755 patients with FFs, 378 were consulted by PS and 377 by ENT. There was no difference in demographic data (<i>P</i> > 0.05). Patients managed by ENT received a longer mean course of antibiotics (9.4 vs 7.0 days, <i>P</i> = 0.008) and had a lower rate of open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) (9.8% vs. 15.3%, <i>P</i> = 0.017), compared to PS patients. No difference was observed in overall operative rate (15.1% vs. 19.8%), use of computed tomography (CT) imaging (99% vs. 99%), time to surgery (65 vs. 55 hours, <i>P</i> = 0.198), length of stay (LOS) (4 vs. 4 days), 30-day complication rate (10.6% vs. 7.1%), or mortality (4.5% vs. 2.6%) (all <i>P</i> > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study demonstrated similar baseline characteristics, operative rates, complications, and mortality between FFs patients who had consultation by ENT and PS. This supports the practice of allowing both ENT and PS to care for trauma FFs patients, as there appears to be similar standardized care and outcomes. Future studies are needed to evaluate the generalizability of our findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":46447,"journal":{"name":"Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction","volume":"15 2","pages":"111-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/19433875211020615","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9927984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implications of War and Healthcare.","authors":"Rui Fernandes, Seenu Susarla, Sat Parmar","doi":"10.1177/19433875221096728","DOIUrl":"10.1177/19433875221096728","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46447,"journal":{"name":"Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction","volume":"15 2","pages":"97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9133514/pdf/10.1177_19433875221096728.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9927990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Alternative Approach Using Circummandibular Wiring for Treatment of Dentoalveolar Fractures in Children: A Case Report.","authors":"José Henrique Santana Quinto,&nbsp;Andressa Bolognesi Bachesk,&nbsp;Lucas Costa Nogueira,&nbsp;Liogi Iwaki Filho","doi":"10.1177/1943387521990283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1943387521990283","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence of dentoalveolar injuries in children is approximately 25%, with falls from own height being one of the main etiologies. Diagnosis is based on the clinical evaluation associated with complementary imaging tests. The treatment of choice depends on the type of damage and structure affected. For alveolar process fractures, closed reduction and semi-rigid dental splinting for 4 to 6 weeks is generally satisfactory. However, some cases, such as severe segmental fractures, require open treatment to ensure adequate reduction and stabilization of the displaced alveolar segment, which is usually achieved by titanium miniplates and screws. Nevertheless, there are situations where this type of fixation is not possible, requiring alternative methods. Therefore, this article describes a surgical technique performed by open reduction, associating semi-rigid dental splint and circummandibular wiring in pediatric patient diagnosed with dentoalveolar fracture through clinical examination (with bone fracture displacement) and tomography. The technique promoted a good prognostic to the patient, proving to be a viable alternative for treating dentoalveolar fractures.","PeriodicalId":46447,"journal":{"name":"Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction","volume":"15 2","pages":"169-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1943387521990283","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9548826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Liability of Performing Orthognathic Surgery.","authors":"Steven Halepas,&nbsp;Brendan Bryck,&nbsp;Kevin C Lee,&nbsp;Alia Koch","doi":"10.1177/19433875211022530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19433875211022530","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Study design: </strong>This is a retrospective case series using the Thomson Reuters Westlaw Edge database, an online subscription-based database of over 40,000 state and federal records.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>There is growing academic interest in the medical malpractice literature. The primary objective of this study was to examine medical malpractice in orthognathic procedures in order to characterize factors that determine legal responsibility and help make the craniomaxillofacial (CMF) surgeon more comfortable when treating this patient population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The database was queried for medical malpractice cases involving orthognathic surgery from 1985-2021. The characteristics of each lawsuit were identified, and descriptive statistics were reported.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 42 CMF malpractice cases were available for review, and total of 15 cases were included in the final sample. Verdict decisions and settlements occurred between 1991 and 2012. Of the 15 cases, the highest concentration of cases occurred in California (6) and Pennsylvania (2). 53% of cases were ruled in favor of the defendant, 7% of cases were settled, 27% of cases were ruled in favor of the plaintiff against the surgeon, and 13% were ruled in favor of the plaintiff against the hospital with the surgeon being found not liable. The minimum award of damages was $29,999 and the maximum was $550,000.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Litigation experience can be very time consuming and troublesome for medical practitioners. The risk of litigation and complications might be a prohibiting factor as to why CMF surgeons may not be preforming orthognathic surgery. The best defense against a malpractice case is to avoid one altogether. Learning from past mistakes is one way of ensuring that goal.</p>","PeriodicalId":46447,"journal":{"name":"Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction","volume":"15 2","pages":"128-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/19433875211022530","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9548827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Slippery Slopes: Skiing-Related Facial Trauma in Adults.","authors":"Alissa C Galgano,&nbsp;Jason E Cohn,&nbsp;Jordan J Licata,&nbsp;Sammy Othman,&nbsp;Fred J Stucker,&nbsp;Paige Bundrick","doi":"10.1177/19433875211020933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19433875211020933","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Study design: </strong>Retrospective, observational, cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the incidence of skiing-related facial trauma and to identify their patterns in terms of potential risk factors, mechanism of injury, anatomical location, and degree of severity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data was collected using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System and included snow skiing-related incidents during the years 2009 to 2018. Specifically, injuries limited to the facial region including the head, face, eye(s), mouth, neck or ear(s) were reported. Patients with fractures were further classified by the study variables. Descriptive statistics were used to classify continuous variables while chi-square analysis was used to compare categorical variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 514 (n = 514) patients met the inclusion criteria within the study period. The majority of injuries were due to concussions (59%), followed by lacerations (18%), fractures (11%), contusions (11%) and dental injuries (1%). Of the fractures seen, the majority were nasal (30%) and cervical spine (30%), followed by midface (27%), mandible (9%) and skull (4%). In our population, head injuries were more common in females (80%) than in males (60%), whereas, mouth injuries were more common in males (8%) than females (1%) [χ² = 30.2, p < 0.001].</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Skiing-related craniofacial trauma remains a significant mechanism of injury. Our data illustrates a need to correlate these injuries to the use of personal protective equipment. Furthermore, this data calls for the strict implementation of such equipment and the development of safety protocols to further prevent deleterious injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":46447,"journal":{"name":"Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction","volume":"15 2","pages":"122-127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/19433875211020933","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9556593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epistaxis After Orthognathic Surgery: Literature Review and Three Case Studies.","authors":"Alisa Girard,&nbsp;Christopher D Lopez,&nbsp;Jonlin Chen,&nbsp;David Perrault,&nbsp;Nikhil Desai,&nbsp;Karl C Bruckman,&nbsp;Scott P Bartlett,&nbsp;Robin Yang","doi":"10.1177/19433875211008086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19433875211008086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Study design: </strong>This is a literature review with 3 case studies.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Intraoperative and postoperative bleeding are the most common complications of orthognathic surgery and have the potential to become life-threatening. The rarity of severe postoperative epistaxis has resulted in limited characterization of these cases in the literature. The purpose of this study is to 1) differentiate various presentations of epistaxis following orthognathic surgery in the literature, 2) identify management approaches, and 3) to synthesize a treatment algorithm to guide future management of postoperative epistaxis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature search of PubMed was conducted and 28 cases from 17 studies were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bleeding within the first week may indicate isolated epistaxis, often resolved with local tamponade. Half of cases were attributed to pseudoaneurysm rupture (n = 14), with epistaxis onset ranging from postoperative day 6 to week 9. Angiography was used in most cases (n = 17), often as the primary imaging modality (n = 11). Nasal endoscopy is a less invasive and effective alternative to angiography with embolization. Proximal vessel ligation was used in 3 cases but is not preferred because collaterals may reconstitute flow through the defect and cause rebleeding. Repeat maxillary down-fracture with surgical exploration was described in 4 cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>As outlined in our management algorithm, nasal packing and tamponade should be followed by either local electrocautery or vascular imaging. Angiography with embolization is the preferred approach to diagnosis and management, whereas surgical intervention is reserved for cases of embolization failure or unavailability.</p>","PeriodicalId":46447,"journal":{"name":"Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction","volume":"15 2","pages":"147-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/19433875211008086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9556598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pneumomediastinum as a Complication of Oral and Maxillofacial Injuries: Report of 3 Cases and a 50-Year Systematic Review of Case Reports.","authors":"Ioannis Yiannis Papadiochos,&nbsp;Stavros-Evangelos Sarivalasis,&nbsp;Meg Chen,&nbsp;Lampros Goutzanis,&nbsp;Aristotelis Kalyvas","doi":"10.1177/1943387521997236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1943387521997236","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Pneumomediastinum (PM) secondary to oromaxillofacial trauma (OMF) is a rare but well-described complication/pathologic finding. The aim of this study was twofold: first, to report our experience in treatment of maxillofacial trauma patients with PM, and second, to review the literature regarding the clinical features, severity, course, and management of the aforementioned complication. Material and methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and charts of patients who suffered from maxillofacial trauma and treated in our hospital between September 1, 2013 and September 31, 2017. The inclusion criteria were patients with radiologically confirmed PM. In addition, the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct were queried for articles reporting PM cases secondary to OMF injuries and published in English, French, and German language. Results: Three cases of PM out of 3,514 cases of craniomaxillofacial trauma were found; there were 3 male patients who presented in our emergency department with the chief complaint of cervicofacial swelling. Literature search isolated 58 selected articles and 63 cases were assessed in total; posttraumatic repeated blowing of nose was proved as most frequent triggering factor among them. Furthermore, the outcomes of review showed that thoracic pain, respiratory distress, and swallowing difficulties were not frequently reported in patients with ME due to facial trauma. Conclusions: Both our experience and the results of systematic literature review indicated that patients with PM due to OMF injuries present mild clinical course. If properly managed, this specific pathologic condition may have no further complications or relative comorbidities. The exact etiology and mechanism of PM in the context of maxillofacial injuries always needs to be identified. Radiographic, laboratory, and endoscopic examinations should be applied to rule out the more serious and frequently diagnosed aerodigestive, thoracic, and abdominal causes of PM.","PeriodicalId":46447,"journal":{"name":"Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction","volume":"15 1","pages":"72-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1943387521997236","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9359014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maxillofacial Trauma and COVID-19: A Review of the First 6 Months of the Pandemic.","authors":"Steven G Press","doi":"10.1177/19433875211002050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19433875211002050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Study design: </strong>Retrospective cohort study.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in late December 2019 has spread globally resulting in a pandemic of respiratory illness. The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic on the epidemiology of maxillofacial trauma at an urban trauma center.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study sample was derived from the population of patients who presented for evaluation and management of maxillofacial injuries at TriStar Skyline Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee beginning March 1, 2020 and ending August 31, 2020, compared to the same period in 2019. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were calculated for study variables in each cohort with significance set at P < .05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The number of subjects in the 2020 cohort (n = 212) was 4.2% higher than the 2019 cohort (n = 203). Volume decreased 24.5% during the initial phase of the pandemic with a 36.1% increase in volume occurring during the reopening phase (P = .003). Volume related to interpersonal decreased 52.4% during the initial phase of the pandemic with a rebound increase of 30% during reopening (P = .005).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The first case of COVID-19 presented in Nashville, Tennessee in early March 2020. Over the next 6 months, periods of lockdown and reopening transpired. The volume of maxillofacial trauma decreased during the initial 3-months of the pandemic and rebounded to volumes greater than the year prior.</p>","PeriodicalId":46447,"journal":{"name":"Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction","volume":"15 1","pages":"34-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/19433875211002050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9375393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FACE AHEAD 2022 Abstracts Supplement","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/19433875221091460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19433875221091460","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Virtual 3D planning of orthognathic surgery has become the gold standard of modern orthognathic surgery, but questions about precision remain crucial. The objective of the study was to evaluate precision of the digital 3D orthognathic surgery plan for bimaxillary surgery compared to the actual surgical outcome in all three dimensions. Materials and Methods: 30 patients were involved in the present study (11 male; 19 females; average age 23.7 years). 24 patients were Class III and 6 were Class II. The preoperative and postoperative CBCT after bimaxilary surgery of each patient was superimposed. Eleven dental and skeletal points were used for comparisonbetweentherealanddigitaloutcomeinallthreeplanes. Results: In our study, average measurement values for all points were less than 2 mm. After further scrutiny of cases with larger discrepancies it was discovered that those cases were planned without “ piggy-back ” fi nal occlusion de fi nition method. In ad-dition, these cases had pronounced facial asymmetry and occlusal Conclusion: Method of surgical outcome precision analysis presented in this paper provides better insight about discrepancies that may arise from virtual plan to surgical outcome. The results indicate that 3D digital planning of orthodontic surgery, if transferred appropriately, is an accurate assessment of the surgical outcome and there is no clinically signi fi cant difference between the planned and actual position. More improvements and innovations in virtual planning software could further improve surgical outcome precision. AbstractObjectives: Nowadays, one of the most used technologies are using digital assistance such as surgical guides or based on stereolithography. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the advantages of using the digital technology in repairing complex defects of the mandible. Material and Methods: The study was performed on a group of 16 patients with mandible defects following tumor pathology. To reconstruct the defect, using a digital technique, we made preoperatory the surgical guides in 3 cases and, based on the stereolithic printed model, titanium plates were preoperatively shaped in 13 cases. Results: The mandible bone contours were adequately reconstructed with satisfactory restoration of the shape. The complexity and duration of the surgery were decreased, and the precision of the reconstruction was greatly increased. Conclusion: The use of digital assistance methods as an aid to repairing defects located on the mandible is more ef fi cient, implying shorter surgery time, fewer postoperative complications, and also a lower stress level of the surgeons. AbstractObjectives: Bony orbits have usually quite symmetrical volume and surface anatomy of unaffected orbit has been used as a reference in surgical planning of orbital fracture reconstruction. Little is known about the changes in orbit volume and shape symmetry with increasing age. Purpose of this study was to study whether age has an in","PeriodicalId":46447,"journal":{"name":"Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction","volume":"15 1","pages":"1 - 49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49039430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}