Jewish History最新文献

Reconsidering Early Modern Jewry: Reflections on the Methodology of Legal History 重新审视早期现代犹太人：对法律史方法论的思考

IF 0.3 2区历史学

Jewish History Pub Date : 2024-03-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10835-024-09460-6

Jay R. Berkovitz

{"title":"Reconsidering Early Modern Jewry: Reflections on the Methodology of Legal History","authors":"Jay R. Berkovitz","doi":"10.1007/s10835-024-09460-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10835-024-09460-6","url":null,"abstract":"This article seeks to clarify the methodology of Jewish legal history and illustrate how the historical examination of Jewish law serves as a valuable tool to discern the distinctive character of the early modern period. Principal elements of the analysis are the role of Jewish law in communal governance, its relationship to civil legislation, and its responsiveness to social and economic challenges. Communal autonomy, a hallmark of the early modern Jewish community and its self-governing institutions, had well-established roots in the medieval period, but it was only in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, in the post-Westphalia (1648) era, that its distinctive legislative and judicial features were fully developed and widely adopted. The participation of rabbinic authorities in communal government and their consultative role alongside lay governing officials was of particular importance. As unofficial jurisconsultants, they provided guidance on matters of legislation, when a legal ambiguity required clarification, or when litigation involving the community was pending. Poskim (halakhic decisors) were asked to review and, in some instances, interpret communal bylaws. Important new trends in legal decision-making in areas of dispute resolution and judicial discretion and the devising of legal remedies to ease social or economic difficulties provides valuable illustrations of responsiveness to social and economic change. Legal activism is especially notable in areas of law relating to the rights of women regarding inheritance and marital property. Despite lay hegemony in community affairs, religion continued to be a potent force in civil government and legislation, and there was a far greater degree of cooperation between the lay and rabbinic authorities than has been previously assumed.","PeriodicalId":44151,"journal":{"name":"Jewish History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140116988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tabling Codification of Jewish Law: Perspectives on Sixteenth-Century Ventures 犹太法典的编纂：十六世纪冒险的视角

IF 0.3 2区历史学

Jewish History Pub Date : 2024-03-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10835-024-09461-5

Levi Cooper

引用次数: 0

Rav Hai Gaon’s Jurisprudential Monograph Kitāb Adab al-Qaḍā: A Reconstructed Text from the Cairo Genizah 拉维-海-加翁的法理学专著《Kitāb Adab al-Qaḍā》：来自开罗 Genizah 的重建文本

IF 0.3 2区历史学

Jewish History Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.1007/s10835-023-09452-y

Neri Y. Ariel

{"title":"Rav Hai Gaon’s Jurisprudential Monograph Kitāb Adab al-Qaḍā: A Reconstructed Text from the Cairo Genizah","authors":"Neri Y. Ariel","doi":"10.1007/s10835-023-09452-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10835-023-09452-y","url":null,"abstract":"This essay presents the discovery of a previously almost entirely unknown treatise written in Judeo-Arabic by Rav Hai b. Sherira Gaon. This monograph, a manual for judges, is a Jewish instantiation of the well-established Muslim genre Adab al-Qāḍī (Duties of Judges). To date, only several indirect remnants translated into medieval Hebrew have been identified as part of this work; however, large parts of the skeleton of this halakhic monograph can be reconstructed from Genizah fragments. Not only is this work of immense importance with respect to judicial issues, but it also promises to elucidate aspects of halakhic literature written in Judeo-Arabic generally. After presenting the historical-philological thinking that led to this discovery, this article considers the text’s importance and the social-literary circumstances that led to its development within its Islamic context. The Islamic and Jewish texts of the genre lead to the adoption of a more detailed model of the mutual shared legal relationships between Jews and Muslims in medieval Babylonia and yield what may be viewed as a more complicated and nuanced approach to the monotheistic-Abrahamic triangle.","PeriodicalId":44151,"journal":{"name":"Jewish History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139919869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Jewish Life in Medieval Spain: A New History. By Jonathan Ray. 中世纪西班牙的犹太人生活：一部新的历史。作者：乔纳森-雷

IF 0.3 2区历史学

Jewish History Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1007/s10835-023-09456-8

Paola Tartakoff

引用次数: 0

A Hebrew Fragment in the Municipal Archive in Münster as a Witness to a Little-Known Ritual Practice 明斯特市档案馆藏希伯来语片段见证鲜为人知的仪式习俗

IF 0.3 2区历史学

Jewish History Pub Date : 2024-01-16 DOI: 10.1007/s10835-023-09453-x

引用次数: 0

Where to Turn? How One Italian Rabbi Understood Ashkenaz, ca. 1600 何去何从？一位意大利拉比如何理解阿什肯纳兹，约 1600 年

IF 0.3 2区历史学

Jewish History Pub Date : 2024-01-16 DOI: 10.1007/s10835-023-09458-6

Edward Fram

{"title":"Where to Turn? How One Italian Rabbi Understood Ashkenaz, ca. 1600","authors":"Edward Fram","doi":"10.1007/s10835-023-09458-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10835-023-09458-6","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on a member of the secondary rabbinic elite in northern Italy around the year 1600, Rabbi Jacob Heilbronn (d. 1625). Based on an examination of legal sources cited by Heilbronn in a responsum and a Judeo-German handbook of Jewish law that he prepared, the article argues that Heilbronn understood the notion of German, or Ashkenazic Jewry as a cultural construct that was independent of geography. He was interested in a specific legal tradition handed down from generation to generation, wherever it may have migrated to, not the practices of Jews living in the German lands. Thus, Heilbronn accepted Rabbi Moses Isserles (d. 1572) of Kraków as an authoritative voice of Ashkenazic practice. The study notes that in the years between the publication of Rabbi Joseph Caro’s legal code, Shulḥan ‘Arukh, in 1565 and its republication with Isserles’s glosses in Venice (1593), and probably for a few years thereafter, Heilbronn relied on Caro’s Shulḥan ‘Arukh even though it often represented Sephardic traditions. However, once Heilbronn had access to legal works from Poland, he not only adopted them in his own legal thinking but adapted them for the use of others through vernacularization.","PeriodicalId":44151,"journal":{"name":"Jewish History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139497113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Rain of Ash: Roma, Jews, and the Holocaust. By Ari Joskowicz. 灰烬之雨罗姆人、犹太人和大屠杀。作者：Ari Joskowicz。

IF 0.3 2区历史学

Jewish History Pub Date : 2024-01-16 DOI: 10.1007/s10835-023-09459-5

Justyna Matkowska

引用次数: 0

A Jew in the Roman Bathhouse: Cultural Interaction in the Ancient Mediterranean. By Yaron Z. Eliav. 罗马澡堂里的犹太人：古代地中海的文化互动。作者：Yaron Z. Eliav。

IF 0.3 2区历史学

Jewish History Pub Date : 2024-01-10 DOI: 10.1007/s10835-023-09457-7

Michael J. Taylor

引用次数: 0

Yiddish and Social Science at the YIVO Economic-Statistical Section, 1926–1939 1926-1939 年 YIVO 经济统计科的意第绪语和社会科学

IF 0.3 2区历史学

Jewish History Pub Date : 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.1007/s10835-023-09455-9

Nicolas Vallois

{"title":"Yiddish and Social Science at the YIVO Economic-Statistical Section, 1926–1939","authors":"Nicolas Vallois","doi":"10.1007/s10835-023-09455-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10835-023-09455-9","url":null,"abstract":"The Yiddish Scientific Institute, known by its Yiddish acronym YIVO, was funded in Vilna in 1925. The institute had four sections: Philology, History, Psychology-Pedagogy, and Economics-Statistics. Its principal goal was not only to produce scholarship concerning Eastern European Jewish populations but also to promote Yiddish as a scientific language. This article analyzes the tensions associated with using Yiddish in academia generally and in social science particularly. It demonstrates how this linguistic commitment to Yiddish led to certain compromises dictated by the need to share academic research, expand readership, and secure financial support. It aims to explore these linguistic matters by focusing on the activities and scholarly production of the Economic-Statistical section—the “ekstat” section—from its first meeting in 1926 to 1939. This section offers a particularly relevant case study because of its highly specific situation within YIVO. Located in Berlin and then in Warsaw, the Economic-Statistical section was relatively autonomous from the central headquarters in Vilna. More importantly, the section had closer ties to German academia, which explains its greater openness toward foreign (non-Yiddish) languages. Drawing upon sources including published materials, the administrative records of YIVO, and the personal archives of the section’s key members, I document the ways in which this linguistic commitment toward Yiddish informed both the scholarly output of the section and its day-to-day activities.","PeriodicalId":44151,"journal":{"name":"Jewish History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139071002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Our Small World: Hebrew Children’s Letters and Modern Upbringing in Czarist Russia 我们的小世界：希伯来儿童的书信与沙皇俄国的现代教育

IF 0.3 2区历史学

Jewish History Pub Date : 2023-12-27 DOI: 10.1007/s10835-023-09454-w

{"title":"Our Small World: Hebrew Children’s Letters and Modern Upbringing in Czarist Russia","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s10835-023-09454-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10835-023-09454-w","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> The historiography of modern Hebrew culture views early twentieth-century Russia largely through the lens of canonical literature. However, Hebrew played a role in many other aspects of Jewish society, prominent among them children’s literature. By examining readers’ letters published in four Hebrew children’s magazines, this article explores the spread and meaning of the language for different sectors of Russian Jewry. It claims that Hebrew played a role in Jewish modernization for those who did not identify with Zionism and even those who claimed to reject modernism entirely. To better understand East European Jewish life through the prism of multifaceted Hebrew culture, this article studies publications of varied ideological positions—Zionist, nonpartisan nationalist, and Orthodox—to provide a more comprehensive picture of Jewish perception of Hebrew. It shows how, despite their disparities, the four publications employed similar strategies when addressing young readers, directing them to a desired worldview and mobilizing them to social activity. The readers’ letters in these magazines reveal the experience of learning, reading, and speaking the renewed language in the context of family life, social pressure, and gender dynamics. They provide essential information about methods, habits, and patterns of using Hebrew inside and outside the classroom. In addition, the letters shed light on the interaction between children and adults—parents, teachers, and newspaper editors—against the backdrop of the vibrant ideological discourse of the era. On balance, the current research offers a contribution to the study of revitalized Hebrew culture as well as the social history of modern European Jewry.","PeriodicalId":44151,"journal":{"name":"Jewish History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139054037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0