Journal of Money Laundering Control最新文献

{"title":"Prevalence of money laundering and terrorism financing through stock market: a comprehensive conceptual review paper","authors":"Tooba Akram, S. Ramakrishnan, Muhammad Naveed","doi":"10.1108/jmlc-06-2022-0094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-06-2022-0094","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000This paper aims to provide a comprehensive conceptual framework and strong arguments with an intent to examine the stock market variables (predictors) indicating the money laundering (ML) and terrorism financing (FT) proceeds.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000This paper provides a comprehensive review of ML/FT through the stock market across developed, developing and emerging jurisdictions, sheds light on the existing literature and critically evaluates the gap in the relevant studies. Moving forward, this paper develops the conceptual framework and formulates hypotheses to explore the empirical relationship.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000This paper advocates and finds a basis to carry out much-needed empirical research between the ML/FT and stock market keeping in view the growing criminal cases in the developing countries. This paper suggests mining proxies from the publically available stock market data and the results of existing seminal research as variables of the study. These data and results carry information about the ML determinants. After developing hypothetical research providing concepts, this paper also finds that using a suitable methodology, preferable Bayesian logistic and linear regression models, it is possible to find the typologies and factors that can indicate and endorse the use of the stock market for ML/FT. Broadly, it is found that the significance of this study will be two-pronged: empirical development and policy implications.\u0000\u0000\u0000Research limitations/implications\u0000This paper mainly focuses on the developing region, a newly emerging market and, peculiarly, a grey-listed region by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF).\u0000\u0000\u0000Practical implications\u0000In light of the existing literature and to the best of the researchers’ knowledge, this study will bring into focus the new age of the action research on the ML regime in the securities markets of the developing countries, hence, the emerging markets. Moreover, this research shall have a sheer significance for the policy measures on FATF recommendations on ML and FT, especially for the countries listed as “grey”.\u0000\u0000\u0000Social implications\u0000The research based on comprehensive review will help in controlling the social behaviours aiding the proceeds of ML.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000This research is extremely novel to the best of the researcher's knowledge.\u0000","PeriodicalId":46042,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Money Laundering Control","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75765413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overview international best practices on customer due diligence and related anti-money laundering measures","authors":"Howard Chitimira, Sharon Munedzi","doi":"10.1108/jmlc-07-2022-0102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-07-2022-0102","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000The anti-money laundering (AML) frameworks of many countries were generally influenced by the international best practices of money laundering that were first established in 1988 through the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS). The general belief is that these international best practices are applicable in all jurisdictions, although most countries are still affected by money laundering. The international best practices are universal measures that were developed as a yardstick to control and curb money laundering globally. Nonetheless, international best practices for money laundering are not tailor-made for specific jurisdictions and/or countries. Therefore, it remains the duty of respective jurisdictions and/or countries to develop their own context-sensitive AML measures in accordance with international best practices. An overview of the AML international best practices that were developed and adopted by several countries are analysed in this paper. These include customer due diligence measures established by the BCBS, the financial action task force (FATF) standards, as well as the ongoing monitoring and the risk-sensitive approach that were implemented to curb money laundering globally.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000The article analyses the AML international best practices that were developed and adopted by several countries. These include customer due diligence measures established by the BCBS, the FATF standards, as well as the ongoing monitoring and the risk-sensitive approach that were implemented to curb money laundering globally.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000It is hoped that policymakers and other relevant persons will use the recommendations provided in the paper to enhance the curbing of money laundering in financial institutions globally.\u0000\u0000\u0000Research limitations/implications\u0000The paper does not provide empirical research.\u0000\u0000\u0000Practical implications\u0000The study is useful to all policymakers, lawyers, law students and regulatory bodies globally.\u0000\u0000\u0000Social implications\u0000The study seeks to curb money laundering in the economy and society globally.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000The study is original research on the use of AML/counter financing of terrorism international best practices to curb money laundering activities globally.\u0000","PeriodicalId":46042,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Money Laundering Control","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79823010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Financial intelligence (monitoring) during the martial law: main challenges and key points","authors":"M. Utkina, O. Reznik, L. Pavlenko","doi":"10.1108/jmlc-06-2022-0093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-06-2022-0093","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000This paper aims to illustrate the main changes during martial law for conducting financial intelligence (monitoring), in particular, in the system of combating legalisation (laundering) of illegally gained income.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000The research methodology includes general scientific methods of cognition. The authors used it to research the theoretical, organisational and legal aspects of financial intelligence (monitoring) in normal situations and during martial law. The authors also use the doctrinal legal research method to analyse and describe the legislation connected to the financial intelligence (monitoring) during martial laws.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000This paper is an original work written by authors that discusses financial intelligence (monitoring) during martial law. The following changes in the conduction of financial intelligence (monitoring) were highlighted: suspension of scheduled and unscheduled on-site inspections; postponement of the entry into force of the provisions of some regulations on the submission of reports in electronic form; and the norms amending to remove administrative barriers in matters of financial intelligence (monitoring) in martial law. The authors also noted that certain rules for the functioning of the financial intelligence (monitoring) system were being clarified. Thus, the financial intelligence (monitoring) regime is being weakened to some extent.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000In connection with the introduction of martial law in the territory of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, the most important changes that have taken place in the banking and financial sectors of the economy should be mentioned. In particular, this applies to the issues of the regulation on the statutory and regulatory levels. Certain vital points regarding the mechanism and procedures for conducting financial intelligence (monitoring) also needed to be changed, on a need-to-know basis to adapt to the needs of Ukrainian society during the military aggression of the Russian Federation. This paper is devoted to the study of financial intelligence (monitoring) during martial law. The authors identified the main changes in the procedure for conducting financial intelligence (monitoring) by both the National Bank of Ukraine (one of the main entities) and the legislator (by amending the current regulatory framework).\u0000","PeriodicalId":46042,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Money Laundering Control","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89642426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remittances and homicides in Jamaica","authors":"Kaycea Campbell, A. Das, Leanora Brown, Adian McFarlane","doi":"10.1108/jmlc-06-2022-0092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-06-2022-0092","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000It has been suggested that homicides in Jamaica are partly driven by conflicts among criminals over funds coming from international lottery scams; most of these funds are channeled into the country via remittances. This study aims to determine the empirical relationship between remittances and homicides in Jamaica over the period 1985–2019.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000The authors apply an error correction modelling framework while accounting for indicators of changes in socioeconomic conditions.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000There are two. First, the authors find from impulse response analysis of the long-run dynamics that an increase in remittances is associated with an increase in homicides, and vice versa. Second, the authors find that there is bidirectional Granger causality between remittances and homicides in the short run.\u0000\u0000\u0000Social implications\u0000Two important implications are that policies should be strengthened to channel remittances to productive and legal investment opportunities and that greater efforts may be needed to stem the flow of funds coming from international lottery scamming and other illegal activities.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000This is the first study that examines the dynamic relationship between remittances and homicides in Jamaica from a robust statistical perspective.\u0000","PeriodicalId":46042,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Money Laundering Control","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89165248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-money laundering regulation of cryptocurrency: UAE and global approaches","authors":"T. Al-Tawil","doi":"10.1108/jmlc-07-2022-0109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-07-2022-0109","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000The purpose of this paper is to provide a high-level analysis of the intersection emerging cryptocurrency sector with anti-money laundering (AML) regulations and risk-based AML diligence systems maintained by financial institutions.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000The analysis begins with a description of cryptocurrencies, focusing specifically on how the supporting technologies and applications increase vulnerabilities. The information will lay the foundation for examining the vulnerabilities existing in the architecture of cryptocurrency technology, as well as potential targets for regulations. The second part of the analysis will then shift focus to defining the scope of the money laundering problem associated with cryptocurrencies. An in-depth understanding of the problem is necessary to inform tailored AML legislation and regulations. The third part of the analysis will explore emerging AML regulations that govern cryptocurrencies, focusing specifically on those being developed and implemented in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The UAE regulations will then be compared to those of the USA and European Union (EU) for comparative analysis and best practices.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The UAE has a robust legal system aimed at bolstering AML efforts while supporting widespread integration of crypto assets into business and government operations. A review of the UAE’s legislative framework reveals critical issues. First, the current regulations do not cover decentralized finance (DeFi) and non-fungible tokens (NFTs). The absence of clear regulations for DeFi and NFT protocols has created a leeway for money laundering and related criminal activities. Second, there is a high level of fragmentation in the UAE’s legislative landscape. The UAE does not have uniform, national laws that apply to all the Emirates. Fragmentation is not unique to the UAE but a major global problem that affects the USA and EU. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt a tailored approach where standard rules and regulations are responsive to the diverse aspects of cryptocurrencies. The strategy is vital, as it will be impractical to create a single legislation or law that will cover all the crypto assets, including their diverse applications. Furthermore, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) should develop a global standard that will support a unified/harmonized application of AML/counter-terrorist financing (CTF) laws and regulations related to cryptocurrencies and the blockchain technology.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000The borderless nature of digital currency and exchanges means that the existing laws and regulations are inadequate to address cross-border money laundering activities. Thus, there is an urgent need of harmonizing global regulations to ensure uniformity in applications. The quest for harmonization should be a priority as the FATF works towards developing a global standard. The global standard will support a uniform application of AML/CTF laws and regulations related to cryptoc","PeriodicalId":46042,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Money Laundering Control","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86638328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges for financial institutes in implementing robust customer due diligence in Pakistan","authors":"Nasir Sultan, Norazida Mohamed","doi":"10.1108/jmlc-06-2022-0095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-06-2022-0095","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000This study aims to investigates the challenges faced by Pakistani financial institutes (FIs) and regulators in implementing robust customer due diligence measures.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000The study adopted a qualitative technique. Twenty-five semi-structured interviews with chief compliance officers and regulators were conducted.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000The study concluded that the main challenges are name screening, obsolete nature and quality of databases and undocumented, unregistered and unregulated portions of the economy and society. In addition, identification and verification of high-profile customers and beneficial owners, lack of specialised staff and cost of compliance are the significant challenges faced by FIs in Pakistan.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000The Pakistani financial sector is less researched on anti-money laundering front, especially concerning customer due diligence. Further, the social, cultural and economic norms of the Indian sub-continent are more or less the same. Therefore, the study findings could be generalised to the region.\u0000","PeriodicalId":46042,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Money Laundering Control","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75275025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does capital flight undermine growth: a case study of Pakistan","authors":"Malik Fahim Bashir, Taimur Khan, Yasir Bin Tariq, Muhammad Akram","doi":"10.1108/jmlc-07-2022-0100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-07-2022-0100","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000This study aims to estimate the magnitude of capital flight from Pakistan. Furthermore, it analyzes the impact of capital flight on the economic growth of Pakistan in the short and long run.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000This study uses the World Bank’s residual method to estimate the magnitude of capital flight from Pakistan during 1976–2018. This study used the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to estimate the effect of capital flight on the economic growth of Pakistan.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000ARDL results revealed a negative and statistically significant relationship between different measures of capital flight and economic growth in the long run. However, this relationship is not statistically significant in the short run. After correction for external borrowing and trade misinvoicing, this study finds that the total capital flight from Pakistan during the study period amounted to US$333bn (in 2010 dollars). With accrued interest earnings, the stock of capital amounted to US$124,768bn, significantly higher than the accumulated stock of long-term debt, which amounted to US$1,231bn during the study period indicating that Pakistan faces a severe challenge of capital flight.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000This study calculates the magnitude of capital flight from Pakistan for the first time. Furthermore, this study also calculates the magnitude of capital flight for military and democratic regimes. This study suggests many policy proposals to deal with the challenge of capital flight.\u0000","PeriodicalId":46042,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Money Laundering Control","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88920538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strengthened rule of law to reduce corruption: evidence from Asia-Pacific countries","authors":"Rasidah Mohd‐Rashid, W. Mehmood, C. Ooi, Siti Zakiah Che Man, C. Ong","doi":"10.1108/jmlc-06-2022-0076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-06-2022-0076","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000Rule of law is essential in reducing corruption in a country. This study aims to investigate the factors contributing to corruption in 41 of the most competitive countries in the Asia-Pacific region by focusing on judicial effectiveness, property rights and government integrity. The moderating role of regulatory quality was also considered in the attempt to explain the association among rule of law and corruption.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000This study used pooled ordinary least squares regression and generalized method of moments-dynamic panel for the robustness test on data of 41 Asia-Pacific countries spanning from 2013 to 2021.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000Property rights and government integrity were found to be negatively significant in explaining corruption. In contrast, the interaction between rule of law and regulatory quality had a significant positive association with corruption. The findings bring to light Asia-Pacific countries’ need for more effective control of corruption.\u0000\u0000\u0000Practical implications\u0000The authorities should work towards enhancing the countries’ image as corruption-free nations by creating a stable economic and political environment and preserving macroeconomic stability through strengthened rule of law.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000Previous research looked at The Association of Southeast Asian Nations and South Asian countries, but little attention was given to Asia-Pacific countries in examining the relationship between rule of law and corruption.\u0000","PeriodicalId":46042,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Money Laundering Control","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76779932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Money laundering in corruption cases in Indonesia","authors":"Meiryani Meiryani, S. M. Isa, Johan Muliadi Kerta","doi":"10.1108/jmlc-05-2022-0069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-05-2022-0069","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000In the case of money laundering (ML) originating from the predicate crime of corruption, law enforcers find it difficult to prove all or the existence of a predicate crime on assets that produce assets. This paper aims to analyze ML in corruption cases in Indonesia.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000This research uses qualitative descriptive methods. This research discusses the law enforcement of corruption which coincides with the crime of ML.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000New findings were discovered where against the corruption case which was carried out concurrently with the crime of money laundering, the value of which was Rp. 1bn and above and has been handled by investigators from the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), so the prosecution process is carried out by the public prosecutor from the KPK to continue the trial to the Corruption Court. With respect to cases of criminal acts of corruption, which were carried out concurrently with ML crimes, the value of which was Rp. 1bn and below and had been handled by the prosecutor’s investigators from the start, the prosecution process was carried out by the public prosecutor from the prosecutor’s office to continue the trial to the corruption court.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to use normative perspective on ML in corruption cases (white-collar crime). In contrast to previous studies that take fraud in general as an object of research, researchers are now interested in focusing more research on detecting suspected ML crimes: a case study on corruption cases in Indonesia.\u0000","PeriodicalId":46042,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Money Laundering Control","volume":"55 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89174905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Money laundering and sanctions enforcement: large rewards, leniency and witness protection for whistleblowers","authors":"Theo Nyreröd, Stelios Andreadakis, G. Spagnolo","doi":"10.1108/jmlc-05-2022-0068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-05-2022-0068","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000With sanctions becoming an increasingly important tool in ostracising autocratic regimes from western markets, the need for effective enforcement of sanctions and anti-money laundering (AML) is increasing, and the global AML regime will be the backbone to detecting evasion of sanctions. This regime, however, has been widely criticised as ineffective. This paper aims to discuss issues with the current sanctions/AML regime and propose a reward scheme for whistleblowers to enable asset seizures that is not reliant on its effectiveness.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000This paper reviews weaknesses in the global AML regime, provide suggestions on how to design whistleblower reward programmes, based on agency experience and empirical evidence, as well as elaborate on how to use such programmes in the AML context.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000This study concludes that for reward programmes to be effective in the context of AML and sanctions enforcement, they need to include witness protection and leniency for money launderers, though not for those convicted of a criminal offence associated with the predicate crime. Moreover, rewards should be mandatory and scale with the amount of money seized or confiscated, and the cap on monetary rewards should be higher than it is under the Kleptocracy Asset Recovery Rewards Programme in the USA.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000In contrast to how the USA went about implementing rewards in this area under the Kleptocracy Asset Recovery Rewards Programme, this study argues that these programmes should be designed differently. This study also provides novel advice to governments on different design dimensions in the AML context and a model with three crucial pillars along with other design dimensions that should be considered.\u0000","PeriodicalId":46042,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Money Laundering Control","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76585683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}