Journal of Geography-Chigaku Zasshi最新文献

{"title":"The 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake on the Zushi-Kotsubo Coast, Sagami Bay: Evidence of Quake, Tsunami and Landslide After-effects","authors":"Y. Kanie, Y. Kanie","doi":"10.5026/jgeography.131.381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.131.381","url":null,"abstract":"On September 1, 1923, the Great Kanto earthquake struck Japan. Recently found testimony and documents are discussed that shed new light on the effects of the initial earthquake and tsunami along the Zushi-Kotsubo coastline at Sagami Bay, Kanagawa Prefecture. Mrs. Fuji Takashima （ née Hirai ） , a resident of the Zushi-Kotsubo area when the earthquake and tsunami struck, provides first-hand evidence in her testimony. In addition, the artist Shiun provides a first-hand account of the earthquake in his artwork “Shin go tsunami shuurai （ after the earthquake and tsunami struck ） According to testimony and documents, it is noted that the Zushi-Kotsubo coastline, with its small, quaint fishing villages, was changed greatly by the Great Kanto Earthquake. The first wave of the tsunami struck the southwest Kotsubo coastline five to six minutes after the earthquake occurred. The third wave was the largest. The tsunami traveled up the Kotsubo river channel, washing away many houses on its banks. A field survey indicates the tsunami was up to 12 m in height at the northwest beach and 5 m at the south beach. The tsunami that traveled up the Kotsubo River was more than 5.0 m in height. The earthquake also caused the land to uplift in the area by an average of 0.4 m, before gradually subsiding. Large-scale landslides occurred at northwest cape Iijima and south cape Oosaki.","PeriodicalId":45817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography-Chigaku Zasshi","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46431007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-frequency Earthquakes in the Continental Plate and Their Seismological and Tectonic Implications","authors":"A. Hasegawa, J. Nakajima","doi":"10.5026/jgeography.131.289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.131.289","url":null,"abstract":"Low-frequency earthquakes （ LFEs ） occurring in the continental plate are reviewed. Most LFEs in the continental plate occur at depths of ~15 ­ 45 km in the uppermost mantle to the lower crust beneath volcanoes, but they also occur within the same depth range beneath non-volcanic areas. Because they occur at greater depths than the typical depth limit for shallow regular earthquakes, they are called “deep low-frequency earthquakes （ deep LFE ） .” However, a recent study reveals that LFEs also occur at depths shallower than 15 km in the upper crust where many regular earthquakes occur. This indicates that LFEs occur over the entire depth range from the uppermost mantle to the upper crust. In the upper crust, LFEs and regular earthquakes coexist and occur in close proximity. Focal mechanisms and activity patterns of LFEs show that tensile-shear crack is the dominant mechanism generating LFEs. In addition, the long duration of waveforms is probably caused by resonance in the fluid-filled crack. Distributions of peak frequency （ fp ） and frequency index （ FI ） values of waveforms, both of which are expected to be significantly small for LFEs and large for regular earthquakes, show that there is no clear boundary for fp and FI values between LFEs and regular earthquakes; rather, they are distrib-uted continuously. It is presumed that the distribution of high and low pore fluid pressures in source faults creates such distributions of small and large fp and FI values, respectively, and a LFE occurs when the pore pressure is extremely high. This indicates that pore pressure is direct-ly related also to the genesis of regular earthquakes. In source areas of recent large inland earthquakes, LFEs are activated by the mainshock, and FI and fp","PeriodicalId":45817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography-Chigaku Zasshi","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47203569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Effects of Drought on the Vegetation Activity Using Remote Sensing Data: A Case Study at Chichi-jima, Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands","authors":"Shuto Miyoshi, H. Matsuyama","doi":"10.5026/jgeography.131.365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.131.365","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of drought on vegetation activity at Chichi-jima, Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands from 2015 to 2018 were investigated based on remote sensing data. Chichi-jima suffered from severe periods of drought in 2016­2017 and 2018­2019. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was calculated using data from Band 4 (Red) and Band 5 (Near Infrared) of the Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager. Even at Chichi-jima, which is located in the subtropics, the NDVI exhibited seasonal variations. The range of the NDVI (maximum minus minimum) is approximately 0.11 when averaged at the watersheds of reservoirs supplying drinking water. During drought periods in September 2016 and 2018, the NDVI values decreased compared to those of September in the other years, which were less affected by drought. The decrease in the NDVI is approximately 0.04, which corresponds to approximately one-third of the seasonal variations in the NDVI. Although the absolute value of this decrease is subtle, it is relatively large considering seasonal variations. From a difference map of the NDVI between September 2016 (during the drought) and September 2015 (before the drought), it is observed that the decrease in the NDVI occurred across all of Chichi-jima. When comparing the vegetation map of Chichijima, the decrease in the NDVI did not occur in a specific species or region. This implies that the effects of drought appeared in the vegetation of Chichi-jima as a whole.","PeriodicalId":45817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography-Chigaku Zasshi","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45093832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lower Cretaceous Bedded Sandstone/Mudstone at Shimonita, Northern Kanto Mtn.: Where Did the Atokura Klippe Come from?","authors":"","doi":"10.5026/jgeography.131.cover03_01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.131.cover03_01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography-Chigaku Zasshi","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46170563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Landform Development of Kimotsuki Plain before Deposition of Osumi Pumice Fall, Kyushu, Japan: Formation of Buried Ata Welded Ignimbrite Plateau beneath Ito Ignimbrite","authors":"Shintaro Takanami","doi":"10.5026/jgeography.131.317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.131.317","url":null,"abstract":"― ― Abstract Ata welded ignimbrite （ 110 ka ） lies beneath Ito non-welded ignimbrite and Osumi pumice fall deposit （ 30 ka ） in the Kimotsuki Plain, southern Kyushu. Previous geomorphological stud-ies of the Kimotsuki Plain focused on landform development after deposition of Ito ignimbrite. Landform development of Kimotsuki Plain since the last interglacial, especially until just before deposition of the Osumi pumice fall, is reconstructed using geological data collected from outcrop observations and borehole records. The basal-surface of the Osumi pumice fall deposit obtained shows that Ata welded ignimbrite had been dissected by the Kimotsuki River and its tributaries in response to the last glacial sea-level drop before the Osumi pumice fall was deposited. Longitudinal profiles along the Kushira River in 110 ka and 30 ka indicate recession of the Tanida waterfall, which formed at the edge of the Ata welded ignimbrite plateau. These profile changes imply that the Tanida waterfall retreated 2.4 ­ 6.0 km upstream between 110 ka and 30 ka. The Kushira formation, Marine oxygen Isotope Stages （ MIS ） 5e marine deposits under Ata welded ignimbrite, was found below the present sea-level at multiple locations in the Kimotsuki Plain. This vertical distribution of the Kushira formation indicates that the Kimotsuki Plain has been in a tectonically stable or subsidence area since the MIS 5e, in contrast with the Onejime and Natsui areas, which have been tectonically uplifting. The depositions of the two ignimbrites had significant impacts on filling the Paleo-Shibushi Bay （ Sea ） and the development of the Kimotsuki Plain under sea-level lowering during the last glacial period. The top-surface of basement rocks is more than - 120 m below sea level at the floors of paleo valleys, even though it is adjacent to mountains composed of the basement. Further investigation of lower alluvium and its basal-surface is required for an understanding of valley incision and delta evolution of the Kimotsuki Lowland after deposition of the Ito pyroclastic flow.","PeriodicalId":45817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography-Chigaku Zasshi","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46147632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction for the Next 50 Years of Radiocesium Concentration after the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident Based on a Lacustrine Sediment Analysis, Lake Inawashiro-ko, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan","authors":"Y. Nagahashi, K. Kataoka, K. Nanba","doi":"10.5026/jgeography.131.339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.131.339","url":null,"abstract":"Communities and residents in Fukushima Prefecture have been adversely affected and jeopardized by radioactive contamination of the environment and associated socioeconomic reputational damage due to the TEPCO Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident, which occurred immediately after the extremely large earthquake and tsunami on March 11, 2011. Therefore, how long radionuclides will persist in the regional environment is a major concern. The vertical profiles of radiocesium concentrations in sediments of Lake Inawashiro-ko in Fukushima Prefecture, 85 km west of the nuclear power plant are clarified, and decadal changes in future concentrations are predicted. Sedimentary cores, 17.0 to 40.5 cm in length, were obtained from 27 sites in the lake at water depths greater than 60 m. Lacustrine sediments consist of a black upper part (unit 1) and an olive-gray lower part (unit 2). These units, providing a stratigraphic record that covers the past 130 years, are mainly composed of clayey silt as background lake floor deposits with intercalations of the 2011 and 1888 event deposits. Radiocesium (Cs+Cs) inventory, derived from the FDNPP accident, in lacustrine sediment cores at 12 sites has a range between 39,000 and 93,000 Bq/m. These values are larger than that of the initial deposition (ca. 30,000 Bq/m) of radiocesium on the ground around Lake Inawashiro-ko. The excess radiocesium was supplied from the river catchments feeding the lake. Together with sedimentation rates at the individual sites, the Cs concentration for the 50 years after 2011 is predicted based on the exponential decay patterns of global fallouts of nuclear weapons tests in the 1960s, which were also recorded in the lacustrine sediments. Using this assumption, the concentration of Cs in lake floor sediments in the 2060s is estimated to be from 159 to 815 Bq/kg at a site where Cs of 4,000 to 10,866 Bq/kg was initially deposited. However, the predicted radiocesium concentration may be more persistent if the flux of radiocesium from the upper * 福島大学共生システム理工学類 ** 新潟大学災害・復興科学研究所 *** 福島大学環境放射能研究所 * Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Science, Fukushima University, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan ** Research Institute for Natural Hazards and Disaster Recovery, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan *** Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan 地学雑誌 Journal of Geography(Chigaku Zasshi) 131(3)339­363 2022 doi:10.5026/jgeography.131.339","PeriodicalId":45817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography-Chigaku Zasshi","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42538142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overview of the Special Issue “2022 Year of Mineralogy”","authors":"R. Miyawaki","doi":"10.5026/jgeography.131.125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.131.125","url":null,"abstract":"“Year of Mineralogy 2022” is a global initiative that aims to highlight the importance of mineralogy not only as a basic science, but also in our everyday lives (Fig. 1). It consists of coordinated activities at regional, national, and international levels, and takes place under the patronage of the International Year of Basic Science for Sustainable Development, which is supported by UNESCO. 2022 marks the bicentennial of the death of French mineralogist René-Just Haüy (1743­1822), who is known as a father of modern mineralogy and crystallography. It is also the 200th anniversary of the publication of “Traité de mineralogy” and “Traité de cristallographie,” which were authored by Haüy. It is, therefore, significant that we have been given an opportunity to publish a special issue of this journal, which reviews contributions of minerals and mineralogy to geology, as a part of our activities during the “Year of Mineralogy.” Minerals are not only interesting natural materials that play significant roles in industry as resources, but are also important in geology and other sciences for providing evidence of research results and as specimens to be preserved for future generations. Mineralogy is a science with a long history. It has played a key role in the development of science and technology, including our understanding of the nature of materials. This special issue consists of eight review articles and one original article by expert mineralogists, petrologists, crystallographers, and geologists in Japan who are leaders in the mineral sciences. Theophrastus wrote that stone comes from earth, based on Aristotle’s four elements─earth, fire, air, and water. Pliny featured stone extensively in his “Natural History.” In the 16th century, when Agricola wrote “De re metallica” and “De Natura Fossilium,” stone was collectively referred to as fossil (dug up), along with current fossils and stone tools. Tagai (2022) traces the history of mineralogy back to the Greek and Roman periods, covering contributions to classical mineralogy by Werner and others, the establishment of classical crystallography by Steno and Haüy, and the inception of modern mineralogy and modern crystallography through the discovery of X-rays by Röntgen and X-ray diffraction experiments by Laue and Braggs. He also reviews the progress in mineralogy and crystallography in modern Japan, which is based on work by Wada. A mineral substance is a naturally occurring solid that has been formed by geological processes, either on the Earth or in extraterrestrial bodies (IMA Nomenclature; Nickel and Grice, 1998). A mineral species is a mineral substance with well defined chemical composition and crystallographic properties, such as an arrangement of chemical bonds in a crystal structure, and which merits a unique mineral name. The Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names, a predecessor of the Commission on New Mineral, Mineral Name and Classification, of the International Mineralogical Associa","PeriodicalId":45817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography-Chigaku Zasshi","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44434601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to the Special Issue “2022 Year of Mineralogy”","authors":"R. Miyawaki","doi":"10.5026/jgeography.131.129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.131.129","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography-Chigaku Zasshi","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48844814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interaction between Life and Mineral, Co-evolution and Surface Environment: Challenge for Geohistorical Mineralogy—Significance in the 200-Year History of Mineralogy from Haüy and Perspective for Future—","authors":"J. Akai","doi":"10.5026/jgeography.131.213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.131.213","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography-Chigaku Zasshi","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41441540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Mineral Science to Elucidate Mysteries of the Early Solar System","authors":"A. Tsuchiyama, J. Matsuno","doi":"10.5026/jgeography.131.193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.131.193","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geography-Chigaku Zasshi","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44745560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}