Annals of King Edward Medical University Lahore Pakistan最新文献

{"title":"Tomato Flu - Should Pakistan be Worried?","authors":"Abdullah Haroon, Javaria Saleem","doi":"10.21649/akemu.v28i4.5263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21649/akemu.v28i4.5263","url":null,"abstract":"A new virus has emerged as an endemic in India and due to its highly contagious nature, is of great concern.1 The population of Kerala is 3.34crores, population growth of 4.91% current decade, contributing to about 2.76% of the total population of India. Making the spread \u0000of infections easier.2 Tomato flu is a viral infection that predominantly infects children under the age of 5 years. Tomato flu gets its name from red-coloured, tomatoshaped blisters that develop on different parts of the body, similar to those developed during monkeypox \u0000infection.1 Tomato flu presents symptoms like any other viral infection including COVID-19 infection, but it is not associated with SARS-CoV-2.3","PeriodicalId":43918,"journal":{"name":"Annals of King Edward Medical University Lahore Pakistan","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88839694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship Between Water, Sanitation, Climate Change, and COVID-19","authors":"Nabiha Khalid","doi":"10.21649/akemu.v28i4.5313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21649/akemu.v28i4.5313","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is the utmost crucial challenge of the 21st century with the significant potential to cause human and economic damage. COVID-19 is a global public health emergency that has caused millions of deaths worldwide.1 Studies reported that thorough sanitation practices, safe and clean water, and proper hygiene services are considered the crucial part of protecting the health of humans during the infectious disease outbreaks such as the global COVID-19 outbreak.2","PeriodicalId":43918,"journal":{"name":"Annals of King Edward Medical University Lahore Pakistan","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72419119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Steroids use in Severe/ Life Threatening COVID-19 Pneumonia: Does the Type or Dose Matter?","authors":"A. Arshad, B. Saeed, S. Hussain","doi":"10.21649/akemu.v28i4.5310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21649/akemu.v28i4.5310","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To compare the effect of different doses of methylprednisolone and dexamethasone on in-hospital mortality in severe COVID-19 pneumonia Methods: This retrospective chart review was done by reviewing old medical reports of patients with severe \u0000disease admitted to COVID-19 Intensive Care and High Dependency Unit from October 2020 to September 2021. Those with suspected COVID-19 infection (suggestive radiological findings but negative PCR for SARSCoV- 2 on at least two occasions) were excluded. Patients requiring high flow oxygen (>6 liters per minute) or higher levels of respiratory support were classified as having severe disease. We recorded the type of steroids used and the doses. Methylprednisolone in doses up to 40mg per day, or other steroids in equivalent doses, were considered low dose. Primary outcome of interest was in- hospital mortality. Results: There were 279 patients aged 52.53± 11.31 years, including 216 (77.42%) males. Mean hospital stay was 10.18± 3.13 days. During hospital stay, 96 (34.41%) patients died. Amongst patients receiving dexamethasone, 70 (44.87%) expired, whereas 26 (21.14%) out of 123 patients who received methylprednisolone expired (p","PeriodicalId":43918,"journal":{"name":"Annals of King Edward Medical University Lahore Pakistan","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85508967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maternal Hypothyroidism Influences the Weight of Brain and Impairs the Migration of Neurons Inside the Hippocampus of Neonatal Rat","authors":"Mariyah Hidayat, Khayyam Arif Rana, Nabila Kaukab","doi":"10.21649/akemu.v28i4.5259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21649/akemu.v28i4.5259","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To histologically observe the effects of hypothyroidism on the hippocampus of neonatal rats. Methods: A total of 10 healthy female Wistar rats, between 12-16 weeks old, were randomly divided into 2 groups; Group A was labelled as control and Group B was made hypothyroid by giving 15mg/kg of Propylthiouracyl (PTU) daily mixed in chow. The treatment was continued for a week before they were allowed to mate and conceive, and it was not interrupted throughout pregnancy and delivery until 21st day of lactation. On the 22nd day, 10 pups from each of the two groups were euthanized; 3cc of blood was drawn out from the heart immediately and the brains were scooped out, weighed, fixed in formalin after slicing out the cerebrum along with hippocampus, processed and stained to observe the arrangement and count and number of pyramidal neurons of CA3 region of hippocampus. Results: There was a significant decrease in the brain weights of group B pups (1.21 ± 0.21mg) when compared to the control group A (1.42 ± 0.01mg). The thyroxine (T4) level from the experimental group B was significantly decreased (27.7 ±1.2 ng/dl) compared to control (32.1 ± 0.9 ng/dl). Moreover, the serum \u0000levels of TSH were significantly higher in group B (21 ± 3.7ng/dl) as compared to group A (15 ± 2.4 ng/dl). The number of pyramidal cell count in group B was significantly decreased (39 ± 1.24 per unit area) as compared to group A (44 ± 2.49 per unit area). Conclusion: Maternal hypothyroidism not only exerts its' influence on the arrangement of Pyramidal neurons of CA3 area of hippocampus, but it also decreases their count. Overall, it effects the weight of the brain and significantly raises the levels of TSH in the neonates.","PeriodicalId":43918,"journal":{"name":"Annals of King Edward Medical University Lahore Pakistan","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82413194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Satisfaction and Self-Confidence of Undergraduate Nursing Students with Simulation-Based Learning Experiences","authors":"Mamoona Iram, N. Rizvi, Nazia Ilyas, Eunice Siaty, A. Nazar, Zohra Kurji","doi":"10.21649/akemu.v28i4.5261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21649/akemu.v28i4.5261","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Hands-on patient care could be best experienced through clinical rotations; however, opportunities for direct patient care for student nurses are limited due to lack of clinical sites and availability of patients, faculty shortages, and some ethical and safety concerns. The purpose to measure the satisfaction and self-confidence of nursing students with their simulation-based learning. \u0000Methodology: This study used an analytic cross-sectional design. The study was conducted at a private university in Karachi, Pakistan, and recruited 230 nursing students using a total population sampling technique. A self-reporting questionnaire was used to collect data. ANOVA was used to see the differences in the mean scores, and Pearson correlation was used to assess the correlation between satisfaction and self confidence. Results: The overall mean + SD of satisfaction was 75.80 + 8.93 and for self-confidence was 32.59 + 3.61. \u0000Findings revealed a significant difference in mean scores of satisfaction and self-confidence among the study groups, p < 0.05. A strong positive correlation, Pearson r = 0.725, p = 0.001, was revealed between the satisfaction and self-confidence. Conclusion: The study discovered that simulation-based learning plays a significant role in increasing satisfaction and in building the self-confidence of nursing students, so it should be made a part of their curriculum, and integrated into all possible courses in the undergraduate nursing programs.","PeriodicalId":43918,"journal":{"name":"Annals of King Edward Medical University Lahore Pakistan","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80158457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence of COVID-19 Infection in Nurses and their Families: A Prospective Cohort Study in Lahore","authors":"I. Manzoor, A. Hameed, M. Khan, Allah Yar Khan, Amna Ayub","doi":"10.21649/akemu.v28i4.5258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21649/akemu.v28i4.5258","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Nurses, as frontline workers, are at a higher risk of contracting COVID19 and serve as a potential source of transmitting this infection to their family members. Estimating risk in this population is critical for controlling the rate of secondary attack rate among their families. Objective: To measure the incidence of COVID-19 in nurses and their families with associated risk factors for transmission of infection. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted in Akhtar Saeed Medical and Dental college, Lahore and associated three hospitals. A cohort of 176 nurses was identified in March 2020 by using non-probability convenience sampling technique and was followed till September 2021. During this tenure of one and a half year, incidence was observed by following the cohort and using a self-structured questionnaire. With SPSS 23, Chi square test was applied and p value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: In a cohort of 176 nurses, followed for one and a half year, incidence of COVID-19 was 37(21%). Secondary attack rate among household members of these nurses was 3%. A significant association was observed between the nursing staff and exposure to their family members (p = 0.002). Vaccination rate in nurses at the start of the study was only 26%. Nurses who worked directly with COVID-19 patients reported high incidence (p = 0.009). Nurses who used Personal protective equipment (PPE) were less affected (p = 0.003). Nurses with comorbidities showed higher incidence (p =0.02). Rate of psychological distress was high (p =0.007). Conclusion: Incidence of COVID-19 among nurses was 21% with secondary attack rate of 3% in families. Protective use of N 95 mask and comorbidities were associated with incidence.","PeriodicalId":43918,"journal":{"name":"Annals of King Edward Medical University Lahore Pakistan","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83904460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Post Isometric Relaxation Versus Reciprocal Inhibition Technique on Hamstring Muscle Flexibility","authors":"Asma Aleem, Muhammad Arfan, A. Razzaq, Rooh ul Husnain Khizar, Mehboob Ali","doi":"10.21649/akemu.v28i2.5112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21649/akemu.v28i2.5112","url":null,"abstract":"Background: To expand the muscular extensibility, alternation of muscle energy techniques have been upheld, yet proof present to help the general value of a specific methodology. Two strategies of muscle energy techniques have been explored in the osteopathic writing that differs principally in the group of muscles focused on. Objective: The objective of our study was to find out the effectiveness of post isometric relaxation and reciprocal inhabitation technique on hamstring muscle flexibility among students of Johar Institute of Professional Studies Lahore. Methods: The Quasi-experimental study was for comparison of two Relaxation Techniques with 50 healthy students of both gender were recruited by non-probability convenient sampling technique from different department of Johar Institute \u0000st of Professional Studies Lahore from 1 October to March 2020. For enrolling the subjects in this study we used convenience sampling technique. Furthermore, 50 subjects were selected on the basis of inclusion exclusion criteria and were arbitrarily divided in to two groups with 25 in each group. Hamstring length was assessed using AKE test. For intervention, Group A performed post isometrics relaxation and Group B performed Reciprocal Inhibition Technique. Knee range of motion was assessed pre-intervention and post-intervention. Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and Universal Goniometer were assessment tools accessed for all patients before and after 4 weeks of physical therapy intervention. Data were documented and analysis was done using SPSS version 20. Paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test was applied to find association between the variables of hypothesis. Results: In both groups, the pre-intervention and post-intervention measurements by statistical analysis found that there is significant improvement in hamstring muscle flexibility with P value ≤ 0.05 for both right side and left side. Conclusion: The current study found out that both post isometric relaxation and reciprocal inhibition are equally beneficial in the treatment of tight hamstrings.","PeriodicalId":43918,"journal":{"name":"Annals of King Edward Medical University Lahore Pakistan","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80260983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Volume Assessment in Paediatric Hemodialysis Using Lung Ultra Sonography","authors":"Ch Muhammad Umer Razaq, I. Ijaz, Khoola Bint-e-Mansoor, K. Mehmood, A. Tariq, Farnaz Abbas","doi":"10.21649/akemu.v28i2.5091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21649/akemu.v28i2.5091","url":null,"abstract":"Background: It is a significant challenge clinically to optimize the weight of children and infants. It is our hypothesis that in children receiving dialysis fluid overload can be quantified using lung ultrasound. \u0000Objectives: \u00001. To determine the frequency of diagnosing pulmonary edema using lung ultrasound and clinical examination. \u0000 2. To determine association of percentage decrease in weight with number of B-lines in children with renal failure undergoing hemodialysis Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Paediatric unit II, Mayo Hospital \u0000Lahore from June 2020 till December 2020 after approval of hospital committee. Patients aged 6 to 16 years undergoing regular hemodialysis after chronic kidney disease were enrolled. Lung ultrasound examinations were performed before start of dialysis and after completion of dialysis. B lines were measured on the ultrasound along with comparing the proportional increase in weight from the target weight. Results: Eighty one lung ultrasound assessments were performed in total. Mean age was 10.4±3.3 years. There were 56(69.1%) males and 25 (30.8%) female patients. Mean percentage decrease in weight was 5.5±2.4% before dialysis and 0.96±0.6% after dialysis, p-value","PeriodicalId":43918,"journal":{"name":"Annals of King Edward Medical University Lahore Pakistan","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76643971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatitis C Drugs Made in Pakistan","authors":"Nida Waheed, Tooba Fida, Saman Fatima, Osman Khalid Waheed","doi":"10.21649/akemu.v28i2.5118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21649/akemu.v28i2.5118","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatitis C is among the most prevalent liver diseases in the world caused by hepatitis C virus and it further predisposes the patient to liver cancers. This virus is transmitted through the use of infected syringes, infected blood transfusions and sexual contact with affected individuals. This disease is asymptomatic initially but may follow an acute or chronic progressive course. Pakistan has a significant ratio of hepatitis affected patients with every one out of 20 individuals being seropositive. The treatment of hepatitis and its success is dependent upon the early diagnosis of the disease through the identification of anti HCV antibodies and further disease confirmation by detection of HCV RNA through nucleic acid amplification tests. Ferozsons pharmaceutical company is credited with the introduction of effective Hepatitis C treatments in Pakistan which were initially were expensive. However, with the development of new and better medicines the cost reduced effectively and the treatment is now affordable by people with low income. Many actions have been taken at the government level which have made mass screening of the individuals along with appropriate and timely supply of medications possible. Another important step in eradicating Hepatitis C is the education of the public by advertisements, seminars and HCV courses \u0000conducted by specialists. Project ECHO deserves mention, as it shows that people treated according to ECHO methodology have better prognosis than the others.","PeriodicalId":43918,"journal":{"name":"Annals of King Edward Medical University Lahore Pakistan","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78556176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Children in Pakistan are dying! Who is Responsible?","authors":"N. Mumtaz, Rabiya Rasheed, Saima Gill, N. Bhatti","doi":"10.21649/akemu.v28i2.5116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21649/akemu.v28i2.5116","url":null,"abstract":"Child mortality is a serious global issue with more than two thirds of neonatal deaths caused by conditions that are preventable and can be treated by simple interventions. Diarrhea is among the most common causes for neonatal mortality and poor WASH (Water and Sanitation Hygiene) is the biggest cause of diarrhoeal cases (90%). In Pakistan urbanization, industrialization, acute water shortage and population explosion adversely affect water quality. Furthermore, Pakistan faces the threat of acute water crisis due to climate change. This problem needs to be addressed. The child mortality rate can be reduced by focusing on optimisation of the direct interventions for diarrhoea. Also, improvement of WASH strategy, promotion of nutrition, vaccination, provision of properly treated water, ORT (Oral Rehydration Therapy), mass education and collaboration among departments would be effective. Together we can overcome these barriers to improve the child mortality rate.","PeriodicalId":43918,"journal":{"name":"Annals of King Edward Medical University Lahore Pakistan","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83238196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}