{"title":"Freedom and Nature","authors":"S. James","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198713074.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198713074.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Spinoza offers a way to contest the view that we can only deal with environmental risks by giving up a significant degree of freedom. Unlike other defenders of the republican conception of liberty, he argues that we can be made unfree by non-human things such as viruses or weather-patterns. Insofar as we are subject to their arbitrary power, we are already in a condition of servitude. If we adopt this Spinozist diagnosis of our condition, the problem we confront is not so much whether we are willing to give up existing freedoms as whether we can find the means to overcome a lack of freedom that is arguably more destructive than we generally recognize.","PeriodicalId":436329,"journal":{"name":"Spinoza on Learning to Live Together","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128340433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fortitude","authors":"S. James","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198713074.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198713074.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Philosophical understanding, as Spinoza conceives of it, enhances our capacity to live together by generating what Spinoza calls fortitude, the power to act as our understanding dictates. The essay examines Spinoza’s distinctive account of fortitude as a combination of animositas and generositas that can only be effectively cultivated within the state. Fortitude, as Spinoza presents it, is expressed in its fullest form by people who use their rational understanding to resolve conflict and keep cooperative political exchange alive. Turning to our own political lives, the essay asks what fortitude might be for us, how it might help us to live together, and how contemporary citizens might nurture it.","PeriodicalId":436329,"journal":{"name":"Spinoza on Learning to Live Together","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133699903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Narrative as the Means to Freedom","authors":"S. James","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198713074.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198713074.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"One of the differences between imaginative and rational practices, Spinoza claims, is that only the first depend on and make use of narratives. For example, whereas the imaginative revelations recorded in Scripture often take a narrative form, reasoning deals with the demonstrative relations between adequate ideas. Whereas imagining engages with particular things and events, reasoning operates at a general level. The chapter challenges this view by examining some of the ways in which reasoning, as Spinoza conceives it, not only develops out of imagining but continues to incorporate it. Philosophers rely on an imagined idea of a completely cooperative form of life to motivate their pursuit of cooperation and freedom.","PeriodicalId":436329,"journal":{"name":"Spinoza on Learning to Live Together","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132227729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Freedom, Slavery, and the Passions","authors":"S. James","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198713074.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198713074.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"In his Ethics, Spinoza uses a republican conception of political liberty as a model for a broader theory of philosophical freedom. According to the republican view, we only live freely when we are not subject to the arbitrary power of other agents. But if we consider our metaphysical position as individuals surrounded by things more powerful than ourselves, it seems that freedom is beyond our reach. We cannot but be subject to the arbitrary power of external things. Spinoza responds to this problem by arguing that, when we reason, we are not acted on by external things and are thus not subject to their arbitrary power. Extending the republican view beyond politics allows him to conclude that philosophizing liberates us.","PeriodicalId":436329,"journal":{"name":"Spinoza on Learning to Live Together","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129663923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Responding Emotionally to Fiction","authors":"S. James","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198713074.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198713074.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Contemporary analytical philosophers ask why we respond emotionally to characters we believe to be fictional. Why, for example, do we grieve for Anna Karenina? To understand this problem it is helpful to turn to Spinoza, who argues that the ability to keep our emotions in line with our beliefs is a complex skill. Rather than asking why we depart from it in the case of fictions, we need to begin by considering how we acquire it in the first place. Spinoza also considers the value of this skill. In his account, fictions function rather like Winnicott’s transitional objects. They enable us to negotiate the boundary between the real and the imaginary in a way that contributes to our philosophical understanding and increases our capacity to live together.","PeriodicalId":436329,"journal":{"name":"Spinoza on Learning to Live Together","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128925745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Creating Rational Understanding","authors":"S. James","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198713074.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198713074.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"In the Ethics, Spinoza distinguishes two ways of thinking, imagining and reasoning. Both, he claims, give us knowledge or cognitio; but only reasoning yields truths. Drawing on the Theological-Political Treatise, this essay explores the differences between the epistemological norms guiding reasoning and those at work in imaginative practices such as history or prophecy, and asks how philosophers make the transition from one to the other. The norms of reasoning and of imagining are embodied in particular sets of social capacities and ways of life. Becoming more rational or learning to philosophise is a process of learning to live cooperatively.","PeriodicalId":436329,"journal":{"name":"Spinoza on Learning to Live Together","volume":"165 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134208179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Democracy and the Good Life in Spinoza’s Philosophy","authors":"S. James","doi":"10.1017/CBO9780511487200.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511487200.009","url":null,"abstract":"Spinoza is widely and rightly regarded as an advocate of democracy, but his support for it is more qualified than many commentators allow. The problem is not just that, in a democracy as he conceives of it, women, servants, and others are excluded from citizenship. It is also that the success of a democratic state depends on the sovereign’s imaginative power to legitimate and sustain a realizable form of democratic life. Whether a community can achieve this goal will in turn depend on many historical and social conditions. In some circumstances, as Spinoza allows, the members of a particular community may live more freely and cooperatively under a non-democratic constitution.","PeriodicalId":436329,"journal":{"name":"Spinoza on Learning to Live Together","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123845608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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