University of Toronto Law Journal最新文献

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Foreword 前言
IF 0.6 4区 社会学
University of Toronto Law Journal Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.3138/utlj-2023-s1
J. R. Abella
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引用次数: 0
A milestone in Canadian legal history 加拿大法律史上的里程碑
IF 0.6 4区 社会学
University of Toronto Law Journal Pub Date : 2023-07-25 DOI: 10.3138/utlj-2023-0027
Bradley Miller, Heidi Bohaker, Lori Chambers, Michel Morin
{"title":"A milestone in Canadian legal history","authors":"Bradley Miller, Heidi Bohaker, Lori Chambers, Michel Morin","doi":"10.3138/utlj-2023-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/utlj-2023-0027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This review essay critically examines the first volume, covering the period from pre-contact until 1866, of a three-volume history of law in Canada. The essay assesses, in particular, how the book deals with Indigenous law and Indigenous-settler legal relations as well as the histories of private law and criminal justice in the French and British colonies that now constitute Canada. The book is an extraordinary achievement. It surveys a vast number of legal issues across the three foundational legal traditions in Canada (Indigenous, French, and English), draws together a huge array of scholarly works and primary sources, and presents an impressive number of new arguments and interpretations. The review essay also examines how the book highlights issues where more research is needed because crucial questions remain unanswered as well as areas where the book could be revised for a future second edition. Overall, the essay concludes that this is a must-read work for anyone interested in Canadian legal history and the histories of Indigenous-settler relations and colonization. This book is a milestone in the discipline of Canadian legal history and will be a standard work for generations of scholars.","PeriodicalId":46289,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Law Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139355469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Reconciliation Project of Labour Law 劳动法的和解工程
IF 0.6 4区 社会学
University of Toronto Law Journal Pub Date : 2023-07-25 DOI: 10.3138/utlj-2023-0071
Supriya Routh
{"title":"The Reconciliation Project of Labour Law","authors":"Supriya Routh","doi":"10.3138/utlj-2023-0071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/utlj-2023-0071","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Historically, in Canada, labour law has not only failed to protect Indigenous working people from the exclusionary logic of (colonization-induced) market capitalism but also marginalized (peripheral and vulnerable) working people among the settlers. In spite of the Canadian judiciary's attempt to articulate a broader vision of labour law through the values of justice, liberty, equity, and participatory democracy, the foundational private contractual rationale of labour law acts as a constraint on the judiciary's ability to develop a broader– and more inclusive–regulatory justification. In this article, I suggest that this tension between expansive normative values and narrow (exclusionary) regulatory justification of labour law could be usefully addressed by employing the idea of reconciliation, originally conceived to fashion the relationship between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples in Canada. I argue that an appropriately formulated idea of reconciliation should be able to promote a more inclusive conceptual foundation of labour law, one that is receptive of non-Eurocentric world-views in its foundational narrative and democratic in its continued execution. In so aiding labour law, the reconciliation perspective can close the gap between normative values and regulatory justification of the discipline.","PeriodicalId":46289,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Law Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44631882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Opening remarks at the University of Toronto Conference, September 2022: Justice Beyond Borders 2022年9月,多伦多大学会议开幕词:超越国界的正义
IF 0.6 4区 社会学
University of Toronto Law Journal Pub Date : 2023-07-25 DOI: 10.3138/utlj-2023-0061
John Dyson
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引用次数: 0
Equality, Equity, and Algorithms: Learning from Justice Rosalie Abella 平等、公平和算法:向罗莎莉·阿贝拉法官学习
IF 0.6 4区 社会学
University of Toronto Law Journal Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.3138/utlj-2023-0064
M. Minow
{"title":"Equality, Equity, and Algorithms: Learning from Justice Rosalie Abella","authors":"M. Minow","doi":"10.3138/utlj-2023-0064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/utlj-2023-0064","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In the United States, employers, schools, and governments can face two competing legal requirements regarding racial classifications: on the one hand, there are legal restrictions against conscious uses of racial classifications, and on the other hand, there are rules forbidding racially disparate impacts. Growing use of machine learning and other predictive algorithmic tools heightens this tension as employers and other actors use tools that make choices about contrasting definitions of equality and anti-discrimination; design algorithmic practices against explicit or implicit uses of certain personal characteristics associated with historic discrimination; and address inaccuracies and biases in the data and algorithmic practices. Justice Rosalie Abella's approach to equality issues, highly influential in Canadian law, offers guidance by directing decision makers to (a) acknowledge and accommodate differences in people's circumstances and identities; (b) resist attributing to personal choice the patterns and practices of society, including different starting points and opportunities; and (c) resist consideration of race or other group identities as justification when used to harm historically disadvantaged groups, but permit such consideration when intended to remedy historic exclusions or economic disadvantages.","PeriodicalId":46289,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Law Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46350299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Lessons From the American Innocence Projects 美国清白项目的经验教训
IF 0.6 4区 社会学
University of Toronto Law Journal Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.3138/utlj-2023-0057
Kent Roach
{"title":"Lessons From the American Innocence Projects","authors":"Kent Roach","doi":"10.3138/utlj-2023-0057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/utlj-2023-0057","url":null,"abstract":"This review essay examines recent trends in American wrongful conviction scholarship. Despite calls for a ‘criminology’ of wrongful conviction, narrative about actual cases remains important. The two books reviewed explore the ambiguities and challenges of innocence work by examining cases where the authors represented wrongfully convicted persons without DNA evidence. The books both critique restrictions on post-conviction relief in the American Federal Courts. These restrictions are assessed as examples of American ‘extra-legalism’ where a very complex legal system frequently produces unjust results and fails to provide redress and accountability for injustice. The role of equality and non-discrimination norms in wrongful convictions discourse are also assessed. Valena Beety’s call for a substantive and social justice approach focused on ‘manifest justice’ and fundamental reforms to the American criminal justice system is compared to Daniel Medwed’s more narrow focus on factual innocence. It is argued that Beety’s more ambitious approach is normatively superior and more easily applied outside the distinct context of American mass imprisonment and extra-legalism.","PeriodicalId":46289,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Law Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139362961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Contractual Howlers: A Russian Bond Case Study 契约咆哮者:俄罗斯债券案例研究
IF 0.6 4区 社会学
University of Toronto Law Journal Pub Date : 2023-06-16 DOI: 10.3138/utlj-2023-0004
Robert E. Scott, Stephen J. Choi, Mitu G. Gulati
{"title":"Contractual Howlers: A Russian Bond Case Study","authors":"Robert E. Scott, Stephen J. Choi, Mitu G. Gulati","doi":"10.3138/utlj-2023-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/utlj-2023-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Both theorists and courts commonly assume that high-dollar financial contracts between sophisticated parties are free of linguistic errors: sophisticated parties, the thinking goes, will carefully express their shared intentions and eliminate any troublesome gaps and glitches. Consistent with this assumption, most courts interpret the language of commercial contracts literally according to the plain or ordinary meaning of the words in the agreement. An examination of contracts governing Russian bonds outstanding in 2022, however, reveals a large number of potentially troublesome contractual gaps and glitches. We refer to these linguistic irregularities as ‘howlers’ in order to highlight the significant litigation risks they create. In this article, we use interviews with market participants to assess the causes of the contractual howlers we observe in the Russian bonds. The presence of howlers undermines the core assumption that justifies the literal interpretive approach used by courts for contracts between sophisticated parties.","PeriodicalId":46289,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Law Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44086178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Explainability and the Epistemic Division of Labour in Adjudication 裁判中的可解释性与认知分工
IF 0.6 4区 社会学
University of Toronto Law Journal Pub Date : 2023-06-16 DOI: 10.3138/utlj-2023-0003
Vincent Chiao, Martin Heslop
{"title":"Explainability and the Epistemic Division of Labour in Adjudication","authors":"Vincent Chiao, Martin Heslop","doi":"10.3138/utlj-2023-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/utlj-2023-0003","url":null,"abstract":"The ‘black box’ quality of contemporary algorithmic tools raises concerns related to their use in court because of the law’s emphasis on explanations, transparency, and public reasons. We argue that the problems of explainability associated with contemporary algorithmic tools are, from a legal perspective, neither sui generis nor irreconcilable with existing norms. We distinguish between the types of explanations required by fact-finders and those required from judges. We conclude that apparent tensions can be reconciled by attending to the epistemic division of labour between the legal and scientific communities, contextualizing expert evidence appropriately, and distinguishing between explanation as reconstruction and as justification.","PeriodicalId":46289,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Law Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41318463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Courts as Data Guardians for the Public Good 法院是公共利益的数据守护者
IF 0.6 4区 社会学
University of Toronto Law Journal Pub Date : 2023-06-16 DOI: 10.3138/utlj-2023-0005
Emily S. Taylor Poppe
{"title":"Courts as Data Guardians for the Public Good","authors":"Emily S. Taylor Poppe","doi":"10.3138/utlj-2023-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/utlj-2023-0005","url":null,"abstract":"In an increasingly digital world, where data-driven decision making and technology-enhanced workflows are the norm, civil courts lag behind. Despite the rise in electronic filing, many civil court records remain inaccessible and unused by court administrators and other government actors. Meanwhile, for-profit companies increasingly compile court records into massive datasets that facilitate sophisticated legal analytics. This discrepancy between public and private approaches results in unfulfilled potential for court records to inform court operations, procedural rule making, and substantive policy. This article argues for a future in which courts address these failures and take on the role of data guardians for the public good.","PeriodicalId":46289,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Law Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43580981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An Evidence-Based Approach to Private Ordering 一种基于证据的私人订购方法
IF 0.6 4区 社会学
University of Toronto Law Journal Pub Date : 2023-06-16 DOI: 10.3138/utlj-2023-0002
Benjamin Alarie, Albert H. Yoon
{"title":"An Evidence-Based Approach to Private Ordering","authors":"Benjamin Alarie, Albert H. Yoon","doi":"10.3138/utlj-2023-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/utlj-2023-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Private ordering – where private actors regulate, enforce, and resolve disputes on their own – has in recent years expanded across business, commercial, and financial sectors. Parties have economic and reputational incentives to take this approach over adjudication by the courts. Parties may prefer private ordering for reasons of process, substance, or both. Even when disputes come before them, courts often defer to parties’ private ordering. Their rationale: parties possess a stronger understanding of their intentions than do courts. This strong assumption, however, depends on parties’ knowledge and relative bargaining strength. In many instances, parties operate under incomplete or imperfect information; additional information could allow parties to enter into more efficient and more fair agreements ex ante, while better informing courts’ approach to adjudicating disputes arising from private ordering ex post. The emergence of artificial intelligence in legal technology – specifically in its ability to analyze vast amounts of data – can help advance this augmented informational objective. If made broadly accessible, AI has the potential to equalize information and bargaining power between parties. An empirical evaluation of the validity of assumptions that underpin the general support for private ordering can also be instructive for judges. For this reason, courts have an important role to play in the evolution of private law. Their ability to understand and harness AI can in the short term lead to more effective judicial oversight with respect to private ordering. Over the long term, courts can empower parties to make more informed choices when interacting with one another, reducing inefficiencies and rents.","PeriodicalId":46289,"journal":{"name":"University of Toronto Law Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46139914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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