Russian ConservatismPub Date : 2019-10-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501747342.003.0007
P. Robinson
{"title":"The Era of Counter-Reform","authors":"P. Robinson","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501747342.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501747342.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter turns to the era of counter-reforms conducted by Alexander II's son and successor, Alexander III. To a certain degree, the counter-reforms reflected not just a shift in political attitudes but also what has been termed “increasing technological capacity for control.” As this capacity increased, the Russian state attempted to rectify its traditional weakness and to establish the type of centralized administration that had previously been lacking. One aspect of this was “a dramatic increase in the sheer numbers of officials and bureaucrats.” This was not necessarily a bad thing in terms of governmental efficiency, but many conservatives resented the resulting intrusion of state officials into areas of life that had traditionally been left to various forms of local self-government. Conservatism in this era thus often acquired an anti-bureaucratic flavor.","PeriodicalId":438700,"journal":{"name":"Russian Conservatism","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130604907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Russian ConservatismPub Date : 2019-10-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501747342.003.0010
P. Robinson
{"title":"The Soviet Union Under Stalin","authors":"P. Robinson","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501747342.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501747342.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter looks at the processes underway in the Soviet Union in the 1930s and 1940s. However instrumental the Soviet appeal to traditional values may have been, it subtly altered the direction of the country's progress. Conservatism may be seen as a path, that is to say as a route along which a society progresses while retaining connections to its past. By reframing his revolutionary policies to include reference to Russia's traditions, Stalin did not “retreat” back along the existing path, but he did alter the Soviet Union's heading from one path to another. Initially, the divergence between the new and the old paths was not great. But over time, the new path would come to diverge more and more from the old one, until in the decades after Stalin the Soviet Union could be seen to be heading somewhere very different from where it had been heading at the start of the 1930s.","PeriodicalId":438700,"journal":{"name":"Russian Conservatism","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115061497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Russian ConservatismPub Date : 2019-10-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501747342.003.0008
P. Robinson
{"title":"Between Revolutions","authors":"P. Robinson","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501747342.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501747342.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers the tumultuous period of political turmoil following the 1905 Revolution. During this period, autocracy came under increasing pressure, and many conservatives either positively or grudgingly accepted the need for representative institutions or at least consultative ones. Anti-bureaucratic sentiment continued to grow and many conservatives pursued apparently paradoxical goals of strengthening autocracy while simultaneously limiting it. Meanwhile, the idea of the Russian nation remained very strongly associated with Orthodoxy, but a strand of conservatism that rested on ethno-nationalism, xenophobia, and anti-Semitism gained ground. Divisions among conservatives, furthermore, limited their political effectiveness. The defeat of the 1905 Revolution left liberalism and socialism in retreat. There was an opportunity for conservatives to take the lead and direct Russia along a new path, but they proved unable to unite around common projects.","PeriodicalId":438700,"journal":{"name":"Russian Conservatism","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127907790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Russian ConservatismPub Date : 2019-10-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501747342.003.0004
P. Robinson
{"title":"Official Nationality","authors":"P. Robinson","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501747342.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501747342.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the “Official Nationality,” an ideology created by Tsar Nicholas I. Nicholas sought to develop an alternative ideology that would counter Western European liberalism and emphasize Russia's distinctiveness, thereby forestalling revolution. To this end, in 1832 he appointed Count Sergei Uvarov as minister of popular enlightenment to reform the educational system and instill within it a new “national” spirit. Official Nationality was thus the moral counterpart of more practical reforms instituted by Uvarov. It consisted of three principles—“Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationality.” According to Uvarov, these were “the principles which form the distinctive character of Russia, and which belong only to Russia.” They were to be the basis of the moral education of Russia's youth, but they soon extended beyond the educational system to become the ideological principles of Nicholas's Russia as a whole.","PeriodicalId":438700,"journal":{"name":"Russian Conservatism","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114305485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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