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Access to Assisted Reproductive Technologies in Australia: Time for Legislative Change in Queensland and the Northern Territory to Remove the Ability to Discriminate Based on Relationship Status or Sexuality. 在澳大利亚获得辅助生殖技术:是时候在昆士兰和北领地进行立法改革，以消除基于关系状况或性取向的歧视能力。
Journal of Law and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-05-01
Alisha McGrady, Malcolm Smith, Sonia Allan
{"title":"Access to Assisted Reproductive Technologies in Australia: Time for Legislative Change in Queensland and the Northern Territory to Remove the Ability to Discriminate Based on Relationship Status or Sexuality.","authors":"Alisha McGrady,&nbsp;Malcolm Smith,&nbsp;Sonia Allan","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article examines legislative provisions in Queensland and the Northern Territory, which allow for assisted reproductive technology (ART) service providers to discriminate against people based on their relationship status and/or sexuality. We provide several arguments that add weight to the recent proposal of the Queensland Human Rights Commission that the relevant section of the Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) be repealed, and extend our arguments to the Northern Territory. The provisions in both jurisdictions are out of sync with key legal developments in the rest of Australia, do not accord with societal views, and are potentially invalid due to federal law. Further, the Queensland provision is potentially incompatible with the Human Rights Act 2019 (Qld). Although currently ART service providers do not appear to discriminate based on relationship status or sexuality, the current legislative framework leaves open the potential to do so, without an avenue for those impacted to challenge it in law. We conclude such provisions should be repealed.</p>","PeriodicalId":45522,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Law and Medicine","volume":"30 1","pages":"191-211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9569735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
From Guardianship to Supported Decision-Making: Still Searching for True North? 从监护到支持决策:还在寻找真北吗?
Journal of Law and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-05-01
Terry Carney
{"title":"From Guardianship to Supported Decision-Making: Still Searching for True North?","authors":"Terry Carney","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article argues that asking whether guardianship has changed is the wrong question. It is the wrong question because guardianship does not exist in isolation from other institutions and legal instruments, such as enduring powers and nominee powers, or informal community arrangements of support or substituted decision-making. It is the wrong question because archetypical purity of guardianship as substitution and support as autonomy does not reflect real world experience of it as it is always a mixture of both, changing over time and decision type; and because change is very hard to pin down. In place of arid debates about whether guardianship should be modified or abolished, the better question to ask is where guardianship and its associated institutions fit within an ideally configured holistic package of formal and informal measures, and whether there are any indications of progress towards its realisation, or how that might be achieved.</p>","PeriodicalId":45522,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Law and Medicine","volume":"30 1","pages":"70-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9575961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Forensic Assessments of Alcohol, Cannabis and Methamphetamine Intoxication in Cases of Violent Offending. 暴力犯罪案件中酒精、大麻和甲基苯丙胺中毒的法医评估。
Journal of Law and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-05-01
Stefan Goldfeder, Russ Scott, Joseph Briggs
{"title":"Forensic Assessments of Alcohol, Cannabis and Methamphetamine Intoxication in Cases of Violent Offending.","authors":"Stefan Goldfeder,&nbsp;Russ Scott,&nbsp;Joseph Briggs","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Whether a person was voluntarily or intentionally intoxicated at the time of commission of a violent offence is a common question in forensic contexts. While a person who was intoxicated may not be able to form the requisite specific intent to commit some offences, voluntary intoxication usually disentitles a person from an insanity or \"mental impairment\" defence. However, a person may also consume alcohol or use a substance without becoming intoxicated and the presence of alcohol, substances or metabolites of substances in a person's urine or blood is not conclusive when the question of intoxication is relevant. A jury (or a judge sitting without a jury) may require expert opinion evidence when cannabis or methamphetamine intoxication are implicated in the alleged offending.</p>","PeriodicalId":45522,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Law and Medicine","volume":"30 1","pages":"99-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9575962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Can Doctors Be Compelled to Prolong the Life of a Dying Patient? The Ongoing Medical, Legal and Social Issues. 医生能被迫延长垂死病人的生命吗?持续的医疗、法律和社会问题。
Journal of Law and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-05-01
Margaret Brown
{"title":"Can Doctors Be Compelled to Prolong the Life of a Dying Patient? The Ongoing Medical, Legal and Social Issues.","authors":"Margaret Brown","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The law does not require health professionals to provide medical treatment that is of no benefit to the patient. Despite this, medical staff who are caring for patients at the end of their lives frequently experience pressure from the patients' families to prolong their lives. This article considers the Australian law relating to the right to demand treatment when a loved one is dying, and whether an increasing emphasis on shared decision-making has introduced uncertainty. It discusses factors that affect the application of the law, including widespread ignorance of the law, the difficulty of deciding whether a treatment is futile and the need to ration scarce health care resources. It also introduces the perspectives of three senior medical practitioners on disputes with families of dying patients. The article concludes that community education is needed on legal and medical issues at the end of life, including conversations about advance care directives.</p>","PeriodicalId":45522,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Law and Medicine","volume":"30 1","pages":"155-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9575963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Your Organ Is Mine: Rethinking Ownership Issue in 3D Bioprinting. 你的器官是我的:重新思考3D生物打印的所有权问题。
Journal of Law and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-05-01
Modupe Adewale
{"title":"Your Organ Is Mine: Rethinking Ownership Issue in 3D Bioprinting.","authors":"Modupe Adewale","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article discusses ownership and property issues in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting from the perspective of the tangible aspect of the technology. Many scholars have examined property issues in the intangible aspect of the technology, namely, the intellectual property issue. Since a major component of 3D bioprinting is cells taken from patients and donors, it is important to explore the right of ownership over the physical product, including cells used in the 3D bioprinting process and the 3D bioprinted organ itself. What is the extent of the donor's right over his/her cells taken for use in 3D bioprinting and even the 3D bioprinted organ - the product of those cells? For example, can the cell donor determine how his/her cells are used, or even who gets the 3D bioprinted organ? What rights does a person have over the commercial use of his/her cells or tissue for 3D bioprinting?</p>","PeriodicalId":45522,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Law and Medicine","volume":"30 1","pages":"85-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9575964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Advancing the Rights of Patients in Nigeria: Analysing the Patients' Bill of Rights. 促进尼日利亚患者的权利：分析《患者权利法案》。
Journal of Law and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-05-01
Olaitan O Olusegun, Babafemi Odunsi
{"title":"Advancing the Rights of Patients in Nigeria: Analysing the Patients' Bill of Rights.","authors":"Olaitan O Olusegun, Babafemi Odunsi","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rights of persons who seek medical attention have been enshrined in national and international legal instruments, notwithstanding their health status. However, these rights are not fully secured in Nigeria due to some factors affecting the health care system. Using the doctrinal method of study, this article examines the concept of the rights of patients in Nigeria. It discusses the nature of the health system in Nigeria and highlights the rights stated in the Patients' Bill of Rights 2018 (Ng) (PBoR) as well as the corresponding duties of health care practitioners. The article shows that the rights of patients in Nigeria highlighted in the PBoR, have been continuously hindered by their weak enforcement, inadequate funding, insufficient health care providers, inadequate infrastructure, lack of awareness and illiteracy. It concludes that urgent steps need to be taken by the Nigerian government as well as other relevant stakeholders in addressing these issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":45522,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Law and Medicine","volume":"30 1","pages":"235-249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9575966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
"Serious" Disability: A Medical Diagnosis or an Arbitrary Restriction of Reproductive Liberties? “严重”残疾:医学诊断还是对生育自由的任意限制?
Journal of Law and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-05-01
Chantel Leadbeater
{"title":"\"Serious\" Disability: A Medical Diagnosis or an Arbitrary Restriction of Reproductive Liberties?","authors":"Chantel Leadbeater","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Queensland, use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and prenatal diagnostic testing (PND) is limited to the detection of and abstention from embryos or foetuses afflicted with \"serious\" disabilities. In the absence of a legislative definition or widespread consensus among physicians regarding those disablements which are sufficiently \"serious\", it begs the question: is Queensland's current regulation of PND and PGD inconsistent with the rule of law because it lacks clarity, stability, and certainty and thus arbitrarily restricts reproductive liberties? This article will demonstrate that the detection of genetic abnormalities via PGD and PND will lead to differing clinical outcomes pre- and post-implantation. While their utilisation for the therapeutic prevention of \"serious\" harm is a justifiable intrusion on reproductive autonomy, the medical professions' and disabled community's conceptualisations of disability are maligned. Queensland's adoption of a permissive licensing regime for PGD and the interactional model of disability by physicians administering PND is considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":45522,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Law and Medicine","volume":"30 1","pages":"223-234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9569730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Concussion and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Deaths: Coroners' Inquests as a Catalyst for Public Health Reforms. 脑震荡和慢性创伤性脑病死亡:验尸官的调查作为公共卫生改革的催化剂。
Journal of Law and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-05-01
Ian Freckelton
{"title":"Concussion and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Deaths: Coroners' Inquests as a Catalyst for Public Health Reforms.","authors":"Ian Freckelton","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Deaths of participants in sport from the effects of concussive injuries and from chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) raise confronting social issues and challenges for tort law. An uncertainty that often needs to be addressed in such cases is proof of the causes of the former athlete's symptomatology, especially when they may be multifactorial, some or all of which were not directly related to sport. Accounts from the person prior to their death and from family members can be vital sources of such information. Coroners' analyses of evidence in concussion-related deaths constitute an important opportunity for perspectives which can form a sound empirical basis for changes to sporting practices, rules and administration. This editorial reviews a series of biographical and autobiographical accounts of sportspersons with concussion and CTE. It also identifies a corpus of coronial decisions from England, New Zealand, Canada and Australia which have addressed the risks posed to athletes from concussive injuries. It highlights recommendations made by coroners in relation to management of concussion in sport and argues that there is considerable scope for further valuable recommendations based upon their investigations during inquests.</p>","PeriodicalId":45522,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Law and Medicine","volume":"30 1","pages":"7-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9569731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Case for Voluntary-Assisted Dying in Prisoners Serving Sentences of Life without Parole. 终身监禁不得假释囚犯自愿协助死亡案例。
Journal of Law and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-05-01
George P Drewett
{"title":"The Case for Voluntary-Assisted Dying in Prisoners Serving Sentences of Life without Parole.","authors":"George P Drewett","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Legislation supporting voluntary-assisted dying (VAD) is becoming more common globally, where it is used to promote an individual's autonomy in settings where they choose to alleviate their suffering by ending their life. This article examines and advocates for access to VAD in a new group - prisoners serving sentences of life imprisonment without parole. It addresses several morally important issues, and offers an ethical framework based on comparison to VAD in the setting of the terminally ill.</p>","PeriodicalId":45522,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Law and Medicine","volume":"30 1","pages":"212-222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9569734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Personal Data for Public Benefit: The Regulatory Determinants of Social Licence for Technologically Enhanced Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance. 公共利益的个人数据:技术增强抗菌素耐药性监测社会许可的监管决定因素。
Journal of Law and Medicine Pub Date : 2023-05-01
David J Carter, Mitchell K Byrne, Steven P Djordjevic, Hamish Robertson, Maurizio Labbate, Branwen S Morgan, Lisa Billington
{"title":"Personal Data for Public Benefit: The Regulatory Determinants of Social Licence for Technologically Enhanced Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance.","authors":"David J Carter,&nbsp;Mitchell K Byrne,&nbsp;Steven P Djordjevic,&nbsp;Hamish Robertson,&nbsp;Maurizio Labbate,&nbsp;Branwen S Morgan,&nbsp;Lisa Billington","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Technologically enhanced surveillance systems have been proposed for the task of monitoring and responding to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in both human, animal and environmental contexts. The use of these systems is in their infancy, although the advent of COVID-19 has progressed similar technologies in response to that pandemic. We conducted qualitative research to identify the Australian public's key concerns about the ethical, legal and social implications of an artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning-enhanced One Health AMR surveillance system. Our study provides preliminary evidence of public support for AI/machine learning-enhanced One Health monitoring systems for AMR, provided that three main conditions are met: personal health care data must be deidentified; data use and access must be tightly regulated under strong governance; and the system must generate high-quality, reliable analyses to guide trusted health care decision-makers.</p>","PeriodicalId":45522,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Law and Medicine","volume":"30 1","pages":"179-190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9577844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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