Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education最新文献

{"title":"Perspective Piece Reflections on the Federal Role in River Management∗","authors":"Leonard Shabman","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03316.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03316.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>F</b>ederal government agencies’ responsibilities for national water resources management grew rapidly in the 20^th century, along with the budget to execute those responsibilities. In most places today, river flows are the result of rainfall and runoff, as well as the presence of the water development projects of these agencies. Meanwhile in the nation’s watersheds, demands on water resources are changing along with changes in rainfall and runoff volume and patterns, suggesting the possible need for new investments and different management of the investments currently in place. However, by historical standards, there has been a radical reduction in the Federal roles and budgetary commitment to river management. This diminished Federal role has resulted from competing water management visions that I will refer to as “old water conservation,” “new water conservation,” and “watershed restoration.” Old water conservation is where I begin.</p><p>Throughout the nation’s first 200 years, engineering works (i.e., infrastructure) were supposed to remove the tails from the hydrograph – that is remove natural variation in river flows – promoting material prosperity and general social well-being. In 1934, the National Resources Planning Board declared¹,</p><p>In 1963, when dedicating the Whiskeytown Dam on the Trinity River in California, President Kennedy concluded his remarks by endorsing the old water conservation vision, as follows:</p><p>A drawing of an ideally managed <i>large</i> river basin in the 1950 Truman administration’s report on water resources has an illustration of the old water conservation. In the upper reaches of the smaller watersheds, cover crops and reforestation on eroded soils slow runoff and control erosion. Downstream, small dams are combined with diversion channels and other conveyance facilities to move water to irrigated farm fields and small communities. Previously wet areas are drained by small ditches leading to larger canals, with the drained land dedicated to cities and farms. On the larger rivers, dams create reservoirs to store water, while levees along the river edges and deepened river channels limit flooding of fertile soils. Cities are located adjacent to flood-protected rivers, and their manufacturing and other commercial facilities along the river edge are served by ports and barge terminals. The water stored in reservoirs irrigates agricultural fields, generates electric power, and provides for other water uses in dry times.</p><p>This grand vision of the ideally managed river basin was to be executed by Federal construction of levees, channels, dams, and reservoirs paid for by the Federal taxpayer. The Federal efforts were accompanied by state and local governments building water supply reservoirs, pipes, and open canals and transferring that stored water over long distances. This national investment in advancing the old water conservation vision transformed a natural water supply that ","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03316.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41686654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perspective Piece Fallacies, Fake Facts, Alternative Facts, and Feel Good Facts; What to do About Them?","authors":"Donald I. Siegel","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03317.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03317.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>B</b>oth sides of the political spectrum now use deception and misinformation to argue their philosophical positions on environmental harm, present and future. And both use common logical fallacies to enhance their views: <i>cherrypicking</i> (selecting data fitting their preconceived outcome); <i>hasty generalization</i> (suggesting conclusions from a small set of data implies the same conclusion elsewhere); and <i>ad hominem</i> (personal attacks on the ethics, funding, or perceived associations of those having different views).</p><p>Beyond these long-known logical fallacies, the public debate of science includes outright lies, “fake and alternative facts,” and “feel good facts” information or ideas that <i>feel</i> like they should be true but are not. Real facts consist of information that can be reproduced by anyone with the same skills. How many people showed up at President Obama and President Trump’s inaugurations? This information can be found in the public record through photographs made by the U.S. Park Service and those made independently by others.</p><p>How do scientists change the conversation to allow for measured civil discourse to solving the large environmental challenges of the future? The fakery in public debate usually starts with the <i>cherrypicking</i> and then moves to never setting a bar for collective agreement. If these approaches fail to win the day, the <i>ad hominem</i> attacks begin and invocation of conspiracy theories which <i>appeal to public ignorance</i> (another fallacy). I became subject to these tactics in debate over hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) used to obtain oil and natural gas out of solid rock. I even wrote a paper on what happened to me when the dust settled (Siegel <span>2015</span>).</p><p>Briefly, I challenged the premise of a published paper that concluded groundwater quality in northeastern Pennsylvania could be broadly contaminated by fracking. The paper used flawed statistics and a non-random small data set. I gained access to chemical analyses of groundwater from more than ten thousand water wells in the same area and showed that no broad environmental harm had in fact occurred. Indeed, groundwater quality in that part of Pennsylvania has actually improved since fracking, although this improvement did not relate to fracking (Wen et al. <span>2019</span>).</p><p>Some of those who philosophically felt fracking <i>should</i> cause harm to groundwater (for them, a “feel good fact”), could not dispute the science since I effectively used the entire population of water wells. So, they attacked me <i>ad hominen</i> and suggested I participated in a conspiracy with the hydrocarbon industry. I ultimately testified at a Congressional hearing over the matter. You can find all the references and pertinent URLS to my unpleasant experience in Siegel (<span>2015</span>).</p><p>I see similar discourse happening to scientists across disciplines in almost every part of the environmental sphere. Soc","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03317.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48603403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"River-Ditch Flow Statistical Relationships in a Traditionally Irrigated Valley Near Taos, New Mexico","authors":"Jose J. Cruz,&nbsp;Alexander G. Fernald,&nbsp;Dawn M. VanLeeuwen,&nbsp;Steven J. Guldan,&nbsp;Carlos G. Ochoa","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03320.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03320.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Current and predicted drought and population growth challenge the longevity of irrigation systems of northern New Mexico. Irrigation ditches, also known as acequias, draw runoff directly from rivers without use of storage reservoirs, so it is important to understand the effects of changing river flow on irrigation flow. This study sought to examine river-ditch relationships in an agricultural valley of the region. A first order linear model was used to fit the river-ditch flow relationship on which daily river flow was the explanatory variable and daily ditch flow the response variable. A strong positive relationship between river and ditch flow was observed for all but one of the ditches. Using a statistical model approach that addressed serial autocorrelation, heteroscedasticity, as well as outlier observations, statistical evidence at 5% significance level was found in all ditches but one. The ditch without a positive relationship was at a downstream location, subject to upstream flow diversion that may have influenced river-ditch flow relationships. Results from this study can be used to evaluate the potential effects of changing socioeconomic dynamics and climate change projections in the operations of these irrigation systems to better understand and manage their water resources.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03320.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47146163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter from the Editors","authors":"Karl W.J. Williard,&nbsp;Jackie F. Crim","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03315.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03315.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We are pleased to introduce a new feature of the <i>Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education</i>: Perspective Pieces. We invited experts in the water arena to give us their perspectives on a water issue near and dear to them. In this issue, Dr. Len Shabman, Senior Fellow at Resources for the Future, shares his thoughts on the federal role in river management and the need to reframe the discussion. Dr. Don Siegel, Emeritus Professor of Earth Sciences at Syracuse University, offers us some thought provoking insights on the current state of public discourse on environmental issues. Perspective pieces were a hallmark of our journal since its inception as <i>Water Resources Update</i> in 1964 and our editorial team wanted to reemphasize this feature in 2019 after a long absence. So, please enjoy Dr. Shabman’s and Dr. Siegel’s pieces and we invite you to consider sharing your perspectives on an important water issue with our readership. We look forward to hearing from you.</p><p>Sincerely,</p><p>Karl W.J. Williard and Jackie F. Crim</p><p>Co-Editors, <i>Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education</i></p>","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03315.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87322589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Catalyzing Change: Social Science for Water Resources Management","authors":"Mark E. Burbach,&nbsp;Kristin Floress,&nbsp;Linda Stalker Prokopy","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03307.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03307.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>M</b>anaging water resources is becoming increasingly difficult as demographic, economic, institutional, technological, and climate changes manifest across the U.S. and around the world (Cosgrove and Louchs <span>2015</span>). These extraordinarily complex water quality and quantity challenges facing water resource management are “wicked problems” (Gold et al. <span>2013</span>). Wicked problems - those that are difficult to resolve because of complexity, uncertainty, and divergence and fragmentation in viewpoints, values, and intentions (Rittel and Webber <span>1973</span>; Head <span>2008</span>) - arise in numerous resource management contexts. The act of simply trying to define the problem illustrates the level of difficulty associated with resolution. For example, multiple perspectives on an issue, the level to which numerous social and natural systems are connected, and the overwhelming number of potential fixes that need to be understood to clearly define the issue make water management a wicked problem.</p><p>Historically, water problems have been regarded as requiring engineering or technological fixes. However, because most water problems are largely the result of human activity (Schultz <span>2011</span>; Rockström et al. <span>2014</span>), it is the social - not technical - complexity of these problems that overwhelms water management. Social factors (e.g., equity, water rights, norms, attitudes, values, beliefs, etc.) are often the primary determinants of management success or failure (Mascia et al. <span>2003</span>; Floress et al. <span>2015</span>). Thus, the resolution or mitigation of wicked water problems requires interdisciplinary collaboration, particularly from the social sciences, to foster new thinking, behavior, and innovative ideas for management of water resources under conditions of rapid change and uncertainty (Jury and Vaux <span>2005</span>).</p><p>Despite the social complexity of water challenges, most people working in water resource management are trained in the bio-physical sciences, in turn limiting access to knowledge that could be gained from social sciences (Floress et al. <span>2015</span>). Water resource professionals and the staffs of myriad water-related agencies tend to have backgrounds in engineering, hydrology, ecology, aquatic sciences, and so on. Thus, agencies and organizations may not have the necessary skills to effectively address the human dimensions of water resource management (Sexton et al. <span>2013</span>). Many lack the capacity to deal with the social complexity and interdependencies of current water resource management. “The management of water resources is currently undergoing a paradigm shift toward a more integrated and participatory management style” (Pahl-Wostl et al. <span>2007</span>, p. 1) in order to address “complex interdependencies, human behavior and social institutions” (Pahl-Wostl et al. <span>2012</span>, p. 25). Future water management will require new and cont","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03307.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42131390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Beargrass Story: Utilizing Social Science to Evaluate and Learn from the “Watershed Approach”","authors":"Sarah P. Church,&nbsp;Nicholas Babin,&nbsp;Belyna Bentlage,&nbsp;Michael Dunn,&nbsp;Jessica D. Ulrich-Schad,&nbsp;Pranay Ranjan,&nbsp;Joe Magner,&nbsp;Eileen McLellan,&nbsp;Susi Stephan,&nbsp;Mark D. Tomer,&nbsp;Linda S. Prokopy","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03313.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03313.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper presents the case of a voluntary watershed project that addressed the need for improving water quality by reducing agricultural nutrient loss. The Beargrass Creek Watershed Approach Project in Wabash County, Indiana aimed to demonstrate that it is possible to achieve ambitious water quality goals and maximize the effectiveness of conservation funding through locally-led efforts that bring together multiple stakeholders throughout the process. The project focused on implementing the “right practices” in the “right places” through a goal-oriented, science-based, and locally-adapted approach to voluntary conservation. We examine and evaluate all three phases of the project and discuss successes and lessons learned from the point of view of both agricultural producers and agency staff from the local Soil and Water Conservation District and the Natural Resources Conservation Service.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03313.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43512724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Social Science to Improve Outreach to Protect Endangered Aquatic Animals: The Case of Freshwater Mussels in Indiana","authors":"Belyna M. Bentlage,&nbsp;Laura A. Esman,&nbsp;Brant Fisher,&nbsp;Linda S. Prokopy","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03312.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03312.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Freshwater mussel populations in North America have been declining over the past two centuries due to a variety of land-use changes and anthropogenic water quality degradation. The Tippecanoe River, located in northcentral Indiana, was once home to the world’s largest population of clubshell mussels. Currently, the river supports six federally listed species. The Indiana Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) partnered with Purdue University to design and implement an outreach and education campaign to raise awareness about and promote protection of these imperiled species. This article details how researchers used the principles of community-based social marketing to create and evaluate the campaign. Lessons learned and recommendations for future campaigns are provided.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03312.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41463510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Serious Games to Facilitate Collaborative Water Management Planning Under Climate Extremes","authors":"Deborah J. Bathke,&nbsp;Tonya Haigh,&nbsp;Tonya Bernadt,&nbsp;Nicole Wall,&nbsp;Harvey Hill,&nbsp;Andrea Carson","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03311.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03311.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sustainable management is a complex process that involves balancing the competing interests of the human, plant, and animal communities that depend on watershed resources. It involves developing and implementing plans, programs, and projects that sustain and enhance watershed functions while taking into account the natural, social, political, economic, and institutional factors operating within the watershed and other relevant regions. Examples of such factors include crosscutting mandates by different levels of government, conflicting objectives across sectors, and the constraints and uncertainty of the availability and accessibility of the resources within the watershed. One way to address these complexities is with public participation processes designed to share knowledge among disciplinary experts, policy-makers, and local stakeholders and provide outcomes, which inform the creation of sustainable watershed management plans. Serious games (i.e., games played for purposes other than pure entertainment) are an example of such processes. Here, we present a case study of how a serious game, called the multi-hazard tournament, was used to facilitate watershed management by promoting social learning, cross-sectoral dialogue, and stakeholder participation in the planning process.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03311.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49275641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing Water Leaders as Catalysts for Change: The Nebraska Water Leaders Academy","authors":"Mark E. Burbach,&nbsp;Connie Reimers-Hild","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03308.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03308.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Managing water resources is increasingly complex and dynamic. Sustaining freshwater ecosystem services in the face of increasing challenges and emerging threats is a supreme leadership challenge. Leadership development program designers should look to social science theories and methods to prepare leaders to catalyze the change necessary to meet future challenges. This paper provides evidence that a new generation of water leaders is needed; and correspondingly, there is a need for new leadership development programs. The Nebraska Water Leaders Academy and its evaluation is presented as a case study of a successful program training leaders in social science-based skills in order to produce catalysts of change. The Academy is theoretically grounded in transformational leadership, champions of innovation, civic capacity, and entrepreneurial leadership. The Academy employs a process-based curriculum with developmental experiences that includes key components of assessment, challenge, and support. Formative assessment provides constructive feedback from participants and guides the development of future sessions and curriculum. Summative assessment is used to gauge participants’ leadership knowledge, skills, and behaviors, and evaluate the instructional methods used in the Academy. Results of pre- and post-Academy assessments of participants from both the participants’ and raters’ perspectives indicate statistically significant increases in transformational leadership behaviors, champion of innovation behaviors, civic capacity, entrepreneurial leadership behavior, awareness of Nebraska water issues, and engagement with Nebraska water issues.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03308.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46646958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the Nature of Eco-Leadership: A Mixed Methods Study of Leadership in Community Organizations","authors":"Eric K. Kaufman,&nbsp;Rachael E. Kennedy,&nbsp;D. Adam Cletzer","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03310.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03310.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The purpose of this study was to explore and explain eco-leadership in practice, specifically among community groups in Virginia’s New River Valley. This paper describes relationships between community groups’ leadership style and other factors while also highlighting an intricate mixed method design that ultimately led to a deep, rich understanding of these relationships. There were five research objectives: (1) Characterize the community groups’ leadership culture; (2) Assess each group’s cohesiveness; (3) Assess the groups’ community project involvement; (4) Determine if relationships exist between the variables; and (5) Highlight the role of mixed methods in the emergence of findings. The study has implications for carrying forward the concept of eco-leadership in research and practice.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2019.03310.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45741082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}