Journal of Private International Law最新文献

{"title":"Enforcement of foreign judgments – Israel as a case study","authors":"Vera Shikhelman","doi":"10.1080/17441048.2023.2236392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17441048.2023.2236392","url":null,"abstract":"This article shows how enforcement of foreign judgments in Israel works in practice. Using an original hand-coded dataset, the article seeks to determine empirically which factors increase the likelihood of a foreign judgment being enforced by Israeli courts. To do so the article makes use of two major theories about enforcement of foreign judgments – international comity and vested rights. Also, the article hypothesises that enforcement can be influenced by specific characteristics of the Israeli court and the foreign judgment.","PeriodicalId":44028,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Private International Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134923445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Putting the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in context: <i>Comparative Recognition and Enforcement</i> , by Dr Drossos Stamboulakis","authors":"Benjamin Hayward","doi":"10.1080/17441048.2023.2236872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17441048.2023.2236872","url":null,"abstract":"Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s), who adds:I am employed at the same institution as, though in a different academic unit to, Dr Drossos Stamboulakis. I am a member of my university’s Commercial Disputes Group, located in its Faculty of Law, which Stamboulakis co-convenes. I have also co-authored a Law Commission for England and Wales consultation submission, and a blog post, with Stamboulakis in the past. Nevertheless, the views and analyses I express in this review article remain mine and mine alone.Notes1 R Singh, “Tribute for Lord Steyn” (2018) 23(2) Judicial Review 102, 104 [11].2 [2001] UKHL 26; [2001] 2 AC 532, [28].3 D Stamboulakis, Comparative Recognition and Enforcement: Foreign Judgments and Awards (Cambridge University Press, 2023).4 B Marshall, Asymmetric Jurisdiction Clauses (Oxford University Press, 2023).5 At the time, Justice Croft was the Judge in Charge of the Supreme Court of Victoria’s Arbitration List. See generally C Croft, “The Future of International Arbitration in Australia: A Victorian Supreme Court Perspective” (Seminar Paper, Law Institute of Victoria, 6 June 2011), 11, https://www.supremecourt.vic.gov.au/the-future-of-international-arbitration-in-australia-a-victorian-supreme-court-perspective accessed on 7 July 2023.6 As Stamboulakis notes, whilst recognition and enforcement are two different concepts, the term “enforcement” is a convenient shorthand for both: Stamboulakis, supra n 3, 25–7. See generally H Kronke, “Introduction: The New York Convention Fifty Years On: Overview and Assessment”, in H Kronke et al (eds), Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards: A Global Commentary on the New York Convention (Kluwer, 2010) 1, 7–8. I adopt the same shorthand for the remainder of this review article.7 Stamboulakis, supra n 3, 56–62.8 Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, opened for signature 10 June 1958, 330 UNTS 3 (entered into force 7 June 1959) (“New York Convention”).9 See, eg, AM Entrena, “Advantages and Challenges of Arbitration for Banks and Financial Institutions: Backwash of a New Financial Crisis on Account of the COVID-19 Situation”, in C González-Bueno (ed), 40 Under 40 International Arbitration (2021) (Dykinson SL, 2021), 573; W Blair et al, “Arbitrating Financial Disputes: Are They Different and What Lies Ahead?” (2022) 38(1–2) Arbitration International 3: regarding financial sector disputes. More generally: see G Born, International Arbitration and Forum Selection Agreements: Drafting and Enforcing (Kluwer, 6th ed, 2021) 4–12; D Girsberger and N Voser, International Arbitration: Comparative and Swiss Perspectives (Schulthess Juristische Medien AG, 4th ed, 2021) 3–8; CF Emanuele and M Molfa, Selected Issues in International Arbitration: The Italian Perspective (Thomson Reuters, 2014) 1–15; J Paulsson, N Rawding and LF Reed, The Freshfields Guide to Arb","PeriodicalId":44028,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Private International Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134923443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conflicts in insolvency jurisdiction","authors":"Gerard McCormack","doi":"10.1080/17441048.2023.2236388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17441048.2023.2236388","url":null,"abstract":"The Hague Judgments Convention 2019 contains an insolvency exception. The paper suggests that the proposed Hague Jurisdiction Convention should contain an insolvency exception that mirrors that contained in the existing Hague Judgments Convention. It is also submitted that international instruments in the field of insolvency, and related matters, are best dealt with by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL).","PeriodicalId":44028,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Private International Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134923446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-border internet defamation conflicts and what to do about them: Two proposals","authors":"Dan Jerker B. Svantesson, Symeon C. Symeonides","doi":"10.1080/17441048.2023.2236419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17441048.2023.2236419","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractConflicts of laws in cross-border defamation cases are politically and culturally sensitive and their resolution has always been difficult. But the ubiquity of the internet has increased their frequency, complexity, and intensity. Faced with the realities of the online environment—including the virtual disappearance of national borders—several countries have acted unilaterally to preserve their values and protect their interests. Some countries enacted laws favouring consumers or other potential plaintiffs, while other countries took steps to protect potential defendants, including publishers and internet service providers. As a result, these conflicts are now more contentious than ever before. We believe there is a better way—even-handed multilateral action rather than self-serving unilateral action. In this article, we advance two proposals for multilateral action. The first is a set of soft law principles in the form of a resolution adopted by the Institut de Droit International in 2019. The second is a proposed Model Defamation Convention. After presenting and comparing these two instruments, we apply them to two scenarios derived from two leading cases (the first and one of the latest of the internet era) decided by courts of last resort. The first scenario is based on Dow Jones & Company Inc v Gutnick, which was decided by the High Court of Australia in 2002. The second is based on Gtflix Tv v. DR, which was decided by the Court of Justice of the European Union at the end of 2021. We believe that these two instruments would produce more rational solutions to these and other cross-border defamation conflicts. But if we fail to persuade readers on the specifics, we hope to demonstrate that other multilateral solutions are feasible and desirable, and that they are vastly superior to a continuing unilateral “arms race.” In any event, we hope that this article will spur the development of other proposals for multilateral action.Keywords: Internetdefamationcross-border casesjurisdictionapplicable lawrecognition and enforcement of foreign judgmentsinternational law reform proposals Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 The term “libel tourism” describes situations in which a non-resident plaintiff sues a non-resident defendant in a tenuously connected country solely because of its pro-plaintiff defamation law. Until the enactment of the Defamation Act 2013, England was a magnet forum for defamation plaintiffs—mostly the rich and famous—because of its pro-plaintiff substantive law, its lenient jurisdiction law, and its forum-centric choice-of-law rules. See Trevor C. Hartley, “‘Libel Tourism’ and Conflict of Laws” (2010) 59 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 25.2 As an American court noted in the famous Yahoo! case, The modern world is home to widely varied cultures with radically divergent value systems. There is little doubt that Internet users in the United States routinely en","PeriodicalId":44028,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Private International Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134923444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to balance respect for diversity and the rights of the vulnerable? (Non-)recognition of forced and underage marriage under the lens of the European Convention on Human Rights","authors":"Diego Zannoni","doi":"10.1080/17441048.2023.2236396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17441048.2023.2236396","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractPartly in view of the migratory phenomenon to which Europe is exposed, forced and underage marriages nowadays deserve careful consideration both as social phenomena and as legal institutions. This paper aims to verify whether and to what extent forced and underage marriages should be recognised in Europe. On the one hand, recognising the validity of these acts could arguably clash with fundamental values and rights protected by the European Convention on Human Rights and the Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence. On the other hand, it is not possible to a priori exclude that a flat refusal to recognise a marriage validly established abroad might entail a violation of further rights of the spouses and ultimately have detrimental consequences for the parties that the refusal aims to protect. The aim is to assess whether private international law tools and techniques can offer a proper balance between respect for the fundamental values of reception societies and protection of the rights and interests of the parties involved.Keywords: recognition of marriagesunderage marriagesforced marriageshuman rightsHague Convention on Celebration and Recognition of the Validity of Marriages Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Art 37 of the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul, 11 May 2011).2 PACE Resolution 2233(2018), Forced Marriage in Europe, adopted on 28 June 2018, para 7.5.2 in combination with para 3; PACE Resolution 1468 (2005), Forced marriages and child marriages, adopted on 5 October 2005, para 12.3 See UNICEF, Child Marriage in West and Central Africa. A Statistical Overview and Reflections on Ending the Practice, 2022, 1–108; UNICEF, Child Marriage in Eastern and Southern Africa, A Statistical Overview and Reflections on Ending the Practice, 2022, 1–100; UNICEF, Mapping of Child Marriage Initiatives in South Asia, 2016, 1–42.4 See Joint general recommendation No. 31 of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women/General Comment No. 18 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child on Harmful Practices, 14 November 2014, paras 21–22; PACE Resolution 1468 (2005), supra n 2, para 8. Art 19 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child obliges states to protect children from “all forms of physical or mental violence,” and the Committee on the Rights of the Child has interpreted this all-encompassing formula as including forced and early marriage. The Committee noted that given the specific vulnerability of children to maltreatment the obligation to protect them from all forms of violence should continue to apply when children under the age of 18 attain the age of majority or emancipation through early marriage and/or forced marriage. See Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment no. 13, 18 April 2011, footnote 13. See infra section G.5 UNFPA, S","PeriodicalId":44028,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Private International Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134923447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protection against the breach of choice of court agreements: A comparative analysis of remedies in English and German courts","authors":"Leon Theimer","doi":"10.1080/17441048.2023.2239007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17441048.2023.2239007","url":null,"abstract":"In fixing the place and provider for the resolution of disputes in advance, choice of court agreements increase procedural legal certainty and the predictability of litigation risks. Hence, their protection is crucial. This article undertakes a functional comparison of the remedies for breach of exclusive choice of court agreements in English and German courts, painting a picture of different approaches to a common problem. English courts, now no longer constrained by EU law, employ an entire arsenal of remedies, most strikingly the anti-suit injunction and damages effectively reversing a foreign judgment. In contrast, German courts exercise greater judicial restraint, even though damages for the breach of a choice of court agreement have recently been awarded for the first time. Against this backdrop, two distinct but interrelated reasons for the diverging approaches are identified and analysed, the different conceptions of choice of court agreements and the different roles of comity and mutual trust.","PeriodicalId":44028,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Private International Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134923448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The enforcement of jurisdiction agreements in Iran","authors":"Mohammed Mjed Kabry, A. Ansari","doi":"10.1080/17441048.2023.2189214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17441048.2023.2189214","url":null,"abstract":"Parties to a contract may designate the court or courts of a particular country to decide their disputes which have arisen or may arise from a particular legal relationship. Many countries give party autonomy its binding effect in selecting the competent court and enforcing jurisdiction agreements. There is complete silence in Iranian law regarding the enforcement of jurisdiction agreements. The current study examines the enforcement of jurisdiction agreements under Iranian law. This study investigates whether parties in international disputes can agree to confer jurisdiction to Iranian non-competent courts and whether they can agree to exclude the jurisdiction of competent Iranian courts in favour of foreign courts. The study contends that parties can agree to grant jurisdiction to Iran's non-competent courts unless the excluded foreign court has exclusive jurisdiction to hear the dispute. On the other hand, parties may agree to exclude the jurisdiction of the competent Iranian courts in favour of foreign courts unless the Iranian courts assert exclusive jurisdiction over the dispute.","PeriodicalId":44028,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Private International Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42035585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blaming the middleman? Refusal of relief for mediator misconduct under the Singapore Convention","authors":"Benedikt Köhler","doi":"10.1080/17441048.2023.2189779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17441048.2023.2189779","url":null,"abstract":"The discussion surrounding the Singapore Convention on Mediation 2018 has gathered steam. In particular, the refusal of enforcement based on mediator misconduct as prescribed in Article 5(1)(e) and (f) has been the focus of debate and is widely perceived to be the Convention’s Achilles heel. These two provisions, already highly controversial in the drafting process, have been criticised as ill-suited to a voluntary process and likely to provoke ancillary dispute. This article defends these grounds for refusal, arguing that they play an indispensable role in guaranteeing the legitimacy of mediated settlements enforced under the Convention. It addresses some of the interpretative challenges within Article 5(1)(e) and (f) before discussing the tension between the provisions on mediator misconduct and the confidentiality of the mediation. The article then offers some guidance on how parties may limit the effects of the provisions, concluding with a brief outlook for the future.","PeriodicalId":44028,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Private International Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44666739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effectiveness of foreign jurisdiction clauses in Nigeria: an empirical inquiry","authors":"A. Yekini","doi":"10.1080/17441048.2023.2189102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17441048.2023.2189102","url":null,"abstract":"Business entities do not often include terms in commercial agreements unless those terms are relevant and are designed to maximise the gains of the parties to the agreement. To realise their reasonable and legitimate expectations, they expect that contractual terms and promises would be respected by the parties and courts. There is a growing body of literature suggesting that Nigerian courts are not giving maximum effects to foreign jurisdiction clauses (FJC). What is largely missing from the scholarly contributions is that no one has worked out a principled solution to overcome this conundrum. This article significantly contributes to the existing literature through an empirical analysis of Nigerian appellate court decisions on FJCs with a view to gaining deeper insights into the attitude of Nigerian courts to FJCs. Compared to the US where the national average of enforcement is 74%, a 40% rate for Nigeria does not project Nigeria as a pro-business forum. This outlook can potentially disincentivise cross-border trade and commerce between Nigeria and the rest of the world. To address this problem, the paper proceeds by presenting a normative framework, built principally on economic and contract theories, for enforcing FJCs. As most of the cases are B2B transactions, the paper invites the courts to treat FJCs and arbitration clauses equally and to replace forum non conveniens considerations with a more principled approach which limits non-enforcement to overriding policy, and a strong cause that is defined by reasonableness and foreseeability.","PeriodicalId":44028,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Private International Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45853729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incremental international law-making: The Hague Jurisdiction Project in context","authors":"Matthias B. Lehmann","doi":"10.1080/17441048.2023.2189077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17441048.2023.2189077","url":null,"abstract":"The Hague Conference on Private International Law is currently working towards a new instrument on jurisdiction and parallel proceedings. But critics ask if we need another instrument, in addition to the Hague Choice of Court Convention of 2005 and the Hague Judgments Convention of 2019. This article gives reasoned arguments for a “yes” and explores possibilities for the substantive content of the new instrument. It does so by looking back and contextualising the new instrument with regard to the two preceding Conventions, and by looking forward to what is still to come, ie the interpretation and application of all three instruments. On this basis, it argues that a holistic approach is required to avoid the risk of a piecemeal result. Only such a holistic approach will avoid contradictions between the three instruments and allow for their coherent interpretation. If this advice is heeded, incremental law-making may well become a success and perhaps even a model for future negotiations.","PeriodicalId":44028,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Private International Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42163472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}