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International Standards for Regulatory Deference Relating to National Food Control Systems: More to Do? 与国家食品控制系统有关的国际标准：还有更多工作要做？
IF 2.9
European Journal of Risk Regulation Pub Date : 2024-03-07 DOI: 10.1017/err.2024.9
Steve Wearne, Nicola Hinder, Tom Heilandt
{"title":"International Standards for Regulatory Deference Relating to National Food Control Systems: More to Do?","authors":"Steve Wearne, Nicola Hinder, Tom Heilandt","doi":"10.1017/err.2024.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2024.9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper describes how the development of texts on regulatory deference by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) addresses relevant recommendations of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and supports Member countries of CAC in their negotiation and implementation of equivalence agreements. We consider the role and function of CAC within a rules-based multilateral framework, particularly in relation to the development and implementation of equivalence concepts. We then consider whether, through use of equivalence agreements, trade facilitation outcomes have been realised. Our hypothesis is that international standards on regulatory deference promote fair but aspirational standards and support fair practices in the trade of safe food – both vital outcomes for global food security and the achievement of many of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. We test this hypothesis against the framework provided by decisions of the WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary Committee. We argue that the equivalence concepts and guidelines developed by CAC are appropriate but underutilised tools available for Member countries to strike a balance between their right to regulate to protect human, animal or plant life and health and to fulfil legitimate objectives whilst meeting their WTO obligations to avoid measures that constitute unnecessary barriers to trade.</p>","PeriodicalId":46207,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Risk Regulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140056132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Chinese Perspectives on the Rule of Law in International Economic Law 国际经济法中的中国法治视角
IF 2.9
European Journal of Risk Regulation Pub Date : 2024-03-07 DOI: 10.1017/err.2024.10
Jun Xiao
{"title":"Chinese Perspectives on the Rule of Law in International Economic Law","authors":"Jun Xiao","doi":"10.1017/err.2024.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2024.10","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the currently volatile global economic environment, China’s perspectives on the rule of law in international economic law are of significance. In principle, China shares developing countries’ attitudes towards international economic law. China also seeks to play a constructive role in the development of international economic law, endorsing a flexible and pragmatic approach. China has concluded international trade and investment treaties designed to constrain its policy space and is an active supporter of the World Trade Organization’s dispute settlement and investor-state dispute settlement mechanisms, with a good record of compliance. Recent trade tensions demonstrate challenges for the international rule of law but also emphasise the role of law in overcoming political challenges.","PeriodicalId":46207,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Risk Regulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140258836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Between Aims and Execution: Value Trade-Offs in the Practical Implementation of the European Arrest Warrant? 目标与执行之间：欧洲逮捕令实际执行中的价值权衡？
IF 2.9
European Journal of Risk Regulation Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.1017/err.2024.3
Bjorn Kleizen, Jay Wynen, Veronica Junjan
{"title":"Between Aims and Execution: Value Trade-Offs in the Practical Implementation of the European Arrest Warrant?","authors":"Bjorn Kleizen, Jay Wynen, Veronica Junjan","doi":"10.1017/err.2024.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2024.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The European Union (EU) increasingly develops and implements policies infused with salient and sometimes conflicting values – for instance, in migration and criminal law cooperation. However, policy implementation studies have not frequently considered how such complex value trade-offs may affect practical implementation within Member States. This article therefore quantitatively and temporally examines the practical implementation of an EU flagship criminal law measure: the simplified extradition system known as the European Arrest Warrant (EAW). Using data on EAWs decided upon by the Dutch Amsterdam District Court, we test the impact of value trade-offs by examining whether (newly introduced) safeguards for the protection of requested persons adversely affect system efficiency (measured through case turnover times). The results suggest that the design of legal tests and adjustments made to the EAW system over time through the Court of Justice of the European Union affect the balance between fundamental rights protection and efficiency in the practical implementation of the EAW.</p>","PeriodicalId":46207,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Risk Regulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140036934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Shell and the Climate Case: Is the Shell Group the “Cheapest Cost Avoider”? 壳牌与气候案例：壳牌集团是 "最廉价的成本规避者 "吗？
IF 2.9
European Journal of Risk Regulation Pub Date : 2024-02-29 DOI: 10.1017/err.2024.5
Arnald J. Kanning
{"title":"Shell and the Climate Case: Is the Shell Group the “Cheapest Cost Avoider”?","authors":"Arnald J. Kanning","doi":"10.1017/err.2024.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2024.5","url":null,"abstract":"The Hague District Court in the Netherlands faced a novel tort law issue in 2021 in <jats:italic>Milieudefensie et al v Royal Dutch Shell plc</jats:italic> – namely, whether Shell is liable in tort for the reduction costs of carbon dioxide produced in the end use of energy-carrying Shell products. The civil lawsuit aims to make Shell (re)search for adequate substitutes so as to enable Shell’s customers to reduce their consumption of energy-carrying Shell products. It is argued here that Shell’s liability should be assessed within Guido Calabresi’s “cheapest cost avoider” framework.","PeriodicalId":46207,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Risk Regulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140026516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Air Pollution as a Whole: The Court of Justice Strengthens Environmental Standards in the Ambient Air Quality Directive over Contrasting Industrial Emissions Directive Derogations 整体空气污染：法院加强《环境空气质量指令》中的环境标准而非相互矛盾的《工业排放指令》例外规定
IF 2.9
European Journal of Risk Regulation Pub Date : 2024-02-29 DOI: 10.1017/err.2024.6
Walter Bruno
{"title":"Air Pollution as a Whole: The Court of Justice Strengthens Environmental Standards in the Ambient Air Quality Directive over Contrasting Industrial Emissions Directive Derogations","authors":"Walter Bruno","doi":"10.1017/err.2024.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2024.6","url":null,"abstract":"On 9 March 2023, the Court of Justice (Second Chamber) delivered a preliminary ruling about the coordination of two European Union measures against air pollution: the Industrial Emissions Directive and the Ambient Air Quality Directive. Upon assessment, the Court reinforced the mandatory nature of the air quality limit values vis-à-vis possible derogations foreseen in the Industrial Emissions Directive. In this case, both AG Kokott and the Second Chamber affirmed the primacy of the air quality standards. However, this Case Note finds that slightly different reasoning between the AG Opinion and the final Judgment reveals differing underlying approaches. Whilst the AG focuses on air quality plans and leaves more room for discretion to national authorities, the final Judgment anchors the coordination of the two Directives to strict and objective pollution limit values, further strengthening the Ambient Air Quality Directive as an effective instrument of environmental protection litigation.","PeriodicalId":46207,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Risk Regulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140025154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
“More than Words”: A Legal Approach to the Risks of Commercial Chatbots Powered by Generative Artificial Intelligence "不只是语言从法律角度看人工智能商业聊天机器人的风险
IF 2.9
European Journal of Risk Regulation Pub Date : 2024-02-29 DOI: 10.1017/err.2024.4
Sara Migliorini
{"title":"“More than Words”: A Legal Approach to the Risks of Commercial Chatbots Powered by Generative Artificial Intelligence","authors":"Sara Migliorini","doi":"10.1017/err.2024.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2024.4","url":null,"abstract":"The recent commercial release of a new generation of chatbot systems, particularly those leveraging Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, has caught the world by surprise and sparked debate about their potential consequences for society. While concerns about the existential threat posed by these technologies are often discussed, it is crucial to shift our focus towards the more immediate risks associated with their deployment. Such risks are further compounded by the lack of proactive measures addressing users’ literacy and the for-profit model via which these chatbots are distributed. Drawing on research in computer science and other fields, this paper looks at the immediate risks triggered by these products and reflects on the role of law within a broader policy directed at steering generative artificial intelligence technology towards the common good. It also reviews the relevant amendments proposed by the European Parliament to the European Commission’s proposal for an AI Act.","PeriodicalId":46207,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Risk Regulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140025237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Assessing the quality of European Impact Assessments 评估欧洲影响评估的质量
IF 2.9
European Journal of Risk Regulation Pub Date : 2024-02-19 DOI: 10.1017/err.2023.83
Diana-Maria Danciu, Laura Martens, Wim Marneffe
{"title":"Assessing the quality of European Impact Assessments","authors":"Diana-Maria Danciu, Laura Martens, Wim Marneffe","doi":"10.1017/err.2023.83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2023.83","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the possibility of developing a framework to assess the quality of Impact Assessments (IAs) by examining the common elements found in the existent academic literature around this concept, the stocktaking exercises carried out by the European institutions and the opinions of the Regulatory Scrutiny Board. At this intersection, we find that diversity in the interpretation and application of the guidelines is not only acceptable but also necessary in tailoring IAs to the needs they represent. Our findings are relevant because a universal framework that avoids focusing solely on assessing quality not only will provide much-needed coherence in this field but will also raise awareness about the normality of variability in the application of any European Union guidelines, thus reflecting the inherent nature of the IAs.","PeriodicalId":46207,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Risk Regulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139955970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Transnational Narratives and Regulation of GMO Risks by G.C. Leonelli, Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2021, ISBN 9781509937387, 328 pp. 转基因生物风险的跨国叙述与监管》，G.C. Leonelli 著，牛津，哈特出版社，2021 年，国际标准书号 9781509937387，328 页。
IF 2.9
European Journal of Risk Regulation Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.1017/err.2024.2
Mary Dobbs
{"title":"Transnational Narratives and Regulation of GMO Risks by G.C. Leonelli, Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2021, ISBN 9781509937387, 328 pp.","authors":"Mary Dobbs","doi":"10.1017/err.2024.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2024.2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46207,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Risk Regulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139852207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Transnational Narratives and Regulation of GMO Risks by G.C. Leonelli, Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2021, ISBN 9781509937387, 328 pp. 转基因生物风险的跨国叙述与监管》，G.C. Leonelli 著，牛津，哈特出版社，2021 年，国际标准书号 9781509937387，328 页。
IF 2.9
European Journal of Risk Regulation Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.1017/err.2024.2
Mary Dobbs
{"title":"Transnational Narratives and Regulation of GMO Risks by G.C. Leonelli, Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2021, ISBN 9781509937387, 328 pp.","authors":"Mary Dobbs","doi":"10.1017/err.2024.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2024.2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46207,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Risk Regulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139792214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Magnificent Seven: Exemption, Relief, Equivalence, Recognition, Substitution, Deference, Trust – Reducing Regulatory Duplication and Frictions in the Cross-Border Supply of Financial Services 华丽七重奏：豁免、救济、等同、承认、替代、尊重、信任--减少跨境金融服务供应中的监管重复和摩擦
IF 2.9
European Journal of Risk Regulation Pub Date : 2024-01-02 DOI: 10.1017/err.2023.70
Jonathan R.M. Foster
{"title":"The Magnificent Seven: Exemption, Relief, Equivalence, Recognition, Substitution, Deference, Trust – Reducing Regulatory Duplication and Frictions in the Cross-Border Supply of Financial Services","authors":"Jonathan R.M. Foster","doi":"10.1017/err.2023.70","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2023.70","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A financial services supplier authorised in its home state that wishes to supply services cross-border into another state will, absent any relief, have in addition to meet the regulatory requirements of that host state to trade in it. Regulatory frictions including duplicative regulatory requirements are barriers to cross-border trade. This article considers certain techniques deployed to reduce such barriers, noting that trust plays a part in many of them. These techniques grant relief to incoming firms from obligations to comply with the regulatory requirements of a host state. They may take the form of unilateral arrangements, with or without any conditions. There may be assessments of equivalence as a basis for relief from compliance with the host state’s rules: deference to the home state’s regime, a basis for recognition, whether unilateral or mutual. Recognition may be given effect through a party’s domestic laws or in international law under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) Article VII. A GATS Article VII agreement can relieve regulatory frictions in the financial services sector alone as there is no requirement for “substantial sectoral coverage” as required for regional trade agreements under GATS Article V. Mutual recognition agreements for financial services in international law are, however, few in number.</p>","PeriodicalId":46207,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Risk Regulation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139077540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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