Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing最新文献_第3页

Unification and the new grammatism 统一与新语法主义

Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing Pub Date : 1987-01-07 DOI: 10.3115/980304.980313

S. Pulman

引用次数: 0

Metaphor: The Good, The Bad and the Ugly 隐喻:好的，坏的和丑陋的

Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing Pub Date : 1987-01-07 DOI: 10.3115/980304.980345

D. Gentner, Bdan Faikenhain

引用次数: 41

Goals of Referring Acts 参考行为的目标

Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing Pub Date : 1987-01-07 DOI: 10.3115/980304.980342

Amichai Kronfeld

引用次数: 4

Poetic and Prosaic Metaphors 诗意和平淡的隐喻

Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing Pub Date : 1987-01-07 DOI: 10.3115/980304.980349

G. Nunberg

{"title":"Poetic and Prosaic Metaphors","authors":"G. Nunberg","doi":"10.3115/980304.980349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3115/980304.980349","url":null,"abstract":"Metaphor (some people say) is \"the dreamwork of language,\" where ideas are combined in ways that are \"special, odd, or startling.\" Metaphor is a \"mutation\" of language, a phenomenon that relies crucially on our recognition of its \"deviance\" or \"nonsensicality.\" Metaphor, if it means at all (it may only \"suggest\" or \"evoke\"), does not mean as literal language does. Metaphor is the stuff of \"playful prose and high poetic m't.\" Metaphor (say others) \"covers the entire semantic, semiological and performative field of language\" and \"is natural and widespread in our speech, not having any apparent special status.\" Well, but (we say) there are ways and ways of being a metaphor. What some people are talking about are the \"fresh\" and \"vivid\" figures that puilulate in poetry, play, and the rudimentary stages of theory-building. For them, metaphor is essentially an rhetorical category, identified by its affective import. Whereas other people take metaphor to be essentially a semantic phenomenon, which crucially involves a perception of transfer of extension of meaning or application. In the standard story, moreover, there is no real conflict between these views. Metaphors begin their lives as novel poetic creations with marked rhetorical effects, whose comprehension requires a special imaginative leap. As time goes by, they become a part of general usage, now \"stale,\" \"worn,\" and \"idiomatic\"; their comprehension becomes more automatic, and their rhetorical effect is dulled. Finally, as \"dead\" or \"frozen\" metaphors, they are not psychologically distinct from literally-used terms. In point of fact, \"most lexical items prove to be dead metaphors that ~vere alive and kicking at some time in the past.\" The natural conclusion is that there is a difference in conversational status between the \"poetic metaphors\" that strike our fancy and the \"prosaic metaphors\" that pass by unnoticed in our ordinary discourse. The former arise out of conversational implicatures, indirect speech acts, or whatever, while the latter are matters of literal or conventional meaning. Not surprisingly, this leads in turn to the assumption that we ought to be able to explain the rhetorical effect of poetic metaphors in virtue of their conversational properties, as something that grows directly out of the process of inference required in non-literal comprehension. The standard story does explain some of the differences in our intuitive reactions we have to metaphorical utterances. It is beyond dispute that metaphors do work their way into literality, and may lose some of their luster along the way. If you say in English \"he answered in the wink of an eye\" you occasion no special rhetorical effect; but if you say in French \"I1 a repondu en un clin d'oeil,\" you may get credit for a slightly clever turn of phrase, ~imply because the French have not made this expression a commonplace. But there is more to the distinction between \"poetic\" and \"prosaic\" figures than that; ultimately, it transcends","PeriodicalId":439225,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126570086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 17

COMIT ==> PATR II COMIT ==> PATR II

Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing Pub Date : 1987-01-07 DOI: 10.3115/980304.980312

Gerald Gazdar

引用次数: 5

The Boundary Between Word Knowledge and World Knowledge 世界知识与世界知识的界限

Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing Pub Date : 1987-01-07 DOI: 10.3115/980304.980309

Judy Kegl

引用次数: 8

Towards a Semantic Theory of Discourse 论篇的语义理论

Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing Pub Date : 1987-01-07 DOI: 10.3115/980304.980325

C. Raymond Perrault

{"title":"Towards a Semantic Theory of Discourse","authors":"C. Raymond Perrault","doi":"10.3115/980304.980325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3115/980304.980325","url":null,"abstract":"I don't feel comfortable trying to building reliable, well-understood NLP systems without providing a semantics for their \"mental state,\" including the data structures they encode. One step in that direction is a semantics of sentences, for example that of Montague. However, to handle extended discourses, the methods of model-theoretic semantics need to be extended in (at least) three directions. First, anaphora and deixis require that the interpretation (of phrases, sentences, and entire discourses) should be made sensitive to context, both linguistic and physical. Second, non-declarative sentences must be treated uniformly with declarative ones. Finally, it should be possible to make room in the semantics for interpretation constraints based on the subject-matter of the discourse and on communication itself. I 'm thinking part icularly of the kind of inferences typically captured computationally by the use of scripts, plans, prototypes, etc. Typically these constraints on interpretations have been kept outside the realm of semantics, and might even be taken .to be the dist inguishing characteristics of a separate pragrnatics component. I'd like to suggest that we already have available many of the necessary elements for a context-sensitive theory of discourse, although substantial work still needs to be done to bring the pieces together and to build implementat ions faithful to the semantics.","PeriodicalId":439225,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing","volume":"137 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122245313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reference and Pragmatic Identification 指称与语用识别

Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing Pub Date : 1987-01-07 DOI: 10.3115/980304.980339

D. Appelt

{"title":"Reference and Pragmatic Identification","authors":"D. Appelt","doi":"10.3115/980304.980339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3115/980304.980339","url":null,"abstract":"Kronfeld [9] has presented the outline of a theory of referring tha t provides an excellent framework for explaining how referring actions operate in various contexts. However, it also raises some important questions, one of which I will examine in greater detail in this paper. This question is \"Where do identification constraints come from?\" According to Kronfeld's model, the literal goal of a referring action is to make it mutually believed that \"identification\" of some entity is required. This idea is similar to that advanced by Cohen [2,3], who argues in favor of analyzing referring as the illocutionary act of requesting as opposed to a propositional act, whereas Kronfeld's model retains aspects of the propositional act analysis. Regardless of the details of the proposal adopted, it does little good to say merely that a referring action requires identification of the referent, because the precise facts that must be known for a hearer to say tha t he has identified a referent is different in practically every case. In the model under consideration, an individual is represented to an agent by an individuating set of terms, each believed to denote the individual. The ult imate goal of a referring action is to induce the hearer to identify a subset of one of his individuating sets that satisfies a number of identification constraints. The speaker and hearer must mutually know what the relevant identification constraints are in the current situation. Given this general theory of referring, the key problem becomes the explanation of how the speaker and hearer can agree on what identification constraints are currently applicable. The point of this paper is tha t identification constraints come from a variety of sources, including knowledge about actions, general world knowledge, particular facts about the situation at hand, the semantic content of the referring expression, and principles of discourse. Each of these is an important area of analysis in its own right. I shall suggest how the various aspects of reference addressed by the members of the TINLAP-3 reference panel fit together under this general framework.","PeriodicalId":439225,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing","volume":"1105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125006312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

The Linguistic Connection 语言联系

Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing Pub Date : 1987-01-07 DOI: 10.3115/980304.980315

M. Kay

{"title":"The Linguistic Connection","authors":"M. Kay","doi":"10.3115/980304.980315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3115/980304.980315","url":null,"abstract":"Set theory is the sole foundation of the whole edifice of mathematics , or so I have been given to understand. Sequences are constructed from ordered pairs pairs in a fair ly obvious way, and ordered pairs result from an artifice that can only cause the lay observer to put his hand on his wallet. In computing, on the other hand, sequences have always been treated as primitive. Sets are represented by an arbi t rary permutat ion of their members. They are sets, and not sequences, only in as much as the algori thms that operate on them are expected to produce equivalent results regardless of the permutat ion chosen. Now, I take it tha t an important effect of connectionism will be to br ing computing more into line with mathemat ics by giving first-class status to sets. This is doubtless good news for the mathemat ic ian , for the theoretical computer scientist, and possibly for many others. But, in the linguist, it seems, on the face of it, to be cause for modified rapture, at best. Language is probably the most s t r ik ing example of a two dimensional object in this three-dimensional world. Its most obvious property is its sequentiali ty. But, this has been said before, for example by those who offered computational l inguists s t r ing processing languages like COMIT and SNOBOL as the tools most obviously fit t ing their needs, and sophisticated people are no longer beguiled by the argument. According to the more enl ightened view, sequential i ty is a very superficial property of language. By applying the rules of syntax, we are able to uncover the richer, more revealing, mul t id imens iona l structures that lie behind it, and which are closer to the essence of language. In fact, there has been much interest in recent t imes in languages that are alleged to have a much more set-like character than Engl ish has, in that many of the permutat ions of a sentence often constitute a logical, or semantic, equivalence class. Linguists have organized their subject in various ways, a famil iar one being by level of abstraction. Phonetics is about the sounds people make when they talk and what they do to make them. Some would have it that there is so little abstraction in phonetics that it should not properly count as part of l inguistics at all. Phonology talks about how the raw mater ia l of phonetics is organized into basic symbols of the most basic kind, about allowable sequences of these symbols, and about the way in which the phonetic forms of part icular basic symbols are conditioned by the","PeriodicalId":439225,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126333428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Limits on the human sentence generator 人类句子生成器的限制

Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing Pub Date : 1987-01-07 DOI: 10.3115/980304.980353

A. Kroch

{"title":"Limits on the human sentence generator","authors":"A. Kroch","doi":"10.3115/980304.980353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3115/980304.980353","url":null,"abstract":"Anthony S. Kroch University of Pennsylvania The problem of language generation is the problem of translating communicative intent into linguistic form. As such, it implicates the entire richness and complexity of human cognition because, to a close approximation, whatever a person can conceive, (s)he can express in language. Computational approaches to generation have, therefore, tightly concentrated on working out, in conjunction with the linguistic disciplines of discourse analysis and pragmatics, the regularities linking communicative intent to linguistic form. In this paper, however, we will address a different problem; namely, the limits on the capacity of the human language generation mechanism to translate preverbal messages into sentences of natural language. Often functional studies of human communicative competence give the impression that people are infinitely subtle and flexible in their ability to use form to signal meaning and intent. But so long as we assume that human behavior is ultimately reduceable to the output of a machine, however complex, it must be the case that there are limits to the competence we are trying to model. If we can find these limits and characterize them theoretically, we will make a contribution to the study of human cognition and will help to circumscribe the problem of language generation by computer. While it is certainly too early in the development of linguistic science to expect a general characterization of the limits on human sentence generation, we hope to show in the brief discussion to follow that some evidence as to their nature is available and that it is reasonable to hope for progress from future empirical work.","PeriodicalId":439225,"journal":{"name":"Theoretical Issues In Natural Language Processing","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115410999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2