International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice最新文献

{"title":"Harmful gun behaviour and perceived collective efficacy: evidence from a cross-national study of youth detainees","authors":"Steven Cook, T. Bruno, P. Erickson, Jennifer E. Butters, L. Harrison","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2020.1844249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2020.1844249","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper examines the patterns of harmful weapon behavior and the protective influence of perceived collective efficacy on harmful weapon behavior among a cross-national sample of youth detainees in Toronto and Philadelphia. Despite different firearms policies, detained youth in both cities reveal considerable knowledge of where to get a gun. Multivariate analyses reveal that participating in gang fights, non-violent delinquency, and neighborhood gun markets are significantly related to harmful gun behavior in both cities. Only one collective efficacy subscale, perceived social cohesion, exerted a protective influence on harmful gun behavior among youth in both cities. These results suggest that in the absence of “strong ties,” reflected in family and residential stability, there may be added value in the “weak ties” provided by the community, making social cohesion an important protective characteristic for this high-risk group of youthful detainees. The significance of the findings, limitations, and potential policy implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01924036.2020.1844249","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42060702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"International migration and cross-national homicide: considering the role of economic development","authors":"Mateus Rennó Santos, Douglas B. Weiss, Alexander Testa","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2020.1844250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2020.1844250","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study investigates the longitudinal relationship between international migration and homicide using a sample of 88 developed and developing countries from 1993 to 2015. Drawing on research demonstrating that (1) economic development reduces violent crime within countries, and (2) migrants often move to countries with improving economic conditions in search of better economic opportunities, we test the hypothesis that the relationship between international migration and homicide is spurious at the cross-national level, as both factors may be attributed to economic development. Using fixed-effects regression, we find that a negative direct association between international migration and homicide is explained by economic development. We conclude that an increase in international migration and a decrease in homicide may both be consequences of a broader process of development.","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01924036.2020.1844250","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41630015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Criminal justice reform and court-imposed bail in Mexico: an empirical report","authors":"Rodrigo Meneses Reyes, Gustavo Fondevila","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2020.1844251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2020.1844251","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article furthers the discussion on bail through an analysis of the conditions under which this measure is used in Mexico, a country which has recently reformed its penal system (2008–2016) by introducing new procedural rules, which seek to reduce the use of pretrial detention. The study is based on a statistical-descriptive examination of 1,537 judicial cases in which judges chose to impose either pretrial detention or bail. Our findings indicate that, obtaining bail, rather than pretrial detention, is related to both the specific nature of the crime as well as the circumstances of the criminal investigation. Furthermore, our data confirm that pretrial decisions can affect the entire course of a case. In our sample, defendants who were granted bail were more likely to receive non-condemnatory sentences than those who awaited trial in prison.","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01924036.2020.1844251","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46583291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shades of blue: Exploring the code of silence in Croatia and Serbia","authors":"R. Peacock, Marko Prpič, Sanja Kutnjak Ivković, Irena Cajner Mraović, V. Bozovic","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2020.1824872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2020.1824872","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper examines the factors affecting police officer willingness to adhere to a code of silence among the police in Croatia and Serbia. The paper explores the factors predicting police codes of silence in two countries formed after the dissolution of the former Yugoslavia in the early 1990s that pursued separate development paths. A police integrity questionnaire recorded the views of 1,007 police officers in Croatia and 1,843 police officers in Serbia. Multivariate modelling was used to analyse the predictors of officers’ perceptions of whether they would report the violation in different scenarios. Decades since the break-up of the former Yugoslavia, the results indicate that many of the factors predicting the code of silence remain similar across police officers in the two countries.","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01924036.2020.1824872","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44874053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The life course of delinquency: reflections on the meaning of trajectories, transitions and turning points in youth justice","authors":"Stephen Case, Roger Smith","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2020.1821728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2020.1821728","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article challenges contemporary analyses of the nature of youth justice in England and Wales as partial and restricted in theoretical and conceptual terms. A life course perspective is adopted to examine the trajectory of youth justice as a dynamic artefact, constantly shaped by recurring, reconstructed and r/evolving contextual, thematic and stakeholder influences. A critical and thematic review of academic, government, policy and media literature using social construction as its analytical frame of reference in turn opens up the theoretical space to articulate an internally-coherent and nuanced framework for understanding the nature and development of youth justice past, present and future.","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01924036.2020.1821728","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49206495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crime and fear in public places: an introduction to the special issue","authors":"V. Ceccato, Mahesh K. Nalla","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2020.1824716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2020.1824716","url":null,"abstract":"Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable (UN-United Nations, 2019) A safe environment is one that maximises the use of public places; it is a place that encourages social interaction....","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01924036.2020.1824716","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47523470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"There has to be a better way: place managers for crime prevention in a surveillance society","authors":"Stephen Douglas, Brandon C. Welsh","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2020.1788960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2020.1788960","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We live in a surveillance society. Often justified under the guise of government anti-terrorism activities, domestic crime reduction, or both, surveillance takes many forms, including closed-circuit television cameras, networked cameras, and facial recognition applications. There is also a range of alternative forms of surveillance, measures considered less of an imposition to privacy, civil liberties, and other personal freedoms. One example is place managers: employees who perform a surveillance function secondary to their employment duties (e.g., bus drivers, parking lot attendants, train conductors). This article reports on an updated systematic review of the effects of place managers on crime in public and private space. Following identification and screening of several hundred references, a total of six studies met the inclusion criteria. Findings indicate that place managers represent a promising situational technique for preventing crime. Future place manager interventions need to be guided by the rich body of theory on place management.","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01924036.2020.1788960","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49210203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Private security’s accountabilities within polycentric assemblages","authors":"Julie Berg, C. Shearing","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2020.1788959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2020.1788959","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article will reflect on the multiple ways in which private security can, and is, being held responsible and accountable to the public (and other security providers), in formalised, polycentric, or nodal assemblages. Drawing on empirical research conducted on plural policing partnerships, the article will show that private security is influenced by market forces, but that this is part of an interwoven, layered, formal-informal system of accountabilities – most of which are bottom-up and relational, rather than top-down and legislated. In fact, drawing on the work of John Braithwaite, we show that horizontal or circular forms of accountability (or accountabilities) play a large role in aligning the private sector to the public interest or common good within pluralised environments.","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01924036.2020.1788959","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49333206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial","authors":"Mahesh K. Nalla","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2020.1794217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2020.1794217","url":null,"abstract":"We are pleased to bring in this issue (Vol. 44, Iss.3) a key contribution by John Braithwaite, Crime as a cascade phenomenon, followed by three critical reflections and analysis of that work. Braithwaite, in this analytic sketch, noted that “war tends to cascade across space and time to further war, crime to further crime, war to crime, and crime to war.” Drawing data from South Asia, Braithwaite examines crime through a cascade lens to help us visualise how just as crime tends to cascade; peacemaking can cascade non-violence, and crime prevention. He argued that viewing crime through the cascade lens and with self-efficacy and collective efficacy working as catalysts of crime prevention “opens up fertile ways of imagining macrocriminology.” Drawing examples from success stories on gun control and drunk driving from Australian experiences, Braithwaite highlights the importance of explicitly linking individual offenders from evidence-based micro-criminology to a macro-criminology of cultural transformation. Braithwaite’s article has received three critical reviews and comments. Susan Karstedt’s essay On Wake-up calls and metaphors observed that cascade lens could motivate new directions in criminological research while cautioning its limitation for “its potential as organizing structure for testing important propositions.” She suggests that to advance the cascade concept from a metaphor to an analytical tool, it needs to be made operational and testable. She further observed that it is critical to identify the connections between the broader structural conditions such as poverty and concentrated disadvantage and micro-level decision making. Echoing in a similar vein, Ed McGarrell notes that Braithwaite’s work puts emphasis on “crime prevention with the hope that research and practice can build upon the notion Cascades to make more substantial and sustained crime prevention effects” and draws scholars’ attention to several issues that can be explored through cascade framework. Finally, Jay Kennedy highlights that the self-efficacy and collective efficacy that Braithwaite identifies as “mediums through which crime and crime prevention flow are important factors for the sustenance and proliferation of crime prevention cascades, particularly when those cascades include elements of reintegrative approaches to the destigmatisation of criminal histories.” He argues that viewing Crime and crime prevention through the cascade lens given the role collective efficacy plays to “create socially positive rather than exclusionary practices.” In this issue, we also bring you three other articles. The first of these is by Erik Alda and his colleagues, who examine perceived fairness in criminal courts in seven countries in the Caribbean. The findings suggest that a critical indicator of courts’ perceived fairness is the perceived fairness of the police. Additionally, they also find that involvement in one’s community and crime victimisation are important predictors","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01924036.2020.1794217","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46329459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antecedents of Perceived Fairness in Criminal Courts: A Comparative Analysis","authors":"E. Alda, Richard R. Bennett, Nancy E. Marion, Melissa Morabito, S. Baxter","doi":"10.1080/01924036.2019.1615521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2019.1615521","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Criminal courts are an essential component of the criminal justice system. How people perceive courts determines, in part, their compliance with court decisions. When courts are perceived as being just, fair and trustworthy, citizens are more likely to respect court rulings. However, few people have direct experience with the criminal courts, but many do with the police. This paper explores whether citizens’ perception of police fairness affects their perception of criminal courts as being fair and examines the influences of a variety of individual and community factors upon this relationship. We tested a conceptual model with three clusters of predictive variables (individual, community, and national levels) based on data from the Caribbean. The findings indicate that perceived fairness of courts is driven primarily by perceived fairness of the police as well as by involvement in one’s community and an individual’s crime victimization. Policy implications of these findings are explored.","PeriodicalId":45887,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01924036.2019.1615521","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47601773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}