Transnational Environmental Law最新文献

{"title":"The Rights of Nature as a Bridge between Land-Ownership Regimes: The Potential of Institutionalized Interplay in Post-Colonial Societies","authors":"A. Putzer, T. Lambooy, Ignace Breemer, A. Rietveld","doi":"10.1017/S2047102522000334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S2047102522000334","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Despite the growing prominence and use of Rights of Nature (RoN), doubts remain as to their tangible effect on environmental protection efforts. By analyzing two initiatives in post-colonial societies, we argue that they do influence the creation of institutionalized bridges between differing land-ownership regimes. Applying the methodology of inter-legality, we examine the Ecuadorian Constitution of 2008 and the Ugandan National Environment Act 2019. We identify five normative spheres that influence land-ownership regimes. We find that the established Ecuadorian RoN have an institutionalized effect on the nation's legal system. Their more recently established Ugandan counterpart shows potential to develop in the same direction.","PeriodicalId":45716,"journal":{"name":"Transnational Environmental Law","volume":"11 1","pages":"501 - 523"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48903906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are Banks Responsible for Animal Welfare and Climate Disruption? A Critical Review of Australian Banks’ Due Diligence Policies for Agribusiness Lending","authors":"C. Parker, Lucinda Sheedy-Reinhard","doi":"10.1017/S204710252200022X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S204710252200022X","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article argues that banks should adopt animal welfare policies in the light of the growing acceptance of the need for ‘responsible banking’, which incorporates environmental, social, and governance analysis into credit risk and due diligence processes. The responsibility of banks for animal welfare is underscored by the drive towards greater investment in animal agribusiness, and the vicious cycle through which animal agribusiness can both contribute to, and be impacted by, climate disruption. The article evaluates, through a desktop review, how leading Australian retail banks and agribusiness lenders are addressing animal welfare and climate disruption in animal agribusiness lending. We find that although most banks have made a commitment to animal welfare and climate policies, these often amount to little more than greenwashing. We call for an ecosystem of industry, regulatory, and civil society action to address this danger.","PeriodicalId":45716,"journal":{"name":"Transnational Environmental Law","volume":"11 1","pages":"603 - 628"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42117977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EU–Third Country Dialogue on IUU Fishing: The Transformation of Thailand's Fisheries Laws","authors":"Y. Naiki, J. Rakpong","doi":"10.1017/S2047102522000206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S2047102522000206","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article addresses the impacts of the carding system (green, yellow, red) of the European Union (EU) Regulation on illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing on the fisheries laws of third countries. Specifically, it analyzes Thailand's national legal reforms, which followed interactions between the EU and Thailand during the yellow card period. Building on past research on the EU's use of market power to exert regulatory influence on third countries, the article explores other factors that might encourage third countries to engage in national regulatory reforms: the EU's powers of expertise, monitoring, and agenda-setting. Finally, the article also considers the legitimacy of the EU's regulatory power over third countries.","PeriodicalId":45716,"journal":{"name":"Transnational Environmental Law","volume":"11 1","pages":"629 - 653"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44708719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Change Mitigation in the Aviation Sector: A Critical Overview of National and International Initiatives","authors":"B. Mayer, Z. Ding","doi":"10.1017/S204710252200019X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S204710252200019X","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Climate change mitigation calls for the limitation and reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across all sectors. However, limiting GHG emissions from aviation has proven to be problematic for technical reasons (e.g., lack of low-carbon alternatives) as well as legal reasons (e.g., international aviation does not readily fall within any one state's jurisdiction). Relevant initiatives have followed two streams. At the international level, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has adopted technical standards and, more recently, a market-based mechanism to limit emissions from international civil aviation. In parallel, states have adopted their own policies and measures to regulate emissions from both domestic and international aviation, ranging from tax and technical standards to traffic management and infrastructural development. While much of the literature on climate change mitigation in the aviation sector has focused on international efforts, this article reveals the importance of understanding the tensions and complementarities of the two streams.","PeriodicalId":45716,"journal":{"name":"Transnational Environmental Law","volume":"12 1","pages":"14 - 41"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47429289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bringing Multilateral Environmental Agreements into Development Finance: An Analysis of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank's Environmental and Social Framework","authors":"Wei Lin","doi":"10.1017/S2047102522000127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S2047102522000127","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Multilateral development banks (MDBs) are crucial in promoting economic growth through their project finance activities. Meanwhile, to address negative effects arising from their development projects, MDBs increasingly have focused their attention on the environmental and social impacts of their supported projects in recent decades. This article analyzes the relationship between the Environmental and Social Framework (ESF) adopted by the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). It argues that better compliance with MEAs by the AIIB and its borrowers in implementing AIIB-supported development projects will be achieved only if its independent accountability mechanism (IAM) can actively examine project compliance with the ESF in the light of MEAs. The AIIB has an opportunity to provide leadership in promoting the fulfilment of MEA obligations in development finance. However, this is contingent on ensuring effective oversight by its newly established IAM moving forward.","PeriodicalId":45716,"journal":{"name":"Transnational Environmental Law","volume":"11 1","pages":"655 - 681"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44870890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Justifying Representation of Future Generations and Nature: Contradictory or Mutually Supporting Values?","authors":"P. Lawrence","doi":"10.1017/S2047102522000176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S2047102522000176","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract At first blush, normative arguments justifying representation of future generations and nature appear to rest on contradictory values. This article argues, however, that there are strong synergies between these discourses. Arguments for institutions for future generations based on human rights are compared with justifications for proxy representation of nature based on ecological justice, Indigenous ecological justice and socio-ecological justice. Case studies involving the Welsh Commissioner for Future Generations, the Aotearoa New Zealand Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, and ascribing legal personality to rivers in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand, are presented to demonstrate that representing future generations and nature reflect mutually supporting values. Building on these synergies is vital for reform efforts.","PeriodicalId":45716,"journal":{"name":"Transnational Environmental Law","volume":"11 1","pages":"553 - 579"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44839394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TEL volume 11 issue 2 Cover and Front matter","authors":"J. Zeben, Natasha A. Affolder, G. Calster","doi":"10.1017/s2047102522000309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s2047102522000309","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45716,"journal":{"name":"Transnational Environmental Law","volume":" ","pages":"f1 - f4"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48986271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Public Law Paradoxes of Climate Emergency Declarations","authors":"Jocelyn Stacey","doi":"10.1017/S2047102522000231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S2047102522000231","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Climate emergency declarations occupy a legally ambiguous space between emergency measure and political rhetoric. Their uncertain status in public law provides a unique opportunity to illuminate latent assumptions about emergencies and how they are regulated in law. This article analyzes climate emergency declarations in Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Aotearoa/New Zealand. It argues that these climate emergency declarations reflect back a set of paradoxes about the legal regulation of emergencies – paradoxes about defining the emergency, how time regulates and contains emergency power, and who gets to respond to the emergency and how. These paradoxes challenge long-held and over-simplified assumptions about emergencies and allow us to see the complex ways in which public law regulates emergencies – a necessity in a climate-disrupted world.","PeriodicalId":45716,"journal":{"name":"Transnational Environmental Law","volume":"11 1","pages":"291 - 323"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44989354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Ecology of War and Peace, by Eliana Cusato Cambridge University Press, 2021, 296 pp, £85 hb, US$88 ebk ISBN 9781108837521 hb, 9781108944632 ebk","authors":"D. Bertram","doi":"10.1017/s2047102522000255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s2047102522000255","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45716,"journal":{"name":"Transnational Environmental Law","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49616099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legal, Regulatory, and Governance Innovation in Transnational Environmental Law","authors":"T. Etty, Josephine A. W. van Zeben, C. Carlarne, Leslie‐Anne Duvic‐Paoli, Bruce R. Huber, Anna Huggins","doi":"10.1017/S2047102522000292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S2047102522000292","url":null,"abstract":"[...]disruption creates pressure for evolution in existing legal frameworks, or the creation of new legal frameworks.4 Transnational environmental law encompasses evolving understandings of ‘law’, ‘regulation’, and ‘governance’ as they relate to the global nature of many contemporary environmental problems.5 This issue of Transnational Environmental Law (TEL) highlights the diverse range of legal, regulatory, and governance innovations that continue to be experimented with in an attempt to address complex environmental challenges. [...]Duvic-Paoli analyzes the disruptive impacts of climate change on lawmaking processes, followed by pieces by Donger, Mayer, and Burgers, which focus on legal disruption in the context of climate litigation and adjudication. In Milieudefensie v. Royal Dutch Shell, the Hague District Court (the Netherlands) issued an injunction against Shell to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 45% by 2030, compared with 2019 levels.31 According to Mayer, ‘[t]he most innovative aspect of the judgment regards its interpretation of the Dutch law on torts as requiring [Shell] to take climate change mitigation action’.32 Mayer welcomes the establishment of a corporate duty of care to mitigate climate change, yet he notes that determining the content of the duty of care is ‘a challenging task’.33 In particular, he is sceptical of the Court's reliance on global mitigation objectives and climate science to determine the level of GHG emissions that Shell could emit without breaching its duty of care.34 Mayer suggests that the Court's ‘innovative decision’, and particularly its ‘methodological choices’ for determining the content of the duty of care, raise concerns that the Court is going beyond its constitutional role in interpreting and applying the law.35 He proposes an alternative methodology which applies Martti Koskenniemi's distinction between ‘descending reasoning’, in which norms are inferred from general international law principles, and ‘ascending reasoning’, in which norms are deduced from general state practice.36 While the judgment of the Hague District Court arguably reflects a strong preference for the former type of reasoning, it does not engage with ascending reasoning by considering empirical evidence of the current practices of oil-and-gas corporations. Mayer contends that a preferable approach would combine both types of reasoning by referring to international agreements and scientific reports, as well as sectoral practices among other companies.37 If the latter approach were adopted, the interpretation of the standard of care should incorporate what could be expected from an average or reasonable oil-and-gas company.38 Mayer suggests that such an approach reflects a ‘midpoint’ between ascending and descending reasoning, which is consistent with the courts’ function in applying, rather than making, the law.39 In ‘An Apology Leading to Dystopia: Or, Why Fuelling Climate Change is Tortious’,40 Laura Burgers respon","PeriodicalId":45716,"journal":{"name":"Transnational Environmental Law","volume":"1 3","pages":"223 - 233"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41269257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}