{"title":"Larval intelligence: Approaching AI in terms of Deleuze’s “system of the dissolved self”","authors":"J. Kruger","doi":"10.1080/02580136.2021.1933724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02580136.2021.1933724","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the work of Gilles Deleuze, specifically in his 1968 book, Difference and Repetition, is investigated in order to make a contribution at a philosophical and conceptual level to the question of what kind of cognitive architecture could best facilitate progress towards strong artificial general intelligence. After tracing the outlines of Deleuze’s consistently genetic position on the emergence of thought from material sensibility, it is argued that the situated, embodied, dynamic (SED) architecture proposed by cognitive scientist Randall Beer has affinities with the Deleuzian understanding of thought that merit further investigation. With regard to the “situatedness” strand of SED, affinities with Deleuze’s description of the nested structure of contemplation are pointed out. The “embodied” strand of SED, on the other hand, invites investigation of the correspondence with the genetic line of the emergence of thought as conceived by Deleuze. Finally, the “dynamic” strand of SED which employs dynamic systems theory might benefit from Deleuze’s understanding of virtual ideas as problems that could be actualised in many diverse solutions.","PeriodicalId":44834,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY","volume":"40 1","pages":"171 - 181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02580136.2021.1933724","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44016641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Moral risks and government policy in South Africa in the context of 4IR","authors":"John M. Ostrowick","doi":"10.1080/02580136.2021.1921933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02580136.2021.1921933","url":null,"abstract":"South Africa, among other nations in Africa, most notably Kenya, Nigeria and Rwanda, is aiming to take a lead in the implementation of policy intended to address the challenges represented by the fourth Industrial Revolution. We take the South African Constitution’s Bill of Rights as our guide on the moral obligations of the government, from the logic of both consequentialist and deontological moral frameworks. With this in mind, we consider whether the South African government’s initiatives involve moral risks, in virtue of neglecting some threats posed by new technologies. In particular, we identify biological technologies – specifically transhumanist technologies – as posing special risks, and argue that we need to balance the need for dignity, equality and privacy, which the technologies seem to threaten, against the promise of flourishing that the technologies seem to offer.","PeriodicalId":44834,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY","volume":"40 1","pages":"195 - 212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02580136.2021.1921933","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44282420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Is a sensation a concept-involving object?","authors":"Haiqiang Dai","doi":"10.1080/02580136.2021.1891800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02580136.2021.1891800","url":null,"abstract":"In the private language argument (PLA), Wittgenstein raises a paradox, namely that a sensation is not a something, but not a nothing either. McDowell argues that Wittgenstein unnecessarily eliminates inner sensations. By contrast, McDowell insists that sensations are perfectly good somethings, namely concept-involving objects. Hao Tang praises McDowell’s idea that Wittgenstein’s target is the myth of the inner given, namely the private object, but he criticises McDowell’s interpretation of Wittgenstein as eliminating inner sensations. On his interpretation, Wittgenstein does not eliminate the sensation as a concept-involving object. In this article, I advance two main arguments: (1) Wittgenstein objects to inner sensations being concept-involving objects because he rejects the model of “object-designation”; and (2) despite (1), Wittgenstein does not eliminate sensations nor does he deny that we can conceive of them; rather, he thinks that people conceptualise sensations in ways other than as concept-involving objects.","PeriodicalId":44834,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY","volume":"40 1","pages":"99 - 116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02580136.2021.1891800","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48141385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rethinking history and potentiality: Across Aristotle, Hegel, and Heidegger","authors":"Jake Khawaja","doi":"10.1080/02580136.2020.1871565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02580136.2020.1871565","url":null,"abstract":"I attempt to derive a theory of history and potentiality in the work of Aristotle, Hegel, and Heidegger, laying out the mutual critiques of each in order to determine what might be required in a possible reformulation. I then attempt to provide one potential “reconstruction” which accounts for central desiderata in each of the three theories and which, I argue, provides a beginning framework for an account compatible with core modernist and postmodernist views in the philosophy of history.","PeriodicalId":44834,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY","volume":"40 1","pages":"46 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02580136.2020.1871565","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45004362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Active citizenship in contemporary democratic practice in Africa: Challenges and prospects","authors":"T. Chando","doi":"10.1080/02580136.2021.1885908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02580136.2021.1885908","url":null,"abstract":"This article argues that active citizenship as a quintessential norm of democracy is lacking in Africa. The colonial interlude in Africa created psychological and institutional confusion which undermined Africans’ ability to actively participate in governance, a phenomenon largely ignored by the current literature on democracy in Africa. To establish active citizenship, reconstructive training to create self-confidence and an economic empowerment programme is required. With psychological and institutional frameworks thus established, citizens can develop the confidence required to take the initiative of self-governance, and to collaborate in constructing their political destinies. A governance model that can ensure active citizenship in Africa is the baraza system of public participation. Domiciled at the village level, it ensures that every individual’s interests are addressed in decision-making, as it obligates every individual to participate in decision-making.","PeriodicalId":44834,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY","volume":"40 1","pages":"75 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02580136.2021.1885908","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43554190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wiredu and Eze on consensual democracy and the question of consensual rationality","authors":"Husein Inusah","doi":"10.1080/02580136.2020.1871567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02580136.2020.1871567","url":null,"abstract":"The essay raises objections to Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze’s criticisms of Kwasi Wiredu’s notion of consensual rationality. Wiredu promotes traditional African consensual democracy as an alternative political system to the Western majoritarian model of democracy, which he claims is adversarial. However, Eze raises some queries against Wiredu which seem to undermine the validity of Wiredu’s traditional model of consensual democracy. Foremost among these complainants is the assumption that Wiredu’s model of political consensus may fail to embrace rationality in deliberation that gives rise to it because the chief’s or king’s sacred position may influence deliberation at council. The other criticism which is consequent on the one above suggests that human beings frequently do not deploy reason in political decision-making: an indication that traditional African consensus is not fundamentally inspired by reason. I argue that Eze’s argument is simply false because: (1) it rests on a misguided assumption about the nature of logical persuasion in deliberation; and (2) it is false that human beings are frequently swayed or inspired by non-rational factors to derive consensus in decision-making.","PeriodicalId":44834,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY","volume":"40 1","pages":"1 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02580136.2020.1871567","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47094231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Promoting stability and peace in multi-ethnic African countries by reducing the marginalisation of ethnic minorities","authors":"K. Kalumba","doi":"10.1080/02580136.2021.1885911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02580136.2021.1885911","url":null,"abstract":"I address four major objections that have been advanced against the system of multiparty majority democracy that I proposed as an alternative to Wiredu’s non-party consensual democracy. First, that the system is not durable since it is structured around ill-defined ethnic groups; second, that since it envisions each ethnic group as a semi-autonomous entity, the system undermines the integrative process of nation-building; third, that, as a type of federalism, the system has no precedents on African soil, and consequently, that it is likely to face the problem of imperfect fit; and fourth, that some African ethnic groups are too small to stand as semi-autonomous entities. I then underscore four advantages of my system over Wiredu’s: It honours the right of freedom of association; addresses the problem of the marginalisation of minority ethnic groups; reaps the benefits of both non-party and multiparty democracy; and entrenches the ingredients of consensual democracy.","PeriodicalId":44834,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY","volume":"40 1","pages":"93 - 98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02580136.2021.1885911","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44982137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"New Conversations on the Problems of Identity, Consciousness and Mind","authors":"M. Enyimba","doi":"10.1080/02580136.2021.1885909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02580136.2021.1885909","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44834,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY","volume":"40 1","pages":"117 - 120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02580136.2021.1885909","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43753795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Here’s not looking at you, kid: A new defence of anti-natalism","authors":"Blake Hereth, Anthony Ferrucci","doi":"10.1080/02580136.2020.1871566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02580136.2020.1871566","url":null,"abstract":"Anti-natalism is the view that persons ought morally to refrain from procreation. We offer a new argument for a principled version of anti-natalism according to which it is always impermissible to procreate in the actual world since doing so will violate the right to physical security of future, created persons once those persons exist and have the right. First, we argue that procreators can be responsible for non-trivial harms that befall future persons even if they do not cause them and if the harms are temporally delayed, provided the harms are reasonably foreseeable by procreators. For example, consider a case in which we can create a person in a room that is dangerously aflame. It would be wrong to do so since, once the person exists, they have a right that we avoid being morally responsible for unjust harms to them, and the fire in which we created them is one such unjust harm. Second, we argue that procreators are responsible for unjust harms that befall their children, since many non-trivial physical harms (e.g. broken bones, lower respiratory illnesses) are reasonably foreseeable by procreators. Thus, parents wrong their children by creating them. Third, we argue that procreators are also responsible for the unjust harms their children commit against others, since it is reasonably foreseeable that every person will inflict unjust, non-trivial physical harms on someone else. But this is worse since parents thereby share in their child’s future culpable intent. Finally, we consider a number of objections to anti-natalism and argue that none of them succeed against anti-natalism generally or against our argument grounded in the right to physical security.","PeriodicalId":44834,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY","volume":"40 1","pages":"14 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02580136.2020.1871566","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45106824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Civil disobedience outside of the liberal democratic framework: The case of Sudan","authors":"Yeelen Badona Monteiro","doi":"10.1080/02580136.2020.1839834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02580136.2020.1839834","url":null,"abstract":"Civil disobedience is a form of protest consisting in an act contrary to law, whose aim is to bring about a change in laws or policies deemed unjust. In the traditional Western philosophical debate, civil disobedience was mainly discussed and justified within the boundaries of a democratic regime. John Rawls’ theory of civil disobedience is explicitly based on this liberal assumption. He conceptualises civil disobedience as a public, nonviolent, conscientious and political breach of the law, only appropriate to nearly just societies, hence to democratic regimes. This article intends to question Rawls’ premise by considering civil disobedience from a different perspective: when it is undertaken outside of a nearly just framework, precisely in not fully democratic contexts, such as the so-called “anocracies”, regimes that mix democratic and autocratic traits. The emblematic case of Sudan’s most recent actions of civil disobedience is examined to argue that, contrary to the liberal conceptualisation, civil disobedience does have a role and appropriateness in frameworks of this kind, where the aim is not only to oppose unjust laws or policies, but also to achieve a broader structural change through rigorously nonviolent forms of political action.","PeriodicalId":44834,"journal":{"name":"SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY","volume":"39 1","pages":"376 - 386"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/02580136.2020.1839834","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48470797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}