Soils and Rocks最新文献

{"title":"Methodology for risk management in dams from the event tree and FMEA analysis","authors":"Rafaela Fernandes, A. Sieira, Armando Menezes Filho","doi":"10.28927/sr.2022.070221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28927/sr.2022.070221","url":null,"abstract":"Some studies that analyze the risk of dam failures estimate that between 2016 and 2025 about 30 major tragedies should be expected. Failure records between 1900 and 2014 indicate that there is an average of three ruptures every two years, considering only the failures that were officially registered and investigated. It can be said that the potential for dam failures will be driven by the economy, since cost has been the main variable considered in the design, construction, operation, monitoring and closing plan of these structures. As companies reduce investments in maintenance, risk management and failure prevention, there is an incentive for economic recovery, competitiveness of product value and debt reduction, required by investors. The result has been a decrease in specialized labor, to the point that companies no longer have sufficient knowledge about the engineering and operational skills that apply to tailings and water management. Learning from the dams’ tragedies is practically non-existent, in Brazil and worldwide, leading to catastrophic environmental and social consequences. Failures will occur as long as they are viewed and treated as unpredictable, thereby lacking risk management. The proposed risk management method, presented in this paper, considers the information of inspection and instrumentation, identifying risks from event trees, separately, intolerable, tolerable and acceptable risks. The intolerable risks are conducted for FMEA-type failure analysis, where severe, intermediate and mild failures are assessed. The objective is to enable the development of an assertive and effective action plan for dam safety management.","PeriodicalId":43687,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Rocks","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47268050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance evaluation of rigid inclusions for settlement control of grain silos in tropical soils","authors":"J. Rebolledo, Isabelle Santiago, H. Bernardes, T. Mendes","doi":"10.28927/sr.2022.004822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28927/sr.2022.004822","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents the evaluation of the performance of grain silos reinforced by rigid inclusions in soils of the Central-West region of Brazil, during its construction and operation. Therefore, a group of eight silos with 32.4 m in diameter, 30 m in height, and 12,000 t of storage capacity (each silo) was numerically analyzed using the three-dimensional Finite Element Method (FEM, Plaxis 3D). The stratigraphy of the Experimental Field of the University of Brasilia, Brazil (CEGUnB) was considered in the analysis. The performance of using a system of rigid inclusions to reinforce the soil beneath the raft was compared with the behavior of an isolated raft. Two models were developed: in the first one, an independent silo was considered, its behavior was analyzed during its construction and operation stages by varying the length of the inclusions; in the second model, the group of eight silos was considered and their behavior was studied for different combinations of loading. The rigid inclusions system proved to be an efficient foundation solution that allows controlling total and differential displacements during the construction and serviceability stages of the silo, helping to prevent the formation of cracks in the structural elements and grain contamination by the excessive opening of the raft-perimeter beam structural joint.","PeriodicalId":43687,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Rocks","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43125717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of low-cost accelerometers for landslides monitoring: results from a flume experiment","authors":"M. Otero, Ana Abreu, A. Askarinejad, Marcela Guimarães, E. Macedo, A. Corsi, Rynaldo Z. H. Almeida","doi":"10.28927/sr.2022.078621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28927/sr.2022.078621","url":null,"abstract":"Early Warning Systems (EWS) are non-structural measures for landslides disaster prevention. They are based on the detection of impending failure signals. The results of a landslide simulation experiment where accelerometers were used to identify pre-failure signals are presented in this paper. Landslide was simulated in a tilting flume filled with sandy soil. During the experiment, the flume was fixed at 30° inclination and water percolated through the soil until it slid. Accelerometers were embedded into the soil and recorded acceleration data from the beginning of the experiment until failure. Acceleration data were analyzed in time domain aiming at estimating translational velocity of the movement. Angular variation was also estimated from acceleration data. The experiment was recorded with a camera and pictures were used for Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) analysis, in order to validate the estimated translational velocity. Results showed that accelerometers can identify prefailure signals before any macroscopic movement could indicate impending failure in fast to very fast landslides, showing their potential to be used in EWS. Validation of estimated velocities was not always possible due to PIV setup constraints and the velocity of the mass movement simulated. In fact, the estimated translational velocities seem to be unreliable. On the other hand, the results suggest that acceleration data and angular position variation trend and rate can be incorporated into EWS.","PeriodicalId":43687,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Rocks","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46441659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of steel slag on the mechanical behavior of surficial yellow marl of Tabriz","authors":"Hossein Soltani-Jigheh, Hamed Golmohammadi, Manouchehr Tajrostami","doi":"10.28927/sr.2022.071821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28927/sr.2022.071821","url":null,"abstract":"Fine-grained soils usually have low shear strength and bearing capacity and high swelling potential in the wet state, therefore, they have often to be stabilized by additives. The main objective of this study is to determine the possible effects of ground-granulated blast-furnace slag on the physical and mechanical properties of fine-grained soil. For this purpose, a number of Atterberg, compaction, California bearing ratio (CBR), unconfined compression and freeze-thaw tests were conducted on fine-grained soil. Steel slag (SS) inclusion reduced plasticity index of soil from 44% to 20% when slag content increased from 0% to 55.0%. Moreover, the slag addition improved soil CBR with maximum improvement rate in the sample consists to 55% slag. This increment in CBR was about 140% and 154% for 2.54 mm and 5.08 mm penetration respectively. In addition, slag inclusion raised soil strength with a maximum increment of 132% for clay mixed with 55% slag. Water content and volume changes in freeze-thaw cycles also decreased with increasing percentage of SS, therefore mixtures durability increased.","PeriodicalId":43687,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Rocks","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42536018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contribution for a root pile installation control approach using a digital odometer","authors":"José Melchior Filho, A. Moura, F. Monteiro","doi":"10.28927/sr.2022.077121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28927/sr.2022.077121","url":null,"abstract":"A root pile is a form of injection pile (cast-in-place with pressure, with very distinct construction aspects from the known micropile type). During the mortar shaft development, these piles are inserted using distinct injection pressures of up to 500 kPa. Static load tests are typically used to control root piles, which can be an expensive and time-consuming testing procedure. Static load tests were performed on eight monitored piles with diameters of 350 and 410 mm to investigate root pile performance control during pile installation. This research presents a refined and developed alternative methodology for confirming root pile performance using a digital odometer attached to the drill rig’s rotatory head. The methodology consists of monitoring variables obtained during pile installation related to pile bearing capacity. Moreover, empirical equations with simple and relevant applications to estimate root pile bearing capacity during installation are proposed. The developed equations produced results consistent with the values obtained from static load testing on the test piles. Therefore, the results suggest that the proposed methodology is a viable alternative for root pile performance control.","PeriodicalId":43687,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Rocks","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48442123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simplified model for dam rockfill creep and influence of constructive delay of concrete face","authors":"Renato Raposo, Yasletty Zamora Hernández, A. Assis","doi":"10.28927/sr.2022.074221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28927/sr.2022.074221","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in equipment and tools implemented for geotechnics have been allowing design to be supported by numerical simulations. However, even with sophisticated resources, the dam geotechnical engineering industry still lacks few information on laboratory parameters as in the case of Concrete Face Rockfill Dams (CFRD). It is necessary to simplify the use of back-analysis that represent real CFRD, in search of tools that can be applied in the industry. The objectives include the simplification of the behavior of the linear modules associated with a linear coefficient representing the vertical creep and evaluation of the influence of the constructive delay of the concrete face in a specific case. The text goes through examples of real CFRD simulations, as a theoretical background. The CFRD calibration model includes an elegant representation of the vertical orthotropic rockfill creep with only two calibration parameters. The displacements obtained from a CFRD are represented with a linear elastic constitutive model with linear vertical deformation in time. The result is well adjusted both in the construction phase and during filling. Further on, six different slab constructive delay sequencing arrangements were simulated. The study uses a numerical device that makes it possible to drive the concrete slab in its correct design thickness. Among the stress results, the step-by-step sequencing of the slab following the rockfill reached the worst horizontal stresses, reaching almost 45 MPa, which exceeds the typical compressive strengths of conventional concretes that can affect the structural integrity of the slab. The results suggest that step-by-step sequencing should be avoided. In the case studied, the balanced behavior could be achieved in a concreting scenario maintaining the constructive delay of the slab with at least half the height of the dam. It is important to point out that all this work considerations serve for a specific example. Any generalization should be avoided or associated with broader complementary studies, as each dam is a unique work and must be studied individually, case by case.","PeriodicalId":43687,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Rocks","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42701351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimative of shaft and tip bearing capacities of single piles using multilayer perceptrons","authors":"Luciana Amâncio, Silvrano Adonias Dantas Neto, Renato Cunha","doi":"10.28927/sr.2022.077821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28927/sr.2022.077821","url":null,"abstract":"There are an increasing number of studies that use the artificial neural networks (ANN) as a prediction tool in the field of foundations with satisfactory results. In this paper, multilayer perceptrons are used to develop prediction models for the shaft and tip bearing capacities of single piles based on a supervised training using the error back propagation algorithm. Results from static load tests carried out on 95 instrumented single piles executed in different regions of Brazil were used in the ANN modelling. The prediction models of shaft and tip bearing capacities of single piles were obtained portraying indicated in the validation phase determination coefficients equal to 95% and 99%, respectively. To demonstrate their applicability and efficiency, such models were used to estimate the bearing capacity of single piles unused in the models’ development, as well as groups of two and three piles. The results demonstrated that the neuron models were much closer to the values of the bearing capacities measured in single pile tests and groups of piles, than the estimated results using semi-empirical methods. As a result of overestimating the predicted bearing capacities in relation to the results of the load tests, it is recommended to use models applying reduction factors of 0.88 for single piles, and 0.75 for groups of up to three piles.","PeriodicalId":43687,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Rocks","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44005911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lining forces in tunnel interaction problems","authors":"António Pedro, José Grazina, J. Almeida e Sousa","doi":"10.28927/sr.2022.077221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28927/sr.2022.077221","url":null,"abstract":"In big cities the construction of new tunnels in close proximity to existing ones is unavoidable given the densely and growing occupation of the subsoil. The interaction between tunnels in such conditions is well identified in the literature and has been thoroughly investigated in the past. However, most of those studies are focused on the effect of the ground conditions and relative position between tunnels on the ground movements and often disregard the impact induced by the second excavation on the lining forces of both tunnels. To provide further insight into this subject a numerical study of the sequential excavation of side-by-side twin tunnels is presented in this paper. The study also assesses the influence of parameters that have not been covered in the previous studies, namely the stiffness of the lining and the initial stress conditions. The results confirm that significant interaction occurs when the tunnels are spaced less than one diameter, where a considerable increase on both hoop forces and bending moments, particularly on the lining of the existing tunnel, is observed after the second excavation. For a spacing higher than two diameters the interaction between tunnels is almost negligible. The magnitude of the lining forces and of the interaction effects are also dependent of the stiffness of the linings and of the initial stress conditions.","PeriodicalId":43687,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Rocks","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46474212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil-water characteristic curve of polypropylene fibrereinforced sandy soil","authors":"Cíntia Castro, A. Soares, Marcos Aguiar","doi":"10.28927/sr.2022.070021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28927/sr.2022.070021","url":null,"abstract":"Fibre reinforcement is considered a good alternative for improving the geotechnical properties of soil. However, studies that investigate its behaviour, accounting for the unsaturated condition, and the hydraulic behaviour of soil mixtures with fibre, are limited. Therefore, the current study evaluates the impact of the inclusion of polypropylene fibres on the hydraulic behaviour of soil through geotechnical characterisation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), macroporosity and microporosity tests, and filter paper tests. The soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) of different mixtures of fibre-reinforced soil was adjusted by the models enshrined in the literature, using polypropylene fibres of length 6 mm, diameter 18 μm, and fibre contents 0.25% (SF025), 0.75% (SF075), 1.0% (SF100), and 1.25% (SF125) relative to the dry weight of the soil. The results indicated a transition from unimodal to bimodal shape in the SWCC for the polypropylene fibre-reinforcement, suggesting that their inclusion altered the soil structure. The same bimodal behaviour of SWCC was observed in all reinforced samples that produced similar values of air-entry suction and residual volumetric water content, but with increased water retention for the same level of suction for higher fibre content. The results of the tension table test indicated an increase in the volume of macropores with an increase in fibre content and a decrease in micropore volumes. These results agree with the compaction tests, which showed a decrease in the dry maximum density with an increased fibre content, whereas the optimum water content increased.","PeriodicalId":43687,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Rocks","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45090099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of soil water retention curve based on physical characterization parameters using machine learning","authors":"E. Albuquerque, Lucas Borges, André Cavalcante, S. Machado","doi":"10.28927/sr.2022.000222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28927/sr.2022.000222","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the potential of machine learning techniques to predict the soil water retention curve based on physical characterization parameters. Results from 794 water retention and suction points obtained from 51 different soils were used in the algorithm. The soil properties used are the percentages of gravel, sand, silt, and clay, the plasticity index, the porosity, and the relation between the volumetric water content and total suction. The data were used as input for machine learning estimators to predict the volumetric water content of a soil with specified physical characterization parameters and suction, the techniques of artificial intelligence were developed in python. Results show that an extremely randomized trees’ estimator can reach a coefficient of determination of 0.99 in the training dataset, with a coefficient of 0.90 in the cross-validation and testing dataset, which measures the generalization capacity. Furthermore, a continuous function can be obtained by fitting a model such as Cavalcante & Zornberg, or van Genuchten, or Costa & Cavalcante (bimodal) to the predictions of the machine learning for use in numerical methods. These results indicate that the proposed machine learning estimator can become an interesting alternative to estimate the soil water retention curve in engineering practice. This work is in progress and the predictions can be improved with the addition of new data. Know how to participate at the end of the paper.","PeriodicalId":43687,"journal":{"name":"Soils and Rocks","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42177745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}