Journal of Cold War Studies最新文献

{"title":"Active and Sharp Measures","authors":"Christopher Nehring","doi":"10.1162/jcws_a_01038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_01038","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract During the Cold War, Bulgaria was a staunch ally of the Soviet Union, and the Bulgarian State Security (DS) service worked extremely closely with the Soviet State Security Committee (KGB) on a wide range of matters, including disinformation operations as well as “sharp measures”—abductions, sabotage, and, most notably, assassinations. Not until the Cold War ended and the DS archives in Bulgaria were made accessible were scholars able to explore these intelligence operations in great depth. Although the lack of access to the KGB's foreign intelligence collections in Yasenevo poses certain limits, the availability of DS collections, including many copies of KGB records, has been a gold mine for Western scholars of Cold War–era intelligence activities. Drawing mainly on Bulgarian archival sources, this article analyzes KGB-DS intelligence cooperation regarding disinformation and “sharp measures.” Among the topics covered are recently disclosed sources on the assassination of the dissident Bulgarian writer Georgi Markov in London 1978 and the assassination attempt against Pope John Paul II in May 1981. The article thus provides historical context for contemporary debates about Russian security services and their strategic use of disinformation and active measures.","PeriodicalId":45551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cold War Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":"3-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46512549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Silent Guns of Two Octobers: Kennedy and Khrushchev Play the Double Game","authors":"D. Munton","doi":"10.1162/jcws_r_01047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_r_01047","url":null,"abstract":"A new brand of revisionism has joined the abundant literature on the Cuban missile crisis of 1962 (a crisis usually known in Moscow as the “Caribbean crisis” and in Havana as the “October crisis”). The Silent Guns of Two Octobers: Kennedy and Khrushchev Play the Double Game by Theodore Voorhees is undoubtedly the most audacious and arguably the most flawed of these revisionist interpretations. Some might see this book as conspiracy-theorizing, albeit with more conspiracy than theorizing. Voorhees seeks to challenge the orthodoxy, and he succeeds on that score. But he fails to build a convincing case. His reach exceeds both his grasp and the evidence. His questions are alternatively provocative and misleading. His research—at least into some matters—is impressively deep. His arguments are often bizarre. Voorhees begins his analysis of the 1962 missile crisis with a chapter-length account of the short-lived October 1961 U.S.-Soviet tank confrontation in Berlin (hence the book title’s allusion to “The Two Octobers”). Raymond Garthoff unveiled this episode three decades ago, various historians (cited by Voorhees) have subsequently discussed it, and I explicitly linked it to the 1962 missile crisis in my essay “The Fourth Question: Why Did John F. Kennedy Offer Up the Jupiters in Turkey?” in David Gioe, Len Scott, and Christopher Andrew, eds., An International History of the Cuban Missile Crisis (New York: Routledge, 2014), pp. 258–278. The 1961 Berlin tank confrontation is therefore presumably not among Voorhees’s supposed “unearthed facts” (p. 8)—facts, he states, that are “so singular and jarring that many historians have been content to leave them largely unexplored.” Although it is unclear how one “unearths” previously discovered facts, Voorhees clearly charges “many historians” with neglect, or even a coverup. These charges are never elaborated. The resolution of the Berlin crisis is important to Voorhees because it is the basis for his dramatic assertion that U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev began colluding in October 1961 and continued to do so, albeit apparently selectively, through 1962. Rather than elaborating the claim of collusion, however, he describes the book’s “main tasks” (pp. 9–15) as explaining five “surprising mysteries”: (1) “How did Khrushchev’s transfer of ballistic missiles across the Atlantic Ocean elude detection?” (2) “Why did Khrushchev back down from the Cuban confrontation so quickly?” (3) “How was it possible for Kennedy and Khrushchev to settle such a complex crisis in six days?” (4) “Did the world really come close to a nuclear apocalypse during the Cuban Missile Crisis?” (5) “Once discovery of the Soviet missiles had proved the President’s Republican critics right, how did he avoid the potential political fallout?” These purported “mysteries” are offered as proof of Voorhees’s claim that the leaders of the Cold War’s chief adversaries were secretly and jointly playing a “double game.","PeriodicalId":45551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cold War Studies","volume":"33 1","pages":"248-251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41246998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ending the Cold War and Entering a New Era","authors":"Philip D. Zelikow, Condoleezza Rice, Kristina Spohr, J. Goldgeier, V. Mastny","doi":"10.1162/jcws_c_01029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_c_01029","url":null,"abstract":"Editor’s Introduction: Nearly a quarter century after publishing the highly acclaimed book Germany Reunified and Europe Transformed, Philip Zelikow and Condoleezza Rice have put out a follow-on work, To Build a Better World, which covers a longer timeframe and a much wider range of subjects. The new book discusses how the various leaders in the United States, the Soviet Union (and post-Soviet Russia and Ukraine), and Europe responded to the rapid series of events in the late 1980s and early 1990s that ended the Cold War and radically transformed the security environment both in Europe and, to varying degrees, in other parts of the world. All the leaders had to make choices about a possible new security architecture in Europe, and Zelikow and Rice explain why and how each leader ultimately sought specific options. To Build a Better World focuses mainly on the period from 1988 to 1993. In chapter 7 the authors discuss some of the problems that emerged in later years (mostly in 2007–2009), but the book is really about the changing security environment in Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s and the role of external powers in helping to reshape it. A great deal has changed in the three decades since that time, including the return of authoritarianism in Russia, the erosion and eventual breakdown of Russia’s cooperation with the West, the continued rise of China, the wars and upheavals connected with the September 2001 terrorist attacks, the adverse impact of financial and migrant crises, the rise to power of populist demagogues, and the far-reaching international repercussions from unrest and civil wars in numerous countries. Above all, a global event that began shortly after Zelikow and Rice published their book—the COVID-19 pandemic and the measures adopted to counter it—has probably affected the lives of","PeriodicalId":45551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cold War Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":"181-210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42825338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engaging the Evil Empire: Washington, Moscow, and the Beginning of the End of the Cold War","authors":"V. Mastny","doi":"10.1162/jcws_r_01046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_r_01046","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cold War Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":"246-247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48939775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"We Sell Drugs: The Alchemy of US Empire","authors":"R. Crandall","doi":"10.1093/jahist/jav394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jav394","url":null,"abstract":"War. The Philippines still confronts an active Communist insurgency. Although current President Rodrigo Duterte does not use the language of anti-Communism, he uses the related language of “law and order” to wage a war against his own people. Political violence and extrajudicial killings abound, and Duterte’s “war on drugs” has killed thousands without due process. Lansdale envisioned his FCP as a sort of “Freedom Incorporated”—a corporate body that would help “the United States . . . oversee its composite members . . . [the] freedom-loving states of the world” (p. 14). But this idea, in the Philippines and elsewhere, has left a legacy of questionable successes, broken promises, and continued struggle for the ideals of freedom and justice.","PeriodicalId":45551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cold War Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":"255-256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/jahist/jav394","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44352343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The International Sakharov Hearings and Transnational Human Rights Activism, 1975–1985","authors":"Bent Boel","doi":"10.1162/jcws_a_01008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_01008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article offers the first scholarly account of the International Sakharov Hearings, which were prompted by the so-called Moscow Appeal (1974) and took place in Copenhagen (1975), Rome (1977), Washington, DC (1979), Lisbon (1983), and London (1985). The article provides a detailed examination of each hearing, from the amateurish and politically murky origins in Copenhagen to the more mainstream and quite successful event in London. The article also attempts an overall assessment of the hearings as an original, important case of an international citizens’ tribunal resulting from transnational human rights activism pursued in Andrei Sakharov's name in the context of the Helsinki process. It raises questions about the roles played by various individuals, networks, and agencies, as well as the possible impact of the hearings, both domestically and internationally.","PeriodicalId":45551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cold War Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":"81-137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47189314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Operation “Denver”","authors":"Douglas E. Selvage","doi":"10.1162/jcws_a_01024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_01024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This second part of a two-part article moves ahead in showing how the East German Ministry for State Security (Stasi) came to play a key role in the disinformation campaign launched by the Soviet State Security Committee (KGB) in 1983 regarding the origins of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The KGB launched the campaign itself, but in the mid-1980s it sought to widen the effort by enlisting the cooperation of intelligence services in other Warsaw Pact countries, especially the Stasi. From the autumn of 1986 until November 1989, the Stasi played a central role in the disinformation campaign. Despite pressure from the U.S. government and a general inclination of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to curtail the campaign by the end of 1987, both the KGB and the USSR's official Novosti press agency continued until 1989 to spread false allegations that HIV was a U.S. biological weapon. Even after the KGB curtailed its disinformation in 1989, the Stasi continued to disseminate falsehoods, not least because it had successfully maintained plausible deniability regarding its role in the campaign. The Stasi worked behind the scenes to support the work of Soviet–East German scientists Jakob Segal and Lilli Segal and to facilitate dissemination of the Segals’ views in West Germany and Great Britain, especially through the leftwing media, and to purvey broader disinformation about HIV/AIDS by attacking U.S. biological and chemical weapons in general.","PeriodicalId":45551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cold War Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":"4-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47192703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Project Plowshare: The Peaceful Use of Nuclear Explosives in Cold War America","authors":"C. Ziegler","doi":"10.1162/jcws_r_01032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_r_01032","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cold War Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":"237-239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48057453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safe for Decolonization: The Eisenhower Administration, Britain, and Singapore","authors":"L. Cesari","doi":"10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim140160850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim140160850","url":null,"abstract":"overshadowed by the political populism of the strongly Trump-inclined Lega and of the much more ideologically eclectic Movimento Cinque Stelle (M5S), whose leader, Beppe Grillo, also had expressed a preference for Donald Trump over Hillary Clinton in the U.S. presidential election of 2016. For the PD to be in a governing alliance today with the M5S—without initially changing the prime minister who had led the previous Lega-M5S government—reveals, in Petruccioli’s telling, the political inanition into which the Italian left has fallen. He laments the failure to replace the greatest party of the Italian left with something better: “This we had wanted to do, this we had sought to do, but this we did not succeed in doing” (p. 317). Petruccioli argues that the underlying reason for the post-PCI left’s defeat and, worse, its ongoing identity crisis is that too many leftists failed to make a complete break with the myth of the Bolshevik Revolution as the greatest event in human history. In fact, 1917 had not witnessed “the rupture of a system and the finally possible passage to another system” (p. 339). Writing in February 2020, he uses the present tense in explaining, “This is the error to get rid of.” In other words, in the great debate on the left over the positions staked out in Karl Kautsky’s reformist condemnation of the Bolshevik Revolution, Terrorism and Communism (1919), and Leon Trotsky’s Leninist celebration of it, Terrorism and Communism: A Reply (1920), Kautsky had made the right call. To move forward today, a united Italian left would have to begin by acknowledging “with all necessary severity, sincerity, and serenity” the wrong turn made by the PCI at its founding in 1921.","PeriodicalId":45551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cold War Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":"250-252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49405696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stalin and the Fate of Europe after 1945","authors":"V. Mastny, Vít Smetana, V. Pechatnov, N. Naimark","doi":"10.1162/jcws_c_01028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_c_01028","url":null,"abstract":"Editor’s Introduction: Norman Naimark has published a great deal about the fate of Eastern Europe as it came under Soviet domination during the first few years after World War II. His latest book, Stalin and the Fate of Europe, is a reassessment of Joseph Stalin’s policies toward seven European countries and is meant, in part, to consider whether the fate of Eastern Europe could have worked out much more favorably than it did. Both in the book and in his comments here, Naimark posits that a better outcome was indeed feasible, but he is also aware of the many factors that militated against such a result. Even scholars who disagree with specific aspects or the broad thrust of Naimark’s argument can appreciate his effort to reexamine key questions about the origins of the Cold War. To highlight the importance of Stalin and the Fate of Europe, we asked three distinguished experts—Vojtech Mastny, Vít Smetana, and Vladimir Pechatnov—to offer commentaries about the book. Their appraisals vary considerably. Although all three commentators acknowledge the importance of Naimark’s book, their assessments range from the generally laudatory (Pechatnov) to the skeptical and critical (Smetana). The book will not be the final word about the postwar fate of Eastern Europe and the origins of the Cold War, but the commentaries show that Naimark’s attempt to rethink the period has achieved its main aim; namely, to generate lively discussion and debate about issues that many assumed were long settled. We are publishing the three commentaries seriatim along with Naimark’s reply.","PeriodicalId":45551,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cold War Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":"208-231"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44806566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}