Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education最新文献

{"title":"The Relevance of Water Education in Children: Perspectives from the Americas","authors":"Pablo A. Garcia-Chevesich, Rafael Val, Gisella Martínez, Adriana Álvarez, Oscar Luna, Paloma Maya, Roberto Pizarro, Maite Pizarro-Granada, John E. McCray","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2023.3392.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2023.3392.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>W</b>ater-related challenges and environmental issues persist globally, including in Latin America, the Caribbean, and United States. An imperative step to improve the water management issues faced by many countries is to educate children on this important topic. Even though water conservation is not found in the basic (formal) education curricula of most the Americas (including the United States), the topic has been present in many parts of this region, and the efforts made are worthy of admiration, with decades of hard work. Moreover, the regional experience (which was recently documented in the book “<i>Water education in children: the experience from 11 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean</i>”) indicates that, to reach an acceptable level of efficiency, children's education programs focused on water must be flexible, according to the reality of the region and the socioeconomic level of the students, and should not include solutions that do not involve children, for example, water supply infrastructure. Similarly, methods that are not recommended when trying to educate children about water conservation are those based on negative emotions (e.g. “if we don't save water, we'll face a catastrophe”); so techniques based on positive emotions work better. Another common mistake is to use material that a certain age group will not be able to process because their brains haven't yet developed, for example, their <i>scientific reasoning</i> (e.g. getting them involved in water quality projects during early ages); in fact, neuroscience is a crucial part of an effective water education program. Finally, a regional pattern is the lack of indicators or evaluations on the effects of the different educational methods applied on family water consumption, even in the United States (the most advanced country on the subject).</p><p>Government entities have played an important role in children's education applied to this important topic in the region (e.g. “<i>USGS water science school</i>” in the United States). Furthermore, what has given better results is intra- and inter-institutional collaboration, such as ministries of education, culture, water resources, and the environment, etc., collaborating with NGOs, municipalities, universities, and schools, without excluding the private sector. In other words, joint work to care for water can contribute to citizen involvement beyond the school's classroom.</p><p>Another important fact is that children's education programs on water care should have continuity and promote a protagonist role of children in solving the problem (e.g. <i>Children defenders of water</i> in Colombia, <i>Little plumber teams</i> in Cuba, <i>The super inspector of water in Mexico</i>, <i>Water watchers</i> in Peru). Similarly, it is also important to train teachers, who are the ones directly in charge of educating children on different environmental issues, including water care, a topic in which Chile has taken the lead.</p><p>","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":"178 1","pages":"57-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2023.3392.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50154443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Producer Perceptions on the Value and Availability of Water for Irrigation in the Mississippi Delta","authors":"Gurpreet Kaur,&nbsp;Nicolas E. Quintana Ashwell,&nbsp;Gurbir Singh,&nbsp;Drew Gholson,&nbsp;Martin A. Locke,&nbsp;L.J. Krutz,&nbsp;Trey Cooke","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2023.3393.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2023.3393.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The agricultural production in the Mississippi Delta is threatened by the water level declines in the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer (MRVAA). This study assesses the growers’ perceptions of the value and availability of water for irrigation based on data collected in a survey in 2012 in the Delta region of Mississippi, USA. The total cooperation rate for this survey was 79.3%. The results showed that 97.39% (448 out of 460) of respondents believed that water is important for farming in the Delta region of the MRVAA. Fifty-two percent of the survey respondents agreed that the major cause of groundwater depletion is agricultural irrigation water use. More than 50% of the survey respondents believed there is sufficient water in the Delta region, but it is not managed properly. The value of water for irrigation ranged from $463 to $690 per ha for corn (<i>Zea mays</i> L.), $399 to $615 per ha for soybean (<i>Glycine max</i> L.), and $223 to $336 per ha for cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> L.). The majority of the respondents considered that there is a need for regulation of water use to protect the aquifer and ensure water availability in the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":"178 1","pages":"60-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2023.3393.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50154393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remote-Sensing Method for Monitoring Suspended-Sediment Concentration on the Middle-Mississippi and Lower-Missouri Rivers","authors":"Megan J. Martinez,&nbsp;Amanda L. Cox","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2022.3378.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2022.3378.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sediment transport, erosion, and deposition are primary drivers of river geomorphic processes and ecological services. Suspended-sediment concentration (SSC) is an important parameter for evaluating these processes and is accordingly of significant interest to engineers, scientists, and water resource managers. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) previously operated nine daily SSC gauging stations along the Mississippi River, with operating dates ranging from 1974 to 2018. Currently, there are no USGS gauging stations reporting daily SSC values along the Mississippi River. For this study, regression models were developed to compute the SSC along the Middle-Mississippi River (MMR) and Lower-Missouri River (LMOR) using publicly and freely available Landsat imagery. Surface reflectance data from Landsat satellites were used with USGS-measured SSC to develop regression models for three different Landsat sensors (Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS, Landsat 7 ETM+, and Landsat 4-5 TM). Previous models published for predicting SSC in the MMR and LMOR from Landsat images have a linear-regression form and have provided invalid negative values when extrapolated outside of the dataset used for development. The objectives of this study were to develop reflectance-SSC regression models using a power-function form and demonstrate their extrapolation performance using multiple novel applications in the MMR basin. The reflectance-SSC regression models were applied to the following conditions: 1) mixing at the Mississippi and Missouri River confluence, 2) point-source pollution, and 3) SSC changes along the entire MMR reach for a range of discharges. The regression models were also used to develop sediment rating curves for the four largest tributaries of the MMR.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":"177 1","pages":"17-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2022.3378.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41391438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Justice in Water Dialogues: A Review and Conceptualization","authors":"Simone A. Williams,&nbsp;Susanna Eden,&nbsp;Sharon B. Megdal,&nbsp;Valerisa Joe-Gaddy","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2022.3386.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2022.3386.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the United States, the lack of diversity, equity, inclusion, and justice (DEIJ) in water governance and management has been identified as a serious problem that affects the validity of decisions. Because water governance and management institutions, processes, and practices at all scales involve dialogue, it is important to understand DEIJ in water dialogues. This paper reports on the results of a systematic literature survey that was undertaken to guide efforts by The University of Arizona Water Resources Research Center to improve diversity and inclusion in its engagement practices and outreach strategies. Three questions are explored: 1) How is DEIJ defined, conceptualized, and measured in water dialogues?, 2) How does a lack of DEIJ in water dialogues affect water-related outcomes and actors?, and 3) What are the approaches that can be used to increase DEIJ in water dialogues, especially with respect to underrepresented groups? The review synthesizes definitions of DEIJ and examines theories and methods from the literatures on discourse, diversity, social learning, and environmental justice. The lens of dialogue focused these disparate literatures on how people with diverse voices can be engaged and enabled to effectively participate in water dialogues. Despite the paucity of DEIJ literature relating to water resources in general, and to water dialogues more specifically, the review identified characteristics of DEIJ, factors that contribute to DEIJ issues, general lessons, and pathways that apply to increasing DEIJ in water dialogue participation. Further, this paper articulates a conceptual framework for understanding and addressing DEIJ failures in water dialogues. A concept of “just water dialogues” emerged that integrates insights from the literature reviewed with notions of environmental justice to help with identifying and resolving “water dialogue justice” (i.e., DEIJ failures). Review results suggest that DEIJ in water resources dialogues depends on the distribution of knowledge resources, and on broader issues that include cultural, political, and other often ignored contextual factors. Importantly, addressing DEIJ problems through the creation and maintenance of just water dialogues requires tackling power imbalances, enhancing individual and organizational capacity, and building bridges through effective engagement of diverse voices, especially those of underrepresented groups. Strategies that have demonstrated effectiveness in other contexts are highlighted, and future research needed to improve practices to enhance DEIJ in water dialogues is outlined.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":"177 1","pages":"113-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2022.3386.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45619620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal Variability Comparisons of Water Quality and Escherichia coli in an Oklahoma Stream","authors":"Grant M. Graves,&nbsp;Jason R. Vogel","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2022.3384.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2022.3384.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fecal indicator bacteria, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, for primary body contact recreation (PBCR) in Oklahoma waterbodies, is defined as the geometric mean of 10 samples from the recreation season, May 1 to September 30, with an impairment threshold of 126 colony forming units (cfu) per 100 mL. However, the water quality standards provide limited guidance on spatiotemporal and environmental factors that could influence samples collected and analyzed. In this study, two stream cross sections under baseflow conditions in a central Oklahoma urban perennial stream, Spring Creek, were densely sampled to investigate temporal and spatial variability of <i>E. coli</i> concentrations and water quality parameters across the stream channel. Water quality parameters (specific conductivity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, and total suspended solids (TSS)), stream discharge, and bacteria samples were collected simultaneously at equal intervals across the two cross sections in the morning and afternoon during one summer day with sunny, dry, and hot weather conditions. Results indicate a significant difference between time-of-day samples and water quality parameters and <i>E. coli</i> concentrations. Strong correlations between temperature, dissolved oxygen, and time versus <i>E. coli</i> concentrations were observed, while location, turbidity, and TSS were not significant or correlated to measured values. Furthermore, <i>E. coli</i> concentrations were highly variable spatially across each stream cross section, regardless of time of day or location. Results from this study provide an initial indication that stream water quality, spatial cross section sample location, and diurnal variations may be influencing factors on bacteria concentrations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":"177 1","pages":"94-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2022.3384.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48521878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous Hydrologic Modeling of a Parking Lot and Related Best Management Practices with PCSWMM","authors":"Robson L. Pachaly,&nbsp;Don Guy V.V. Biessan,&nbsp;Jose G. Vasconcelos,&nbsp;Frances C. O’Donnell,&nbsp;Benjamin F. Bowers","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2022.3382.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2022.3382.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Permeable pavements are a green infrastructure stormwater management practice that can serve as a functional component of the site design. However, previous field studies suggest high uncertainty in the parameters used for performing hydrologic calculations for permeable pavements. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) within the PCSWMM software package was used to simulate the hydrologic dynamics of a parking lot that is 25% covered with permeable interlocking concrete pavers in Auburn, AL. The model was calibrated to field observations of water level at two points where the pavement system outflows to a bioretention basin and rainfall data from a nearby weather station. The use of the Curve Number (CN) method within SWMM resulted in good prediction of pavement outflow by the calibrated model, with R² and Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency both greater than 0.8, except where issues with precipitation data coverage occurred. This demonstrates that permeable pavements can be modeled as a land cover type rather than as detention storage. The calibrated value of the runoff CN for permeable pavement was 60, much lower than what is recommended in many design guidelines for the underlying soil type at the research site, which is hydrologic soil group B. Based on evaluation of alternative model scenarios, the permeable pavement reduced runoff by 11-38% across contrasting rain events.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":"177 1","pages":"72-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2022.3382.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48148085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statewide Assessment Reveals Spatiotemporal Variability of Iron in Iowa Lakes","authors":"Tania Leung,&nbsp;Elizabeth D. Swanner","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2022.3377.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2022.3377.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The micronutrient iron has been noted to play a crucial role in regulating phytoplankton growth; however, most studies have focused on large lakes with persistent phytoplankton blooms that are known to undergo iron limitation, such as Lake Erie. Iron abundance in boreal lakes is also known to correlate with dissolved organic carbon and increased iron concentrations causing “browning.” To assess the spatial distribution of dissolved Fe (DFe) in lakes throughout Iowa, a landscape once dominated by prairies, DFe was measured in surface waters of 124 lakes distributed across the state over the 2018 summer season. Thirty lakes were selected for 15 weeks of weekly DFe monitoring to assess temporal trends over the summer season. Dissolved Fe concentrations in surface waters ranged from 5 to 1000 μg L^-1. Iowan lakes exhibited temporal trends in DFe, with decreasing concentrations from May to mid-July and an increase into August. Unsupervised learning method (k-means) identified three main groups of lakes based on temporal DFe trends. In this study, surface water temperature was associated with DFe trends in some lakes. This study serves as a baseline for DFe in Iowa’s lakes and can provide insights into iron biogeochemical cycling and its role in phytoplankton blooms, which are important to ecosystem and public health.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":"177 1","pages":"2-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2022.3377.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43289227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring Algal Blooms in Small Lakes Using Drones: A Case Study in Southern Illinois","authors":"Di Wu,&nbsp;Ruopu Li,&nbsp;Jia Liu,&nbsp;Nafeesa Khan","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2022.3383.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2022.3383.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) persist in many water bodies around the world and pose adverse health and economic impacts to the affected communities. Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have recently been applied as a cost-effective tool for HABs monitoring. In this study, HABs in two small lakes in Southern Illinois (Carbondale Reservoir and the Campus Lake of Southern Illinois University) were monitored using UAVs and biomass concentrations in lake waters. By analyzing vegetation indices derived from multispectral UAV images and chlorophyll-<i>a</i> concentrations in the two lakes, statistical regression models were established for each waterbody. The model relates spectral characteristics of the lake water to its algae biomass. It was found that normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and blue-to-green band ratio are the best-fit indices to the variation in chlorophyll-<i>a</i> in Carbondale Reservoir and the Campus Lake, respectively. The findings in this study can be used for monitoring HABs using UAVs in these lakes in the future.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":"177 1","pages":"83-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2022.3383.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41616584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chlorophyll and Phycocyanin Raw Fluorescence May Inform Recreational Lake Managers on Cyanobacterial HABs and Toxins: Lake Fayetteville Case Study","authors":"Brian E. Haggard,&nbsp;Erin Grantz,&nbsp;Bradley J. Austin,&nbsp;Nicole D. Wagner,&nbsp;J. Thad Scott","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2022.3381.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2022.3381.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) have been observed across the USA and worldwide, and even locally in Lake Fayetteville (Arkansas, USA) once we started monitoring for total microcystin. The goal of this research note was to present a framework that might help guide cyanoHAB and toxin public health advisories at Lake Fayetteville. We evaluated nonparametric change points (i.e., thresholds) and hierarchical structure (using classification and regression trees) between total microcystin concentrations, chlorophyll, and phycocyanin; chlorophyll-a is a pigment in all algae, while phycocyanin is specific to cyanobacteria. Pigment concentrations and raw fluorescence units (RFUs) all showed significant thresholds with total microcystin concentrations, basically showing that as concentration or RFUs increased above the thresholds that total microcystin was greater at Lake Fayetteville. The regression tree with total microcystin concentrations showed a first split with phycocyanin RFUs at 4524, and then when phycocyanin RFUs were greater there was an optimal range for the phycocyanin to chlorophyll RFU ratio (0.64-1.5). At this recreational lake, total microcystin concentrations were greatest when water samples met these criteria, providing a possible framework for when lake managers might suggest an increased risk for elevated cyanobacterial toxins.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":"177 1","pages":"63-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2022.3381.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44085809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Total Microcystin Concentration Variability in Water Samples and Recommended Minimum Volume (20 mL) for Freeze Thaw Cycles","authors":"Brian E. Haggard,&nbsp;Bradley J. Austin","doi":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2022.3385.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.1936-704X.2022.3385.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) continue to be a monitoring and research focus, particularly on the occurrence of toxins like total microcystins. The objectives of this study were to evaluate sampling and analytical variability in measured total microcystin concentrations and then to evaluate the volume of raw water needed in the freeze thaw cycle to reduce sampling variability. Water samples were collected from a recreational lake with annual cyanoHABs, and then 2 mL was used in freeze thaw cycles before total microcystin analysis. Then, sample volumes used in the freeze thaw cycles varied from 2 to 300 mL for total microcystin analysis. With three separate experiments, we observed a great deal of sampling variability (when using 2 mL in the freeze thaw cycles) while analytical variability was much less. In fact, sampling variability could potentially account for temporal variability observed in the routine monitoring. However, when sample volume used in the freeze thaw cycles increased, total microcystin variability decreased. We recommend at least 20 mL to be used in the freeze thaw cycles when analyzing total microcystins in environmental samples.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":45920,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education","volume":"177 1","pages":"103-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2022.3385.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41860053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}