Bonnie R. Albritton, F. Hartsfield, A. Holmes, Charles E. Kappmeyer
{"title":"Developing Bridges Center Grant Proposal: A Budgeting Case for a Nonprofit Organization","authors":"Bonnie R. Albritton, F. Hartsfield, A. Holmes, Charles E. Kappmeyer","doi":"10.2308/OGNA-52365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/OGNA-52365","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The case study introduces the challenges and unique accounting needs of nonprofit organizations, particularly in budget preparation and the grant proposal process. The case is designed for courses that focus on not-for-profit accounting or managerial accounting. As students are becoming more interested in social responsibility, this case provides an opportunity for students to develop a deeper understanding of budgeting concepts by introducing a nonprofit perspective into the budgeting material traditionally covered in a managerial accounting course. Students learn about differences in budgeting for a nonprofit organization compared to a business that operates for profit including sources of revenue, mission-driven focus, receipt of in-kind donations, unbalanced budgets, the role of the board, and data availability. Students are required to use problem-solving skills and external resources to estimate amounts to create a budget for a nonprofit organization in a scenario where information is incomplete, much like a real-world situation.","PeriodicalId":440590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Governmental & Nonprofit Accounting","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117175913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. M. Marshall, M. Fischer, Renee Flasher, A. Holmes, Carol M. Jessup, L. Moore
{"title":"Response to the GASB Invitation to Comment on Financial Reporting Model Improvements—Governmental Funds (Project No. 3-25I)","authors":"D. M. Marshall, M. Fischer, Renee Flasher, A. Holmes, Carol M. Jessup, L. Moore","doi":"10.2308/OGNA-52325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/OGNA-52325","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) has been actively engaged in the process of making improvements to the financial reporting model to provide more useful information to the users of the financial reports of governmental entities. The GASB proposed three recognition approaches to replace the current financial resources reporting model for governmental funds. The three approaches vary along a time dimension. The “near-term” model is the most similar to the current model with a specified reporting period of 60–90 days. A “short-term” model extends the transaction reporting to be the government's one-year operating cycle. Finally, a “long-term” model would report both current and noncurrent assets and liabilities for governmental funds.\u0000 Data Availability: Details regarding the GASB project can be found on its website at: https://www.gasb.org/jsp/GASB/Document_C/GASBDocumentPage?cid=1176168729663&acceptedDisclaimer=true.","PeriodicalId":440590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Governmental & Nonprofit Accounting","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128383113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Linguistic Tone and Internal Control Reporting: Evidence from Municipal Management Discussion and Analysis Disclosures","authors":"Kevin T. Rich, Brent L. Roberts, Jean X. Zhang","doi":"10.2308/OGNA-52326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/OGNA-52326","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We study the textual content of MD&A disclosures. Specifically, we model the determinants of linguistic tone (based on the fraction of positive or negative words) in municipal MD&A sections and test for associations with the reporting of future internal control weaknesses. Our evidence suggests that factors such as high unemployment, general fund deficits, and less funding from higher levels of government are associated with negative tone, based on a sample of 362 MD&A disclosures in fiscal year 2011. Our internal control analysis is consistent with positive (negative) tone in municipal MD&A disclosures being associated with fewer (more) subsequent-year internal control weaknesses after controlling for other governance, demographic, and performance factors. Our analysis also suggests that positive tone is associated with a lower probability of future general fund deficits. Our findings suggest that municipal MD&A content contains important information regarding the quality of future municipal financial reporting through internal control quality.\u0000 JEL Classifications: H83.","PeriodicalId":440590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Governmental & Nonprofit Accounting","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122447101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. M. Marshall, Nancy Chun Feng, M. Fischer, Renee Flasher, A. Holmes, Carol M. Jessup, L. Moore, Daniel G. Neely, Terry K. Patton
{"title":"Response to the GASB's Invitation to Comment on Revenue and Expense Recognition: Project No. 4-6I","authors":"D. M. Marshall, Nancy Chun Feng, M. Fischer, Renee Flasher, A. Holmes, Carol M. Jessup, L. Moore, Daniel G. Neely, Terry K. Patton","doi":"10.2308/OGNA-52328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/OGNA-52328","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The objective of the Governmental Accounting Standards Board's (GASB) Revenue and Expense Recognition Project is to develop a comprehensive model for classification, recognition, and measurement of revenues and expenses for governmental entities. A conceptual framework would provide a basis for evaluating revenue and expense recognition, provide guidance regarding exchange and exchange-like transactions that have not been specifically addressed, and improve the consistency of financial reporting for decision making and the assessment of accountability. The GASB issued an Invitation to Comment (ITC No. 4-6I) in January 2018 to seek feedback regarding the classification and recognition of revenue and expense transactions, excluding the issue of measurement as it will be addressed in a subsequent phase of the project. The GASB proposed two models developed by a task force at an earlier stage in the project: an exchange/nonexchange model and a performance obligation/no performance obligation model. This commentary provides the response submitted to the GASB from the Accounting and Auditing Standards Committee of the Governmental and Nonprofit Accounting Section of the American Accounting Association. In addition, directions for future research are discussed.\u0000 Data Availability: Details regarding the GASB project can be found on its website at: https://www.gasb.org/jsp/GASB/Document_C/DocumentPage?cid=1176169978401&acceptedDisclaimer=true","PeriodicalId":440590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Governmental & Nonprofit Accounting","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115117713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. McGowan, Siew H. Chan, Y. Yurova, Chunhui Liu, Raymond M. K. Wong
{"title":"The Influence of Institutional Regulatory Pressure on Nonprofit Hospital Audit Quality","authors":"M. McGowan, Siew H. Chan, Y. Yurova, Chunhui Liu, Raymond M. K. Wong","doi":"10.2308/OGNA-52327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/OGNA-52327","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper investigates whether the influence of institutional regulatory pressures emanating from the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and subsequent nonprofit legislation and disclosure requirements improves nonprofit hospital audit quality. Drawing on institutional theory, we argue that increased regulatory attention can shift the audit firm's judgment regarding the choice and inference of previously acceptable audit procedures and heighten the importance of reputational capital as an incentive for audit firms to improve audit quality. We examine two measures of audit quality: internal control deficiencies and discretionary accruals. The results reveal that the audit quality of nonprofit hospitals improves, suggesting that audit firms have responded to regulatory pressures and enhanced their audit and engagement practices for the benefit of nonprofit hospitals and stakeholders. The findings provide regulators and public interest groups with evidence that desired nonprofit oversight and accountability may have already been attained via improved audit quality.\u0000 Data Availability: Data are available from public sources cited in the text.","PeriodicalId":440590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Governmental & Nonprofit Accounting","volume":"65 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120838981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Comprehensive Analysis of Findings from Single Audits: The Implications of Auditee Type and Auditor Expertise","authors":"Tammy R. Waymire, Thomas Z. Webb, T. West","doi":"10.2308/OGNA-52163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/OGNA-52163","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Single audits provide critical accountability for federal grant awards. Our study comprehensively examines differences in single audit findings (related to both financial statements and major program compliance) by auditee type (state/local government and nonprofit) and across varying levels of auditor expertise. In a sample of 24,144 audit engagements over the period 2004 through 2010, nonprofit auditees report fewer internal control deficiencies than government auditees, but more instances of questioned costs related to major programs. Audits conducted by firms with lower single audit expertise are associated with fewer financial statement and major program compliance findings. The results by auditee type and auditor expertise are important to discussions of single audit quality.","PeriodicalId":440590,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Governmental & Nonprofit Accounting","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116050361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}