Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity最新文献

{"title":"In the footsteps of Joseph II. The potential of the new tourist route of the countries of the former Habsburg Empire from the perspective of cultural heritage tourism","authors":"Agnieszka BÓGDAŁ-BRZEZIŃSKA","doi":"10.29359/bjhpa.13.spec.iss1.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.13.spec.iss1.18","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The aim of the article is to present the tourist potential of the routes of rulers’ journeys in the territories of modern countries belonging to former empires. The second goal is to design the trail \"In the footsteps of Joseph II Habsburg\" through the lands of the then empire. Materials and methods: The conditions and the context of cultural tourism were related to issues of historical heritage. The point of reference was the specificity of tourist routes following the footsteps of historical figures. Results: As an example, a proposal for a tourist route in the footsteps of Emperor Joseph II Habsburg was presented, analyzing and selecting his journeys around the Habsburg Empire in the years 1765–1790, indicating the legitimacy of cross-border cooperation to use its high tourist potential. Conclusions: The analysis shows that EU membership is favorable to countries (Central European and Balkan) that want to deepen their international tourist recognition, and to use their common past in the structures of the (Habsburg) empire to create cultural heritage routes analogous to international tourist routes.","PeriodicalId":43798,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85133979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the efficiency of advanced pressing in the Premier League","authors":"Sorin Brîndescu, FRANCISC-REMUS Datcu, IONUȚ-ALEXADRU Buda","doi":"10.29359/bjhpa.13.spec.iss1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.13.spec.iss1.11","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Advanced pressing is a tactical relationship which consists of a joint effort which players undertake to win back possession as high up the pitch as possible. It comes as a direct counter to slow build-up styles like the tiki-taka and has existed, historically, for decades. The best examples from history can be Ajax and Feyenoord in the 1970s, as well as the Dutch national team from the same period. In these days, some of English teams use this tactical relationship with the desire to recover the ball as quickly as possible. Material and Methods: In order to analyze the efficiency of advanced pressing in modern football, we have used statistical analysis which we took from the site fbref.com [accessed on 20 April, 2021], key raw pressing statistics like % of successful pressing attempts, as well as viewing football games to see which teams use a high, medium or low defensive block. We have analyzed how far up the pitch they usually defend and press, how successful they are with their pressing and what their dependencies are. Results: On average, although there is a dependency on the quality of the players available in the squad, teams which adopted an advanced pressing tactic had better results than teams which did not. They won the ball higher up the field and initiated goal actions much closer to the opposition’s goal. Conclusions: In modern football, teams which use advanced pressing have better results than teams who prefer to sit deep and let the opposition build from the back. Advanced pressing produces good results for other attacking statistics as well: entries in the final third, expected goals and overall league position, but it is not the only success factor. Teams still need to be capable of holding their defensive shape in order to avoid having large gaps between their defenders and their attackers.","PeriodicalId":43798,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82610083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lower limbs asymmetries in the agility and explosive strength in male football players","authors":"Sorin Albeanu, Robert Munteanu, Luminița CĂLINESCU BRABIESCU, Roberta Ghețu, Bogdan Burcea, C. Forțan","doi":"10.29359/bjhpa.13.spec.iss1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.13.spec.iss1.12","url":null,"abstract":"Football game requires a permanent dynamic, in which players frequently perform changes of direction, with or without the ball. This requires explosive strength in the lower limbs as well as agility. The aim of the study was to measure the execution time within the changes of direction over different distances. A total of 20 male football players were selected (aged 17.6±1.27 years old), BMI 21.4 ± 1.99. For the explosive strength, two tests using Optojump (Microgate) were applied: CMJ and 5 jumps single leg left/right front/back drift. Each player also performed an agility test consisting of a single change of direction to the left and another one to the right, then a complete turn with three changes of direction, once to the left and once to the right. Regardless of the dominant part, in the simple agility test there were no significant differences between the left and right leg (p> 0.05), while in the multiple tests, these differences became significant, with a delay in execution on the left side (p<0.05). Also, a moderate correlation was found between explosive strength and agility (r=.544, p<.05). In the games of possession, positioning and rounds, they will be permanently changed in such a way as to use both legs for the symmetrical development of explosive strength. Technical elements with and without the ball will be introduced in all situations, such as: quick jump-departure with the ball at the foot and change of direction to the left and to the right. Players will play positioning roles opposite to the situation in which they normally work (left defenders will be used on the right side, etc.). In all cases, it is recommended to insist on avoiding additional movements that lead to a decrease in agility.","PeriodicalId":43798,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85999178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Olympism and himalaism","authors":"A. Pawłucki","doi":"10.29359/bjhpa.13.spec.iss1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.13.spec.iss1.13","url":null,"abstract":"As the title makes it clear, this article concerns the anthropological issue involving the figures of an Olympic athlete and a Himalayan climber. On a broader, philosophical level, I consider and explain the differences between Olympism and Himalaism, as well as the predecessor of Himalaism, Alpinism. The study aims to explain the reason for the origin of Olympism as a social movement independent of Himalaism. To understand why Olympism and Himalaism should be considered separately, one must go back to the dawn of the two modern events: “visiting the mountains” and “populating the stadiums”. The philosophical method was used in the consideration .The two events never became a unity of being in the anthroposphere, nor a unity of meaning in the axiosphere. The distinctness of each is explained by the metaphysical anthropic principle. Olympism is governed by the strong anthropic principle of the “zone of life”, while Himalaism is governed by the weak anthropic principle of the “zone of death”. The anthropic principle of the Himalayas states that the mountains have those exact properties that enable a person to get to know themselves as an antagonist – a warrior and ultimately a conqueror. For people the initial and boundary conditions of the Himalayas, which are marked by the “zone of death”, are the verge of the anthroposphere in their expansive transgression. Olympism with its anthropically strong 'zone of life' is something different. Only “at” the foot of the mountain can one set up a stadium, engage in an agonistic relationship and get to know oneself as the winner of a good competition or even, if historically necessary, the redeemer of the moral evil in the antagonism of war. In this sense, Olympism becomes a philosophy of moral consolation. The result of the study shows that the Himalayan climber does not participate in the universe of the humanistic culture of the Olympics. Sport climbing to be introduced into the Games of the XXXII Olympics, in 2021 will remind us of this self-referencial existence at the edges of the anthroposphere, as well as the predecessor, of Himalaism, Alpinism.","PeriodicalId":43798,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84746266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aspects regarding the improvement of middle schooler attendance at physical education classes","authors":"D. Cristea, ANCA-CRISTINA Pop, Paula Nica, Aurelian Andrei Cristea, Gheorghe Lucaciu, M. Marinău","doi":"10.29359/bjhpa.13.spec.iss1.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.13.spec.iss1.07","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Physical education may be thought of as a special form of education through one’s body which aims not only to fulfil biological purposes, but which also entails significant psychological and social issues. Starting from this point, the aim of the present study is to decrease the number of students exempted from physical education classes by asking them to fill in a survey before each class. Material and methods: The study was conducted in 4 schools from Oradea, over the course of 12 weeks of middle school classes. Results: A visible result was a decrease in the number of students exempted from physical education by 4 to 6 students. Surprisingly, the number of eighth graders exempted from physical education increased. Conclusions: Implementing surveys over a longer period of time would lead to significant results with regards to student attendance at physical education classes.","PeriodicalId":43798,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89773840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical activity and disability - a dichotomy in the space of personal security","authors":"R. Dróżdż","doi":"10.29359/bjhpa.13.spec.iss1.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.13.spec.iss1.09","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Out of the three cognitive categories that are crucial to the formulation of the problem addressed in this article, physical activity and disability as well as personal security have been the subject matter of numerous scientific analyses, but there are very few references associating them with one another. The aim of this article is to interpret the current state of knowledge concerning each of these fields as well as to assess the bibliographic resource relating to their integral inclusion. Method: A query of foreign and Polish monographs as well as scientific periodicals, available both in traditional and electronic form, was adopted as the research method. In terms of time, the presented state of research works refers to spring 2021. Results: Analyses of the relationship between personal security and physical activity are available primarily in the context of creating confidence, improved quality of life and well-being. Associations between personal security and disability minimally relate to the concurrent physical activity. Conclusion: The results of source analysis argue for the need to promote research projects on the sense of personal security among those with disabilities who engage in physical activity and those who avoid it.","PeriodicalId":43798,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83583686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sportsmanship and basic psychological needs in sports students","authors":"G. Cosma, A. Chiracu, Am Stepan, Roxana Gatzel, Augustin Iancu, A. Cosma","doi":"10.29359/bjhpa.13.spec.iss1.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.13.spec.iss1.05","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to examine the relationships among satisfaction of basic psychological needs, goal orientations and sportsmanship. The mediating role of goal orientation in this relationship was tested. The participants were 168 students enrolled at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports in Craiova, aged between 18 and 30 years old, M = 21.52, SD = 2.20, and the data were collected between March and May 2020. The instruments applied were Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction Scale to measure satisfaction of basic psychological needs, Multidimensional Sportspersonship Orientation Scale to measure sportsmanship, and Ego and Task Orientation Questionnaire to measure goal orientation. The obtained results showed that the satisfaction of basic psychological needs is associated with sportsmanship. Mediation analyses have shown that task orientation mediates the relationship between the need for autonomy and the need for competence satisfaction and four of the dimensions of sportsmanship and the relationship between the need for relatedness satisfaction and three of sportsmanship dimensions: respect for social conventions, respect for rules and officials, and respect for full commitment.","PeriodicalId":43798,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91048248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tourism promotion system in Poland in the context of selected National Strategic Documents","authors":"Rafał Szmytke","doi":"10.29359/bjhpa.13.spec.iss1.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.13.spec.iss1.14","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The term “nation branding” was first coined by Simon Anholt in the 1990s and refers to applying marketing strategies to individual countries. It aims to create a distinct self-image and international reputation that most effectively serves a nation’s interests. Today, in many countries it makes a part of the carefully designed national policy, with clear objectives and an evaluation system. Various types of rankings are used to position the nation brand on a global scale. They also show which elements influence the perception of a country the most. Tourism, which belongs to a six-element approach by Simon Anholt, is one of them. Material and methods: Selected official strategic documents at the national level served as the major source of information for the qualitative analysis. The paper covers the documents published between 2013 and 2020. The study of organizational structures and competences has been based on acts and relevant websites of respective bodies. Results: The article presents an approach to the brand and image building process at the national level in Poland in the framework of strategic documents. According to the documents, a range of activities, tactics and dedicated projects in the areas of culture, economy and tourism should strengthen the country’s position. Tourism, comparing to other areas, has a well-structured system of promotion and serves as Poland’s brand-building tool. Conclusions: The analysis of the key national strategic documents confirms the importance and economic benefits of a country’s international reputation. It presents a scope of targeted activities in three major areas: economy, culture and tourism. However, the level of details and the scale of projects significantly vary between documents. It may imply that operational decisions, including a choice of tactics, tools and evaluation system, are passed to the lower level. Tourism promotion is well-structured within a three-level system. Although it needs some amendments, which are voiced by some stakeholders, it still serves its purpose. The key, and we dare say, the only players are the Polish Tourism Organization and Regional and Local Tourist Organizations. A more structured approach to nation branding should become a priority. The documents express a need for integrated management of the entire process. But the number of entities engaged in promotion, both overall and in tourism, remains high and the communication channels complex. The branding process as part of the national policy requires reorganisation at all levels starting from the top.","PeriodicalId":43798,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88935685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outdoor vs indoor physical education lessons as an opportunity to shape environmental attitudes","authors":"M. Pasek","doi":"10.29359/bjhpa.13.spec.iss1.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.13.spec.iss1.04","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Systematic contact with the natural environment seems to increase the level of human sensitivity to ecological problems. The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of physical activity outdoors in nature as part of school physical education on the level of environmental attitudes. Method: 220 students participated in an experimental study. The experimental group, which did exercise usually in open spaces, included 103 students. The control group, which exercised inside school, consisted of 117 students. The study period lasted two years and involved the fifth and sixth form of primary school. The authors used the part relating to attitudes in the Children's Environmental Attitude and Knowledge Scale CHEAKS in the study. Results: The appearance of eight statistically significant differences in the field of environmental attitudes in the final study in favor of the group having outdoor physical education lessons proves the cognitively and visually stimulating role of the natural environment of physically active people. The location of physical education lessons turned out to be a much stronger condition for positive environmental attitudes than gender, place of residence, parents' education level, and subjective assessment of the financial satisfaction level. Conclusion: These results are an incentive to further develop the young generation’s contact with nature through outdoor physical education lessons.","PeriodicalId":43798,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82491082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A sense of social affiliation of homeless people participating in a soccer tournament","authors":"Dariusz Jacek OLSZEWSKI-STRZYŻOWSKI, R. Buhaṣ, S. Buhaş","doi":"10.29359/bjhpa.13.spec.iss1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.13.spec.iss1.10","url":null,"abstract":"Background: One of the ways of including homeless persons (especially young people) into society is to enable them to actively participate in sports activities. Implementation of an event of international importance entitled the Homeless World Cup is an excellent example of such activities. Material and methods: The main source of data for this article is the research conducted with the participants of the \"Homeless World Cup\" Tournament in Poznań in 2013. The study was conducted with the use of the questionnaire technique (direct – the tool was a questionnaire containing 21 questions). The survey was anonymous. The respondents had an opportunity to answer more than one question. In total, 12 homeless players, representatives of the Polish National Team, were examined. Results: The subject of the research was a sense of belonging to homeless people involved in sports activities. The athletes took part in systematic training and participated in an international soccer tournament. The homeless had to do with relations permeated by the spirit of rivalry, cooperation and, of course, disciplining moralism. Taking into account this socio-sport reality and considering homeless people with a research intention, it was possible to assume that one of the consequences of their participation in organized social life would be the discovery of social identity and the anticipated sense of attachment and belonging. This was also the goal of the research task – an explanation of this relationship. The results of the study did not confirm the assumed assumption. Homeless people are people at a young age who have not experienced social isolation and a sense of loneliness. They combined practicing sport with expectations of changing their social position and, in particular, achieving the status of employees. The results related to the personal consequences of practicing sport indicate that homeless people see a correlation between training activity and the necessity to change health behaviors. Conclusions: Most of the surveyed players confirm the fact that their taking up sports activities (playing football) in a decisive manner, inter alia, it changed their lives so far, their positive attitude towards themselves and others, improved their family contacts. Their social and interpersonal relations have visibly improved, and there have been positive changes in their social attitudes, and that sport can be an important factor facilitating their inclusion and return to social life (sport as a way out of homelessness).","PeriodicalId":43798,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90573071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}