MRS Energy & Sustainability最新文献

{"title":"Transformation, reaction and organization of functional nanostructures using solution-based microreactor-assisted nanomaterial deposition for solar photovoltaics","authors":"V. K. Doddapaneni, J. A. Dhas, A. Chang, Chang‐Ho Choi, Seung-Yeol Han, B. Paul, Chih-hung Chang","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00035-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00035-x","url":null,"abstract":"Microreactor-Assisted Nanomaterial Deposition (MAND) process offers unique capabilities in achieving large size and shape control levels while providing a more rapid path for scaling via process intensification for nanomaterial production. This review highlights the application of continuous flow microreactors to synthesize, assemble, transform, and deposit nanostructured materials for Solar Photovoltaics, the capabilities of MAND in the field, and the potential outlook of MAND . Microreactor-Assisted Nanomaterial Deposition (MAND) is a promising technology that synthesizes reactive fluxes and nanomaterials to deposit nanostructured materials at the point of use. MAND offers precise control over reaction, organization, and transformation processes to manufacture nanostructured materials with distinct morphologies, structures, and properties. In synthesis, microreactor technology offers large surface-area-to-volume ratios within microchannel structures to accelerate heat and mass transport. This accelerated transport allows for rapid changes in reaction temperatures and concentrations, leading to more uniform heating and mixing in the deposition process. The possibility of synthesizing nanomaterials in the required volumes at the point of application eliminates the need to store and transport potentially hazardous materials. Further, MAND provides new opportunities for tailoring novel nanostructures and nano-shaped features, opening the opportunity to assemble unique nanostructures and nanostructured thin films. MAND processes control the heat transfer, mass transfer, and reaction kinetics using well-defined microstructures of the active unit reactor cell that can be replicated at larger scales to produce higher chemical production volumes. This critical feature opens a promising avenue in developing scalable nanomanufacturing. This paper reviews advances in microreactor-assisted nanomaterial deposition of nanostructured materials for solar photovoltaics. The discussions review the use of microreactors to tailor the reacting flux, transporting to substrate surfaces via controlling process parameters such as flow rates, pH of the precursor solutions, and seed layers on the formation and/or transformation of intermediary reactive molecules, nanoclusters, nanoparticles, and structured assemblies. In the end, the review discusses the use of an industrial scale MAND to apply anti-reflective and anti-soiling coatings on the solar modules in the field and details future outlooks of MAND reactors. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44577013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molybdenum-functionalized metal–organic framework crystals interconnected by carbon nanotubes as negative electrodes for supercapacitors","authors":"Yu-Hsiu Chen, Chengliang Shen, Tzu-En Chang, Yi‐Ching Wang, You-Liang Chen, Chung‐Wei Kung","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00034-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00034-y","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract As the pseudocapacitive material operated in the negative potential window in an aqueous electrolyte, the molybdenum-functionalized MOF-808-CNT nanocomposite can obviously outperform both the molybdenum-functionalized MOF-808 and molybdenum-functionalized CNT . Crystals of a water-stable Zr-based metal–organic framework (MOF), MOF-808, are directly grown on the surface of carboxylic acid-functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNT) to synthesize the nanocomposites with tunable MOF-to-CNT ratios. The crystallinity, morphology, porosity, and electrical conductivity of all nanocomposites are characterized. To install the electrochemically active sites within the highly porous MOF framework, the obtained MOF-808-CNT nanocomposites are further subjected to the functionalization of spatially dispersed Mo(VI) sites by a self-limiting process followed by the electrochemical reduction to generate the molybdenum nanoparticles confined within the MOF pore. Thin films of these Mo-functionalized materials are served as the pseudocapacitive materials in aqueous electrolytes and operated in a negative potential window. By utilizing the electrochemically active molybdenum confined within the highly porous MOF and the electronic conduction between MOF crystals facilitated by CNT, the optimal Mo-functionalized nanocomposite can significantly outperform both the Mo-functionalized MOF and Mo-functionalized CNT. Discussion MOFs are highly porous materials, which should be attractive candidates for electrochemical energy storage, but their poor chemical stability and low electrical conductivity hinder the practical use of MOFs in supercapacitors. Even though several MOFs have been directly applied for supercapacitors in aqueous electrolytes, most of these reported MOFs are not stable in water (or the alkaline electrolytes tested), which would generate MOF-derived materials. Reported examples of MOF-based materials for supercapacitors that are chemically robust in the tested electrolytes are relatively rare. Pseudocapacitive materials show higher specific capacitances than the double-layer-type materials, but most pseudocapacitive materials can only be operated in the positive potential window. Thus, asymmetric supercapacitors are usually fabricated by serving the double-layer-type material as the negative electrode. Molybdenum-based pseudocapacitive materials can be operated in the negative potential window, which makes it feasible to design the supercapacitors based on all pseudocapacitive materials. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48156231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applying consumption time analysis to measure fundamental energy needs: A method to quantify households’ energy services","authors":"R. Nadimi, K. Tokimatsu","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00031-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00031-1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This research utilizes “ time use ” analysis, rather than the “ power ” side of energy consumption, to measure households’ fundamental energy needs (FENs) that is helpful for energy poverty alleviation. Households’ FENs contain energy for cooking, cooling, heating, and lighting/entertainment services, which vary in terms of the family size, their lifestyle, weather parameters, and so on. This research monitors and records time usage of FENs activities for a low-income couple family lived in a triplex kind of house in Japan. After fitting statistical distribution for time usage data, simulation model is used to calculate robust results for household energy consumption. The results indicate that the average daily FENs of this family is around 63 Mega Joule. The results also emphasize that for energy poverty reduction, the investment cost should be prioritized for cooking with the highest share of energy service, followed by heating, cooling, and lighting/entertainment service. Graphical abstract Highlights The results of this study showed that investment on cooking and heating services reduced energy poverty up to 75%. While, the cooling and lighting/entertainment services share was around 25%. Discussion Many studies have analyzed the impact of renewable energies in energy poverty reduction in pre-developing countries. However, the cost of supplying 100% of energy demand through renewable energies to reduce energy poverty, is higher than hybrid power system option. Applying diesel generator along with renewable energies is a viable option with lower cost, while the existence of diesel generator is mostly ignored due to its trivial CO_2 emissions compared with significant amount of CO_2 emissions in developed countries.","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67283147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The economics of firm solar power from Li-ion and vanadium flow batteries in California","authors":"D. Roberts, S. Brown","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00028-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00028-w","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The cost of providing near 24-7-365 power from solar panels at a commercial facility in South California was modelled to be similar for vanadium flow batteries (VFB) and lithium ion batteries (LIB) at around $0:20/kWh. In hotter locations, LIB economics suffer due to accelerated background cell ageing. Even within South California there was enough variation to affect the economic comparison. Although LIB degradation could be reduced in a hybrid VFB-LIB system, there was negligible benefit to the overall electricity cost. As a result of falling photovoltaic panel costs in the last decade solar power (PV) is now claimed to be the cheapest source of electricity. However, the intermittent nature of supply means that it cannot solve the energy trilemma alone, and a form of backup power is required for reliability. This application is well suited to batteries, but the cost implications of providing high levels of reliability in this way have not been widely studied. In this work, the levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) achievable by optimal combinations of PV and batteries is determined for a large food retailer at a range of self-sufficiency ratios (SSR). Both lithium ion batteries (LIB), vanadium redox flow batteries (VFB) and hybrid systems of the two technologies are modelled. In combination with an over-sized PV array, both systems are capable of providing a SSR of 0.95 for a LCOE of less than $0.22/kWh. The optimal LCOE values overlap across the SSR range for both technologies depending on cost and ambient temperature assumptions. A VFB is more likely to give the lower LCOE at lower SSR, and a LIB is favoured at high SSR as the cycle rate drops as SSR increases. It is also shown that a state of charge (SOC) minimisation strategy has a significant impact on the LIB economics by reducing calendar ageing. Lastly, hybrid systems combining LIB and VFB were modelled, but in no cases showed an improvement over the optimal single choice. The overlap in the LCOE of the two battery types highlights the importance of other considerations, such as sustainability, space requirements and safety. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47278054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-step synthesis of NiS_2/rGO composite for efficient electrocatalytic urea oxidation","authors":"Tzu-Ho Wu, Jing Zhan, B. Hou, Ziwei Qiu","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00032-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00032-0","url":null,"abstract":"This work reveals that nickel disulfide and reduced graphene oxide can be integrated by one-step hydrothermal method. Compared to pure nickel disulfide, the prepared composite renders boosted electrocatalytic performance toward urea oxidation with high reaction rate constant and turnover frequency. Urea electrolysis receives increasing attention, because it can remediate urea-contaminated wastewater and produce hydrogen fuel simultaneously. Developing advanced catalysts for urea oxidation reaction is highly desirable but still challenging. In this work, we reveal that nickel disulfide (NiS_2) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) can be successfully prepared by one-step hydrothermal reaction. NiS_2/rGO composite material is characterized to exhibit improved electrical conductivity and larger electrochemical active surface area, which hold the key to promote the reaction kinetics of urea oxidation. The overall reaction rate constant is determined as 2.88 × 10^5 cm^3 mol^−1 s^−1 for NiS_2/rGO, which is $$approx$$ ≈ 75 times higher than that of NiS_2 counterpart (3.87 × 10^3 cm^3 mol^−1 s^−1). As a result, the NiS_2/rGO electrocatalyst demonstrates superior catalytic performance toward urea oxidation with high catalytic current responses (220 vs. 113 mA cm^−2 at 1.5 V), low Tafel slope (51 vs 87 mV dec^−1), and turn–over frequency (0.055 vs. 0.024 s^−1) in comparison with pure NiS_2. Moreover, NiS_2/rGO renders stable catatlytic performance in a 30,000 s test, addressing the crucial role of rGO in the composite sample. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47505003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perspective: Design of cathode materials for sustainable sodium-ion batteries","authors":"Baharak Sayahpour, H. Hirsh, Saurabh Parab, L. Nguyen, Minghao Zhang, Y. Meng","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00029-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00029-9","url":null,"abstract":"Manufacturing sustainable sodium ion batteries with high energy density and cyclability requires a uniquely tailored technology and a close attention to the economical and environmental factors. In this work, we summarized the most important design metrics in sodium ion batteries with the emphasis on cathode materials and outlined a transparent data reporting approach based on common metrics for performance evaluation of future technologies. Sodium-ion batteries are considered as one of the most promising alternatives to lithium-based battery technologies. Despite the growing research in this field, the implementation of this technology has been practically hindered due to a lack of high energy density cathode materials with a long cycle-life. In this perspective, we first provide an overview of the milestones in the development of Na-ion battery (NIB) systems over time. Next, we discuss critical metrics in extraction of key elements used in NIB cathode materials which may impact the supply chain in near future. Finally, in the quest of most promising cathode materials for the next generation of NIBs, we overlay an extensive perspective on the main findings in design and test of more than 295 reports in the past 10 years, exhibiting that layered oxides, Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) and polyanions are leading candidates for cathode materials. An in-depth comparison of energy density and capacity retention of all the currently available cathode materials is also provided. In this perspective, we also highlight the importance of large data analysis for sustainable material design based on available datasets. The insights provided in this perspective, along with a more transparent data reporting approach and an implementation of common metrics for performance evaluation of NIBs can help accelerate future cathode materials design in the NIB field. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49039797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green hydrogen: Alternate fuel for Indian energy basket","authors":"A. Sircar, Krishna P. Solanki, N. Bist, K. Yadav, Kabyashree Mahanta","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00030-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00030-2","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen has emerged as an alternative feasible substitute for green economy in India. The production and transportation of green hydrogen are reviewed extensively in this study. The constraints related to policy framework and remedies for the same are discussed. Comparative outlook of green hydrogen in lieu of Indian economy is shared. Considering the automotive sector's phenomenal economic and environmental significance, the introduction of renewable fuels will be essential in achieving long-term mobility globally. Hydrogen has the potential to be a feasible and effective fuel for green economy since it is abundant, sustainable, safe and inexpensive. Hydrogen proves to be an alternative chemical fuel that will potentially replace fossil energy, due to a number attributes like increased energy density, abundance, ease of transportation, a variety of different manufacturing processes from clean renewable energy fuels with zero or negligible emissions. Internal combustion engines that uses hydrogen could help optimize efficiencies, provide larger power outputs per vehicle, and produce fewer greenhouse gases. The production methods and transportation of green hydrogen are reviewed in this study. The study critically addresses the impact of green hydrogen on the environment, as well as the hazards and safety issues. The study also discusses the challenges associated with the green hydrogen and deliberates on the pillars for developing policies and the strategies for green hydrogen in India. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46796519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced aqueous redox flow batteries design: Ready for long-duration energy storage applications?","authors":"Zhejun Li, Yi‐Chun Lu","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00027-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00027-x","url":null,"abstract":"Critical developments of advanced aqueous redox flow battery technologies are reviewed. Long duration energy storage oriented cell configuration and materials design strategies for the developments of aqueous redox flow batteries are discussed Long-duration energy storage (LDES) is playing an increasingly significant role in the integration of intermittent and unstable renewable energy resources into future decarbonized grids. Aqueous redox flow batteries (ARFBs) with intrinsic high scalability, safety and power capability can be promising candidates for LDES if a substantially decreased levelized cost of storage is achieved. In this Perspective, we present a top-down analysis of existing ARFBs for long-duration applications, including ARFB cell configurations and materials design strategies for both membranes and redox active materials. In addition, we discuss the types of testing and demonstration needed at the lab-scale for feasible projection for future large-scale systems. The LDES-oriented materials design strategies serve as a guidance for the research and developments for future advanced ARFBs in large-scale deployments. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67283105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen-doped hard carbon derived from agro-food waste of mushroom bags biomass as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries","authors":"R. Muruganantham, Yu-Xuan Chiang, Wei-Ren Liu","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00025-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00025-z","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Biomass wastage of mushroom bags derived hard carbon (MDC) has been prepared simple carbonization route and modified with nitrogen (N-MDC) using hexamethylenetetramine as nitrogen source. The N-MDC shows superior sodium-ion storage performance, ensuing cost-effective manner of bio-waste to green energy application. Nitrogen-doped carbon delivered 218 mAh g ^ −1 at a current density of 100 mA g ^ −1 after 200 cycles. Bioresource wastages are efficient pioneer of sustainable carbon production. In this study, we explore a simple method to synthesize nitrogen-doped hard carbon from agricultural waste of mushroom bags and used as an anode material for sodium-ion storage applications. The physico-chemical properties and electrochemical measurements are systematically analyzed and compared with as-prepared mushroom-derived pristine carbon (MDC) and nitrogen-doped carbon (N-MDC). The N-MDC sample shows higher atomic percentage of pyridine N content. The N-MDC-used electrode cell exhibits better reversible capacity and rate capability than that of pristine MDC. The specific capacity of N-MDC delivers 218 mAh g^−1 at a current density of 100 mA g^−1 after 200 cycles. The impedance result of N-MDC is reduced from 38.7 to 21.3 Ω. In addition, the diffusion coefficient of Na^+ has been increased from 1.55 × 10^–12 to 1.58 × 10^–11 cm^2 s^−1 after the N-doping process. This research is not only solved the problem of biomass waste disposal but also produced valuable functional carbon materials to utilize the high-performance eco-friendly energy storage applications. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46709897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing energy efficiency and price policy from a sustainable development perspective: Using fossil fuel demand elasticities in Iran","authors":"Vahid Mohamad Taghvaee, A. A. Arani, S. Soretz, L. Agheli","doi":"10.1557/s43581-022-00024-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00024-0","url":null,"abstract":"The price elasticity of fossil fuel demand is lower than one and inelastic. The price policy is ineffective in reducing fossil fuel consumption. The technology elasticity of fossil fuel demand is higher than one and elastic. Energy efficiency improvement is much more effective than price policy for reducing fossil fuel consumption. This study aims to compare the effects of price policy with energy efficiency improvement on energy consumption and sustainable development. To this end, our research estimates the demand elasticities of diesel, gasoline, fuel oil, LPG, and kerosene using Dynamic Log-Linear and AutoRegression Distributed Lag in Iran during 1976–2017. In 2018, Iran had the first rank in the world for the amount of subsidy on various kinds of fossil fuels. Based on the results, technology is up to 100 times more effective than price policy. Technology, by only 10% improvement in energy efficiency, saves about 400 billion liters of fossil fuels (or 15% of total), 3.6 billion US Dollars of the expenditure thereon (or 17% of total), 217 billion tons of CO_2 emissions (or 15% of total), and more than 338 million DALYs (or 4.5 million lives). It leads to upgrading social, environmental, health, and economic pillars of sustainable development, especially with gasoline consumption drop. Thus, policy-makers are suggested to promote energy-consuming technologies rather than increasing the fuel price. Graphical abstract Video abstract","PeriodicalId":44802,"journal":{"name":"MRS Energy & Sustainability","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46224734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}