Journal of Applied Geodesy最新文献

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Comparison of different global DTMs and GGMs over Sri Lanka 斯里兰卡不同全球dtm和GGMs的比较
IF 1.4
Journal of Applied Geodesy Pub Date : 2022-11-07 DOI: 10.1515/jag-2022-0026
Weeramuni Javana Praboni De Silva, H. Prasanna
{"title":"Comparison of different global DTMs and GGMs over Sri Lanka","authors":"Weeramuni Javana Praboni De Silva, H. Prasanna","doi":"10.1515/jag-2022-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jag-2022-0026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are real-world geographical databases that are important in studying many Earth related topics. Because the vertical accuracy of global DEMs differs across regions due to various reasons, acquiring reliable heights for a region using global height models is crucial. The objective of this study is to compare and assess the most reliable global height model for Sri Lanka. The official height system in Sri Lanka is the Mean Sea Level (MSL) based orthometric height system. In this study, the quality of ASTER, SRTM, NASADEM, MERIT, and DEMs compiled from digitized contour data of Sri Lanka was evaluated using the known heights of the Fundamental Benchmarks (FBMs) of Sri Lanka. In addition, recently published high-resolution Global Geopotential Models (GGMs) were used for the accuracy assessments of gravity related quantities computed using DEMs. The SGG-UGM-2 GGM, which showed the minimum STD and RMSE of geoid undulation difference was found as the best fit GGM over Sri Lanka. It was found that the NASADEM at its highest resolution, which gave the lowest RMSE of 2.954 m was the best global DEM for Sri Lanka.","PeriodicalId":45494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geodesy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42787965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Modeling the gravitational effects of ocean tide loading at coastal stations in the China earthquake gravity network based on GOTL software 基于GOTL软件的中国地震重力台网沿海台站海潮荷载重力效应模拟
IF 1.4
Journal of Applied Geodesy Pub Date : 2022-11-03 DOI: 10.1515/jag-2022-0023
Chuandong Zhu, Liuqing Pang, Didi Sheng, Jialiang Huang, Jinwu Li
{"title":"Modeling the gravitational effects of ocean tide loading at coastal stations in the China earthquake gravity network based on GOTL software","authors":"Chuandong Zhu, Liuqing Pang, Didi Sheng, Jialiang Huang, Jinwu Li","doi":"10.1515/jag-2022-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jag-2022-0023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The gravitational effects of ocean tide loading, which are one of the main factors affecting gravity measurements, consist of three components: (1) direct attraction from the tidal water masses, (2) radial displacement of the observing station due to the tidal load, and (3) internal redistribution of masses due to crustal deformation. In this study, software for gravitational effects of ocean tide loading was developed by evaluating a convolution integral between the ocean tide model and Green’s functions that describe the response of the Earth to tide loading. The effects of three-dimensional station coordinates, computational grid patterns, ocean tide models, Green’s functions, coastline, and local tide gauge were comprehensively considered in the programming process. Using a larger number of high-precision coastlines, ocean tide models, and Green’s functions, the reliability and applicability of the software were analyzed at coastal stations in the China Earthquake Gravity Network. The software can provide the amplitude and phase for ocean tide loading and produce a predicted gravity time series. The results can effectively reveal the variation characteristics of ocean tide loading in space and time. The computational gravitational effects of ocean tide loading were compared and analyzed for different ocean tide models and Green’s functions. The results show that different ocean tide models and Green’s functions have certain effects on the calculated values of loading gravity effects. Furthermore, a higher-precision local ocean tide model, digital elevation model, and local tidal gauge record can be further imported into our software to improve the accuracy of loading gravity effects in the global and local zones. The software is easy to operate and can provide a comprehensive platform for correcting the gravitational effects of ocean tide loading at stations in the China Earthquake Gravity Network.","PeriodicalId":45494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geodesy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41695527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
3D concept creation of permanent geodetic monitoring installations and the a priori assessment of systematic effects using Virtual Reality 永久性大地测量监测装置的3D概念创建和使用虚拟现实的系统效果的先验评估
IF 1.4
Journal of Applied Geodesy Pub Date : 2022-08-20 DOI: 10.1515/jag-2022-0020
P. Bauer, W. Lienhart
{"title":"3D concept creation of permanent geodetic monitoring installations and the a priori assessment of systematic effects using Virtual Reality","authors":"P. Bauer, W. Lienhart","doi":"10.1515/jag-2022-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jag-2022-0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Logistic processes of construction sites are transferred into virtual and full 3D environments to increase the interoperability for all project partners. These digital twins are emerging for the construction process of modern building processes and are already designed to be used for the operation of the building afterwards. In structural health monitoring (SHM) the sensor installations are also designed to monitor the structure over its whole lifespan. Therefore, the embedding process and the operation of the sensor systems and the Building Information Modelling (BIM) have overlapping long-term goals. Beside these 3D software advances in civil engineering, the working environments in the field of geodesy still follow more established approaches. In many cases using only 2D CAD plans and on-site visits at the existing structure are best practice for the design of geodetic monitoring installations. This paper describes the improvement of the concept creation of permanent monitoring systems with geodetic total stations in an interactive virtual 3D environment. The simulated instruments are behaving according to their specification data and are linked with a physics engine to automatically detect common problems in a network design like obstructed line of sights, disadvantageous incidence angles at the targets or automatic aiming issues due to multiple targets in the field of view. Furthermore, the Virtual Reality (VR) technology is introduced as a user interface for a virtual 3D planning environment. The functionality of the developed VR application is tested in a real-life use case for the feasibility study of the automatic monitoring of a railway tunnel.","PeriodicalId":45494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geodesy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41662550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The use of gravity data to determine orthometric heights at the Hong Kong territories 利用重力资料确定香港各地区的高度
IF 1.4
Journal of Applied Geodesy Pub Date : 2022-08-04 DOI: 10.1515/jag-2022-0012
Albertini Nsiah Ababio, R. Tenzer
{"title":"The use of gravity data to determine orthometric heights at the Hong Kong territories","authors":"Albertini Nsiah Ababio, R. Tenzer","doi":"10.1515/jag-2022-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jag-2022-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Hong Kong Principal Datum (HKPD) is the currently adopted official geodetic vertical datum at the Hong Kong territories. The HKPD is practically realized by heights of levelling benchmarks. The HKPD heights are, however, neither normal nor orthometric. The reason is that heights of levelling benchmarks were determined from precise levelling measurements, but without involving gravity observations along levelling lines. To reduce systematic errors due to disregarding the gravity information along levelling lines, we used terrestrial and marine gravity data to interpolate gravity values at levelling benchmarks in order to compute and apply the orthometric correction to measured levelling height differences. Our results demonstrate the importance of incorporating the gravity information even for a relatively small region but characterized by a rough topography with heights of levelling benchmarks exceeding several hundreds of meters. According to our estimates, the orthometric correction reaches (and even slightly exceeds) ±2 cm, with maxima along levelling lines crossing mountain chains.","PeriodicalId":45494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geodesy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47970844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Determination of local geometric geoid model for Kuwait 科威特局部几何大地水准面模型的确定
IF 1.4
Journal of Applied Geodesy Pub Date : 2022-07-23 DOI: 10.1515/jag-2022-0017
A. Zaki, Yasmeen Elberry, Hamad Al-Ajami, M. Rabah, Rasha Abd El Ghany
{"title":"Determination of local geometric geoid model for Kuwait","authors":"A. Zaki, Yasmeen Elberry, Hamad Al-Ajami, M. Rabah, Rasha Abd El Ghany","doi":"10.1515/jag-2022-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jag-2022-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Determining a precise local geoid is particularly important for converting the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) heights to orthometric heights. The geometric method for computing the geoid has been extensively used for a comparatively small region, which, in some points, interpolates geoid heights based on GNSS-derived heights and levelling heights. Several considerations should be considered when using the geometric method to increase the accuracy of a local geoid. Kuwait is used as a test area in this paper to investigate several features of the geometric method. The achievable precision is one of these aspects, the role of the interpolation method, global geopotential models, and the influence of the topographic effect. The accuracy of the local geoid can be substantially enhanced by integrating a geopotential model with a digital terrain model of the research region. It is possible to get a precision of 2–3 cm.","PeriodicalId":45494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geodesy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46105895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reduction as an improvement of a precise satellite positioning based on an ambiguity function 基于模糊函数的卫星精确定位的改进
IF 1.4
Journal of Applied Geodesy Pub Date : 2022-06-23 DOI: 10.1515/jag-2022-0005
S. Cellmer, K. Nowel, Artur Fischer
{"title":"Reduction as an improvement of a precise satellite positioning based on an ambiguity function","authors":"S. Cellmer, K. Nowel, Artur Fischer","doi":"10.1515/jag-2022-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jag-2022-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract It is well-known that the solution domain has a discrete character in precise satellite positioning because of the integer nature of ambiguities. Therefore, in addition to the classic least squares estimation, the search procedure has to be employed in the computation process to obtain the so-called ‘fixed solution.’ The article’s subject is to improve the search procedure conducted in the coordinate domain. The reduction process is to transform the original math model into an equivalent one in the sense of obtaining the same solution. The reduction aims to increase the efficiency of searching for some parameters, i. e., integer ambiguities. The article presents the concept of employing the reduction procedure to the computation process of precise positioning based on the ambiguity function. The transformation matrix for the reduction is based on the well-known integer decorrelation procedure. Numerical experiment results display a positive impact of the reduction process on the search procedure efficiency. This positive impact is manifested by a dramatic decrease in the number of candidates needed to test all admissible solutions inside the search region. The percentage decrease in that magnitude is at least 50 % for all session lengths and achieves a maximum value of over 75 % for the 10-minute session. Computational time decreases by over 40 % while short sessions are processed. There is no improvement for sessions longer than 15 minutes, but, as explained in the paper, there is no need to improve that magnitude in such cases.","PeriodicalId":45494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geodesy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42426165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Accuracy assessment of available airborne gravity data in the central western desert of Egypt 埃及中西部沙漠可用航空重力数据的准确性评估
IF 1.4
Journal of Applied Geodesy Pub Date : 2022-06-04 DOI: 10.1515/jag-2021-0066
A. Zaki, Ebtehal Younes, Osama El Ghrabawy, Islam Azab, M. Rabah
{"title":"Accuracy assessment of available airborne gravity data in the central western desert of Egypt","authors":"A. Zaki, Ebtehal Younes, Osama El Ghrabawy, Islam Azab, M. Rabah","doi":"10.1515/jag-2021-0066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jag-2021-0066","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the current study, the accuracy of airborne gravity data is evaluated based on the most recent Global Geopotential Models (GGM) and terrestrial gravity data to find out to what extent these data are acceptable to be used in multi-applications (e. g., geodesy and geophysics). To achieve this goal, the remove-compute-restore (RCR) scheme, upward, and downward continuation operational methods (least square collocation and fast Fourier transform procedures) are applied. The airborne gravity data had been acquired by the Egyptian Nuclear Material Authority (ENMA) in the central-western desert for geological applications. Firstly, three GGMs models (EGM2008, EIGEN-6C4 and XGM2019e up to various degrees) are used to compare with the free-air airborne gravity anomaly, The EGM2008 model up to degree 720 produces the smallest mean and STD difference values with 2.59 and 3.07 mGal, respectively. The terrestrial gravity data are compared with the airborne gravity anomaly at both flight and ground levels. In-flight level, the terrestrial gravity data are upward continued to the flight level and compared with the airborne gravity anomaly. The statistical results show that the mean and STD differences are about 4.2 and 0.75 mGal, respectively. While in-ground level evaluation, two operational techniques are used to downward continue the airborne gravity data (Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Least Squares Collocation (LSC)). The combined Satellite model EGM2008 up to degree 720 and SRTM 30 m are used to remove and restore the long and short-wavelength information. It is observed that the collocation gives better statistical results than FFT with mean and STD difference values are about 3.13 and 1.13 and mGal, respectively.","PeriodicalId":45494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geodesy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48259582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Inter-annual oscillations of terrestrial water storage in Qinghai-Tibetan plateau from GRACE data 基于GRACE数据的青藏高原陆地储水量年际变化
IF 1.4
Journal of Applied Geodesy Pub Date : 2022-05-20 DOI: 10.1515/jag-2022-0002
Chuandong Zhu, Wei Zhan
{"title":"Inter-annual oscillations of terrestrial water storage in Qinghai-Tibetan plateau from GRACE data","authors":"Chuandong Zhu, Wei Zhan","doi":"10.1515/jag-2022-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jag-2022-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Based on multidimensional equivalent water height (EWH) time series in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau recovered from GRACE data, rotated multi-channel singular spectrum analysis (RMSSA) was employed to separate and reconstruct its more accurate local mode of inter-annual oscillations of terrestrial water storage (TWS). The results show that RMSSA could effectively suppress the mode mixture of MSSA, and improve the physical interpretation of the inter-annual oscillations of TWS. Three significant inter-annual oscillations with periods of 6.1a, 3.4a, and 2.5a have been found in the multidimensional EWH series in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), which account for 38.5 %, 23.5 %, and 16.7 % of the total variance, respectively (after the seasonal and long term have been deducted). The spatial patterns and propagation paths of these three inter-annual oscillations are different and exhibit their own independent local characteristics. Based on the analysis of multi-source GRACE GSM data, the results show that the data solution errors have little influence on the extraction of inter-annual oscillations of TWS. The significant 6.4a, 3.5a, and 2.5a inter-annual oscillations are also found in CPC hydrologic model in the QTP using RMSSA, which account for 22.9, 29.9, and 19.3 % of the total variance, respectively. Three inter-annual oscillations separated from GRACE and CPC show similar spatial patterns and significant cross-correlations, respectively. The maximum cross-correlation coefficients are above 0.5 at the 95 % confidence level over 42, 71, and 75 % of the grids in the QTP, respectively. The results indicate that the soil moisture and terrestrial water storage from GRACE have common inter-annual oscillations and corresponding driving factors in the QTP. We conclude that these three inter-annual oscillations of TWS can be explained by the influence of the Arctic oscillation, oceanic Niña, and Indian Ocean dipole.","PeriodicalId":45494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geodesy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46710561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Investigation of determining the accuracy of spatial vectors by the satellite method in a real time mode 实时模式下卫星法确定空间矢量精度的研究
IF 1.4
Journal of Applied Geodesy Pub Date : 2022-05-18 DOI: 10.1515/jag-2022-0003
A. Vivat, K. Tretyak, I. Savchyn, M. Navodych, O. Lano
{"title":"Investigation of determining the accuracy of spatial vectors by the satellite method in a real time mode","authors":"A. Vivat, K. Tretyak, I. Savchyn, M. Navodych, O. Lano","doi":"10.1515/jag-2022-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jag-2022-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The study of determining the accuracy of spatial vectors by the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) in real time (RTK) was conducted. The possibility of construction of precision geodetic networks by the combined method of static and RTK GNSS measurements which correspond to the set accuracy and reach the maximum economic efficiency is investigated. A technique providing the densification of GNSS network and the use of two simultaneously operating GNSS receivers (Rover) is proposed. The research was carried out at the points of the GNSS network of Dnister Pumped Storage Power Plant (PSPP) (Ukraine). As a result of comparison of reference and measured elements of vectors, it was found that the average absolute error in determining the spatial distance of 14 vectors was 5.3 mm. Rejection of vectors with a closed horizon reduced the error to 2.1 mm. The vectors are most accurately determined from two satellite systems (GPS, GLONASS) and from a single base station. The recommended distance to the base station is within one kilometer. Increasing the accuracy by 75 % in determining the vector by the proposed method in RTK mode is also shown. As a result of a posteriori optimization of combined GNSS networks, high accuracy on the reliability of vectors determined by the method in RTK mode was confirmed. The technique can be used to construct precision networks, to carry out repeated measurements for the monitoring of large engineering structures with an open horizon.","PeriodicalId":45494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geodesy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46337284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Optimization of baseline configuration in a GNSS network (Nile Delta network, Egypt) – A case study GNSS网络(尼罗河三角洲网络,埃及)基线配置的优化-案例研究
IF 1.4
Journal of Applied Geodesy Pub Date : 2022-05-10 DOI: 10.1515/jag-2022-0010
M. Farhan, M. Gomaa, A. Sedeek
{"title":"Optimization of baseline configuration in a GNSS network (Nile Delta network, Egypt) – A case study","authors":"M. Farhan, M. Gomaa, A. Sedeek","doi":"10.1515/jag-2022-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jag-2022-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract When starting any GNSS measurements, there is a need to establish a survey plan with the required optimal baselines. The optimal GNSS baselines can be chosen by solving the geodetic second-order design (SOD). The particle swarm optimization PSO is used widely to solve geodetic design issues. This work employed the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, a stochastic global optimization method, to select the optimal GNSS baselines. The optimal baselines satisfy the set criterion matrix at a reasonable cost. The fundamentals of the algorithm are presented. The effectiveness and usefulness of the technique are then demonstrated using a Nile Delta GNSS network as an example. In some cases, we have to observe many GNSS benchmarks with limited instrumentations. PSO represents a powerful tool for optimizing baseline to get the required accuracy with limited capabilities (like limited receivers). The PSO algorithm, a stochastic global optimization approach, was used in this paper to find the best observation weights to measure in the field that will match the predetermined criterion matrix with a fair degree of precision. The method’s fundamentals are presented with an actual geodetic network over the Nile delta in Egypt. In the current work, two survey strategies were applied. One represents a case with 9 GNSS receivers (high capability), and another one represents the tested survey plan with limited GNSS receivers (3 receivers, low capability) after applying PSO. By comparing two survey strategies, applying the PSO algorithm to a real Nile delta geodetic network shows its effectiveness on the obtained coordinate accuracy. This obtained accuracy ranged from 2 mm to 3 mm in X, Y, Z, and 3 mm in height. Also, the linear closure error between known and estimated coordinates improved to be 1.4 cm after applying PSO.","PeriodicalId":45494,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Geodesy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42721221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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