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Experimental Formation of Marine Abrasion on Bone and the Forensic Postmortem Submergence Interval 海蚀对骨的实验形成和法医死后淹没间隔

IF 0.5 4区经济学

Finanzarchiv Pub Date : 2021-04-28 DOI: 10.5744/FA.2020.4018

J. Pokines, Melissa Menschel, Savannah Mills, Elena Janowiak, Reshma Satish, Caroline Kincer

{"title":"Experimental Formation of Marine Abrasion on Bone and the Forensic Postmortem Submergence Interval","authors":"J. Pokines, Melissa Menschel, Savannah Mills, Elena Janowiak, Reshma Satish, Caroline Kincer","doi":"10.5744/FA.2020.4018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/FA.2020.4018","url":null,"abstract":"Human skeletal remains are frequently recovered from marine environments, where they have undergone months or years of immersion, and decomposition stage is no longer a possible method from which to estimate the postmortem submergence interval (PMSI). Over these longer PMSIs, a common taphonomic alteration that forms is the wearing and rounding of surfaces from marine abrasion, caused by repeated agitation in sediment or against rocks. Little is known about the timing of these changes and how to measure or score the degree of alteration. In a laboratory setting, multiple dry, defleshed bones of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were agitated in saltwater for varying intervals with abrasive sediment (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 days) and with rocks (5 and 12 days) using a laboratory tumbling device. These were compared to human remains cases from the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Boston, MA that had been in the Atlantic Ocean for known intervals. A five-stage (0–4) marine abrasion scoring system was devised for the taphonomic analysis of forensic cases from marine environments to allow for direct comparison among cases. A high degree of correlation between abrasion stage and known PMSI was detected.","PeriodicalId":45063,"journal":{"name":"Finanzarchiv","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87055392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Language Use and Professional Discourse as an Important Component of Forensic Anthropology 语言使用与专业话语:法医人类学的重要组成部分

IF 0.5 4区经济学

Finanzarchiv Pub Date : 2021-04-28 DOI: 10.5744/FA.2020.4012

Emily Michon

{"title":"Language Use and Professional Discourse as an Important Component of Forensic Anthropology","authors":"Emily Michon","doi":"10.5744/FA.2020.4012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/FA.2020.4012","url":null,"abstract":"Communication plays a vital role in the perception of forensic anthropology as a necessary and beneficial component ofsociety, and, as anthropologists, we are responsible for communicating in a way that is considered appropriate by the communities weserve. Consequently, understanding what constitutes “appropriate” and “inappropriate” language is an important component of forensicanthropology. Despite the importance of communication, classroom learning and professional training in forensic anthropology do notalways directly address language use. Using concepts from linguistic anthropology, the aim of this study is to determine what registersexist within forensic anthropology; how they are learned, understood, and communicated; the ways in which they compare to language usein other forensic disciplines; and why it is important to address professional language use in forensic anthropology. The term registerrefers to linguistic repertoire associated with particular persons and social settings, varying culturally with individuals and their socialpractices (Agha 1999). Data collected from an online questionnaire distributed to members of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences(AAFS) were used to analyze individual perceptions of language use in professional settings. Results show that register is affected bydemographic variation among professionals, audience, location, and professional experience. Registers that commonly appear includetechnical jargon, professional, respectful, and humorous language. This study concludes that language competency is vital in maintainingan ethical relationship with both public and professional communities, and that students and early professionals would benefit from a moredirect approach to learning the significance and use of language in forensic settings.","PeriodicalId":45063,"journal":{"name":"Finanzarchiv","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90690806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Current State of Sex Estimation in Forensic Anthropology 法医人类学性别估计的现状

IF 0.5 4区经济学

Finanzarchiv Pub Date : 2021-04-06 DOI: 10.5744/FA.2020.3033

A. Klales

{"title":"Current State of Sex Estimation in Forensic Anthropology","authors":"A. Klales","doi":"10.5744/FA.2020.3033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/FA.2020.3033","url":null,"abstract":"Sex estimation is perhaps the most important component of the biological profile. Our sex estimates aid in decedent identification by helping to narrow the missing persons list, and set the basis for many of the remaining biological profile estimates (age, ancestry, stature), which factor in sexual differences. A review of the current research and general literature reveals the use of a wide variety of methodological approaches to sex estimation, which are far from standardized. The goals of this work are (1) reviewing the current state of sex estimation, based on practitioner preferences, case studies, research publications, and proposed standards; (2) presenting and discussing opposing viewpoints regarding issues such as the lack of agreement on terminology standards; whether sex should be estimated at all in subadults; different analytical and data collection approaches; and whether it is appropriate to directly apply sex-specific methods if sex has been positively established, or if keeping a blind approach is still necessary in that case, in order to prevent observer biases; (3) discussing current challenges and future applications; and (4) summarizing the review with a set of recommendations and suggestions for future practice.","PeriodicalId":45063,"journal":{"name":"Finanzarchiv","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90526920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Application of the Optimized Summed Score Attributes Method for Sex Estimation 优化总分属性法在性别估计中的应用

IF 0.5 4区经济学

Finanzarchiv Pub Date : 2021-03-31 DOI: 10.5744/FA.2020.0049

Holly A. Long, A. Klales

{"title":"Application of the Optimized Summed Score Attributes Method for Sex Estimation","authors":"Holly A. Long, A. Klales","doi":"10.5744/FA.2020.0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/FA.2020.0049","url":null,"abstract":"The optimized summed scored attributes (OSSA) method was first developed for cranial ancestry estimation (Hefner & Ousley 2014). Tallman and Go (2018) adapted this method for sex estimation with the five skull traits described by Buikstra and Ubelaker (1994) and Walker (2008). Using an Asian sample, Tallman and Go (2018) achieved moderate accuracy rates (83.7% calibration; 81.9% validation) but also high sex bias (29.1% calibration; 34.5% validation), possibly due to lower levels of sexual dimorphism in Asian populations. To further explore this novel approach to sex estimation, the OSSA method was applied to a U.S. Black/African ancestry and White/European ancestry calibration sample (N = 700). Accuracy rates were 77.4% in Black individuals and 77.2% in White individuals. Despite generally higher levels of sexual dimorphism in these groups, a high sex bias still occurred (15.4% Black individuals; –20.5% White individuals) using OSSA. The method was tested in a separate validation sample (N = 200) with accuracy of 78.0% in Black individuals (8.0% sex bias) and 70.0% in White individuals (–56.0% sex bias). When these same traits were tested with Walker’s (2008) logistic regression and in the MorphoPASSE Program (Klales 2018) using random forest modeling, accuracy rates varied ,with OSSA (77.3% correct), performing slightly better than Walker’s (2008) method (75.6% correct) but worse than MorphoPASSE (85.3% correct). The higher accuracy and lower sex bias in MorphoPASSE suggests that the Walker (2008) traits can be used to accurately estimate sex with statistical approaches more appropriate and robust than OSSA.","PeriodicalId":45063,"journal":{"name":"Finanzarchiv","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77615293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Patterns of Intentional Dismemberment in Florida Medicolegal Death Investigations 佛罗里达州法医死亡调查中故意肢解的模式

IF 0.5 4区经济学

Finanzarchiv Pub Date : 2021-03-16 DOI: 10.5744/FA.2020.0029

Katie M. Rubin, J. Finlayson

{"title":"Patterns of Intentional Dismemberment in Florida Medicolegal Death Investigations","authors":"Katie M. Rubin, J. Finlayson","doi":"10.5744/FA.2020.0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/FA.2020.0029","url":null,"abstract":"This study identifies broad patterns of intentional dismemberment in Florida as observed in cases accessioned over a 15-year period at the University of Florida C. A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory. A review of all case files dating from July 2003 through June 2018 (N = 959) found 28 individuals with indications of intentional dismemberment. Decedents ranged from neonatal to 76 years in age at death; half were female, and 91.7% were identified by the medical examiner as White. Transection via sawing was the most common dismemberment mode (50%), followed by disarticulation of joints (19%). The most common implement was a saw, and electric reciprocating saws were the most common saw type. These data are compared to multiple U.S.-based dismemberment samples, positioned within a larger U.S. framework, and assessed against international data. Combined U.S. data suggest female homicide victims are more likely to be dismembered than male homicide victims. The use of three different modes of dismemberment, with transection by sawing more common than transection by chopping and transection by any means more common than disarticulation, is noted across the Eastern U.S. However, selection of implement and mode may be influenced by sub-regional factors such as population density. This is in contrast to available Latin American data, which indicate dismemberments—commonly in the context of organized violence and used as a means of symbolic communication—occur primarily to males and overwhelmingly by chopping. The discrepancies in dismemberment patterns between the U.S. and Latin American contexts illustrate the importance of sociopolitical circumstance when making broad comparisons across geographic samples.","PeriodicalId":45063,"journal":{"name":"Finanzarchiv","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87119297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Use of Bone Fluorescence to Facilitate DNA Sampling 利用骨荧光促进DNA取样

IF 0.5 4区经济学

Finanzarchiv Pub Date : 2021-03-16 DOI: 10.5744/10.5744/FA.2019.0050

T. Eleftheriou, Aikaterini Papaioannou, Angi M. Christensen, J. Hefner

{"title":"The Use of Bone Fluorescence to Facilitate DNA Sampling","authors":"T. Eleftheriou, Aikaterini Papaioannou, Angi M. Christensen, J. Hefner","doi":"10.5744/10.5744/FA.2019.0050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/10.5744/FA.2019.0050","url":null,"abstract":"DNA is increasingly used in skeletal remains cases for identification and to resolve commingling. The implementation of a sampling strategy based on the likelihood of obtaining viable DNA profiles could minimize destruction of bones, expedite identification, and save time and resources by reducing the need to resample. Here we test whether bone fluorescence is a good indicator of potential DNA yield. Samples consisted of remains from seven different burial sites analyzed by the Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus Anthropological Laboratory that were submitted for DNA analysis to an external DNA laboratory. Fluorescence was assessed as a function of pixel brightness values using images of bone and tooth samples captured using an alternate light source and measured in ImageJ. Across seven pooled sites, no relationship was apparent between fluorescence and DNA extracted, but there was a positive relationship when certain sites were considered in isolation. These results appear to suggest no overall relationship between fluorescence and DNA extracted; however, given the mixed nature of these results, additional research using a more controlled sample is needed.","PeriodicalId":45063,"journal":{"name":"Finanzarchiv","volume":"71 5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77248080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Combining Variables to Improve Subadult Age Estimation 结合变量改进亚成人年龄估计

IF 0.5 4区经济学

Finanzarchiv Pub Date : 2021-03-03 DOI: 10.5744/FA.2019.0039

K. Stull, Kerianne Armelli

{"title":"Combining Variables to Improve Subadult Age Estimation","authors":"K. Stull, Kerianne Armelli","doi":"10.5744/FA.2019.0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/FA.2019.0039","url":null,"abstract":"Anthropologists have reported that the combination of multiple variables and indicators generally increases precision and reduces bias in age estimates. However, endeavors specific to subadult age estimation have primarily focused on estimating age of the living and therefore on variables and indicators that are active later in ontogeny and easy to image. The current study aimed to determine if multivariable, single-indicator age-estimation models outperform single-variable age-estimation models throughout ontogeny using the three most common subadult age indicators: diaphyseal dimensions, epiphyseal fusion, and dental development. Data were collected from individuals from South Africa between birth and 12 years (N = 601) using Lodox Statscan radiographic images and from the United States between the ages of birth and 20 years (N = 1,277) using computed tomography images. Multivariate adaptive regression splines were used to build the multivariable, single-indicator, and single-variable models. Each subset used for model development had a unique training sample to build the model and testing sample to ensure that the results were generalizable. The multivariable models presented with increased precision and accuracy, reduced bias, and greater consistency across ontogeny compared to the single-variable models for both samples. Eighty percent of the independent test models (20/24) had ≥ 93% coverage, and 75% (18/24) of the independent tests models had ≥ 95% coverage. Besides providing more information to the resulting age estimate, multivariable models remove any a priori beliefs regarding variable importance and eliminate the requirement to contrive a final age estimate from multiple single-variable age-estimation models.","PeriodicalId":45063,"journal":{"name":"Finanzarchiv","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76612511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Recht am Kind 我很善良

IF 0.5 4区经济学

Finanzarchiv Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.30820/1434-7849-2020-1-2-65

P. Berg

引用次数: 0

Projektive Dynamiken in Bewegungen gegen ein dekonstruktivistisches Verständnis von Geschlecht und Gleichstellungspolitiken 反对对性别和性别政策的误解的项目动力

IF 0.5 4区经济学

Finanzarchiv Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.30820/1434-7849-2020-1-2-143

C. Kaufhold

引用次数: 0

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