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Social Policy and Abortion: A Review of the Research 社会政策与堕胎:研究综述
The Open Demography Journal Pub Date : 2013-09-30 DOI: 10.2174/1874918601306010018
M. Medoff
{"title":"Social Policy and Abortion: A Review of the Research","authors":"M. Medoff","doi":"10.2174/1874918601306010018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874918601306010018","url":null,"abstract":"Since the Supreme Court's 1973 decision legalizing abortion, many states have enacted laws restricting women's access to an abortion. There has been considerable empirical research on the impact of these restrictive state abortion laws on women's pregnancy resolution decisions. This paper reviews the empirical evidence regarding restric- tions on abortion access. The empirical evidence indicates that demand-side policies (i.e., No Medicaid Funding, Parental Involvement Laws, Mandatory Counseling Laws, Mandatory Waiting Periods Laws, Partial-Birth Abortion Bans) have little effect on the incidence of abortion. TRAP laws, which are supply-side policies, have the greatest effect reducing abortion services. The U.S. Supreme Court's 1973 Roe v. Wade decision legalizing abortion recognized that states have the right to regulate the procedure. During the first trimester of preg- nancy, states could not enact any laws or regulations that restricted a woman's access to an abortion. During the sec- ond trimester, states could enact laws regulating abortion access, but only if the law had a compelling interest in pro- tecting a pregnant woman's maternal health. During the third trimester, when the fetus is viable, states could enact laws restricting or even prohibiting abortions provided there was a medical exception to protect the life or health of the pregnant woman. In 1992, the Supreme Court in Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey rejected Roe's rigid trimester pregnancy framework of state abortion regulation and replaced it with the \"undue burden\" standard. The court ruled that states could impose restrictions on a woman's ac- cess to an abortion provided that the state law or regulation did not have \"… the purpose or effect of placing a substan- tial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion of a nonviable fetus\". The ambiguity of the undue burden stan- dard enabled many states to enact a variety of restrictive abortion laws. Restrictive state abortion laws may influence the likeli- hood of women terminating an unwanted pregnancy in two ways. First, restrictive abortion laws may increase the finan- cial costs (e.g., out-of-pocket cost of the abortion, expenses on travel and accommodations, lost work time, childcare expenses) and the emotional costs (e.g., guilt, remorse, re- gret, humiliation, psychological trauma) incurred by women","PeriodicalId":434424,"journal":{"name":"The Open Demography Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129196778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Socio-demographic Implications of HIV/AIDS in Malawi 马拉维艾滋病毒/艾滋病的社会人口影响
The Open Demography Journal Pub Date : 2012-08-10 DOI: 10.2174/1874918601205010021
Vysaul B. Nyirongo
{"title":"Socio-demographic Implications of HIV/AIDS in Malawi","authors":"Vysaul B. Nyirongo","doi":"10.2174/1874918601205010021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874918601205010021","url":null,"abstract":"Malawi is one of the countries in the sub-Saharan Africa with high prevalence of HIV/AIDS. This paper ana- lyzes socio-demographic effects using estimates and projections by the United Nations Population Division. It compares estimates and projections for both short term (2005-2020) and also long term (1980-2050), with the reality of HIV/AIDS and without the scenario of it. Detailed comparisons are made on population structure and main demographic processes for Malawi (mortality and fertility). The paper compares stock and period indicators, including life expectancy, crude birth rates, crude death rates, age specific fertility rates and child dependency ratios. Considerable effects of HIV/AIDS on mortality and child dependency ratios are observed with the highest point of impact around 1995. With the HIV/AIDS scenario, there is about 6-13 years of reduction in life expectancy at birth for the period from 1995 to 2050. Most likely, persisting HIV/AIDS demographic impacts will continue perpetuating socio-demographic impacts.","PeriodicalId":434424,"journal":{"name":"The Open Demography Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128724961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Cost of Living and the Regional Distribution of Asian Americans 生活成本与亚裔美国人的地区分布
The Open Demography Journal Pub Date : 2012-07-13 DOI: 10.2174/1874918601205010015
Isao Takei, A. Sakamoto
{"title":"The Cost of Living and the Regional Distribution of Asian Americans","authors":"Isao Takei, A. Sakamoto","doi":"10.2174/1874918601205010015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874918601205010015","url":null,"abstract":"In assessing the extent to which Asian Americans are disadvantaged in the labor market, cost of living and regional distribution remain key factors that have not been directlyinvestigated in the prior research. Using data from the 2000 U.S. Census, this study finds that the majority of Asian Americans tend to reside in the Northeast and West, where the cost of living is relatively high. Using the 5-Percent Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) from the 2000 U.S. Census, this researchalso directly ascertains that the cost of living expense is significantly higher for Asian Americans than for non-Hispanic whites, even after controlling for demographic and class factors including education. This finding of significantly higher cost of living among Asian Americans holds even if the cost of living is examined by major Asian ethnicity. Furthermore, this study finds that 1.5 generation Asian American men do not face any wage disadvantage in the U.S. labor market net of cost of living and other factors, but a 2 percent disadvantage is evident for native born Asian American men. Findings of this research suggest that racial and ethnic discrimination in the post-Civil Rights era has been ameliorated at last for Asian Americans.","PeriodicalId":434424,"journal":{"name":"The Open Demography Journal","volume":"168 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127584438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Post 2000 Texas Population: Changes in Size, Composition, and Distribution Revisited 2000年后德克萨斯州人口:规模、组成和分布的变化
The Open Demography Journal Pub Date : 2012-05-31 DOI: 10.2174/1874918601205010001
N. Hoque, Beverly Pecotte, R. Verdugo
{"title":"Post 2000 Texas Population: Changes in Size, Composition, and Distribution Revisited","authors":"N. Hoque, Beverly Pecotte, R. Verdugo","doi":"10.2174/1874918601205010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874918601205010001","url":null,"abstract":"Texas is one of most rapidly growing states in the United States. This paper examines the change in size, composition, and distribution of Texas population from 2000-2010. Texas population increased from 20,851,820 in 2000 to 25,145,561 in 2010. This is an increase of 4,293,741 persons between April 1, 2000 and April 1, 2010, leading the nation in numerical increase. Texas' population also diversified extensively; the proportion of Anglo (non-Hispanic White) population has decreased from 60.6 percent in 1990 to 45.3 percent in 2010. The proportion of Hispanic population (Hispanics of any race) has increased from 25.6 percent in 1990 to 37.6 percent in 2010. In 2010, more than fifty-three percent of Texans are minorities (i.e., Black, Hispanic, and Others). The proportion of population 65 years of age and above increased from 9.9 in 2000 to 10.4 in 2010. Although Texas experienced population growth, it has also experienced population decline in certain age groups particularly among the Anglo working age population. Such change has important implications for education, labor force participation, health related issues and polity in Texas. Population growth in Texas has not been distributed evenly throughout the state. Some parts of the State have grown rapidly, some have grown slowly and other areas have declined. Texas may thus be expected to remain among those states with the largest numerical increase in population and to continue to be among the Nation's growing states in the coming years.","PeriodicalId":434424,"journal":{"name":"The Open Demography Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131257690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Texas Population: Change in Size, Composition, and Distribution, 2000- 2008 德克萨斯州人口:2000- 2008年规模、组成和分布的变化
The Open Demography Journal Pub Date : 2011-06-23 DOI: 10.2174/1874918601104010050
Md. Nazrul Hoque, Beverly Pecotte
{"title":"Texas Population: Change in Size, Composition, and Distribution, 2000- 2008","authors":"Md. Nazrul Hoque, Beverly Pecotte","doi":"10.2174/1874918601104010050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874918601104010050","url":null,"abstract":"Texas is among the most rapidly growing states in the United States. In this paper we examine the change in size, composition, and distribution of Texas population from 2000-2008. Texas population increased from 20,851,820 in 2000 to 24,326,974 in 2008. This is an increase of 3,475,154 persons between April 1, 2000 and July 1, 2008, leading the nation in numerical increase. The increase of 3,475,154 persons during the 2000-2008 time period was equivalent to the total 2008 estimated population of Wyoming (532,668), District of Columbia (591,833), Vermont (621,270), North Da- kota (641,481), Alaska (686,293), and South Dakota (804,194). Texas' population also diversified extensively; the pro- portion of Anglo (non-Hispanic White) population has decreased from 60.7 percent in 1990 to 46.6 percent in 2008. The proportion of Hispanic population (Hispanics of any race) has increased from 25.5 percent in 1990 to 37.5 percent in 2008. In 2008, more than fifty-three percent of Texans were minorities (i.e., Black, Hispanic, and Others). However, population growth has not been distributed evenly throughout the State. Some parts of the State have grown rapidly, some have grown slowly and others have declined. It is impossible to predict future patterns of population growth with absolute accuracy, but the fact that more than 54 percent of the population growth is due to natural increase suggests that popula- tion growth will likely continue, even if the rate of growth slows from that observed in the past few years. Texas may thus be expected to remain among those states with the largest numerical increase in population and to continue to be among the Nation's growing states in the coming years.","PeriodicalId":434424,"journal":{"name":"The Open Demography Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114487506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Implications of Future Demographic Change on Obesity and the Economic Cost Associated with Obesity in Georgia, 2000-2040 2000-2040年佐治亚州未来人口变化对肥胖和与肥胖相关的经济成本的影响
The Open Demography Journal Pub Date : 2011-04-10 DOI: 10.2174/1874918601104010042
Md. Nazrul Hoque
{"title":"The Implications of Future Demographic Change on Obesity and the Economic Cost Associated with Obesity in Georgia, 2000-2040","authors":"Md. Nazrul Hoque","doi":"10.2174/1874918601104010042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874918601104010042","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we examine the implications of future demographic change, particularly the size, composition, and racial/ethnic diversification of population, on obese adult population in Georgia and the economic costs associated with these obese adults from 2000 to 2040. The number of obese adults is projected to increase from 1.5 million in 2000 to 4.3 million in 2040, along with an increase in total costs from $2.1 billion to $6.2 billion. Decomposition analysis suggests that the changes in obesity are predominantly driven by population growth, aging and diversification of population in Georgia. The demographic changes in Georgia are likely to resemble those of the nation, with minorities becoming the majority by 2042. The projected trends for Georgia may be applied to the nation, which depends on the assumptions made about population growth and changes in obesity. This analysis provides information about how obesity could develop through 2040 and what factors contribute to this development.","PeriodicalId":434424,"journal":{"name":"The Open Demography Journal","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129823338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Infant Mortality In India: Evaluating Log-Gaussian and Gamma Distributions 印度婴儿死亡率:对数高斯分布和伽马分布的评估
The Open Demography Journal Pub Date : 2011-03-10 DOI: 10.2174/1874918601104010034
R. Das, S. Dihidar, R. Verdugo
{"title":"Infant Mortality In India: Evaluating Log-Gaussian and Gamma Distributions","authors":"R. Das, S. Dihidar, R. Verdugo","doi":"10.2174/1874918601104010034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874918601104010034","url":null,"abstract":"Infant mortality is a serious problem in India. In order to better understand the problem previous research has looked at the topic using sophisticated multivariate models assuming that infant mortality is either Gaussian or Log- Gaussian. In this paper we argue that infant mortality is Log-Gaussian distributed with non-constant variance and that making such an assumption leads to more efficient estimates and a better fit to the data. Using infant mortality data from the National Health Survey in Bihar, India we compare two distributions--Log Gaussian and Gamma—and find that the Log-Gaussian non-constant variance model does indeed lead to more efficient estimates and a better fit to the data.","PeriodicalId":434424,"journal":{"name":"The Open Demography Journal","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126714052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Immigration and its Effects on Demographic Change in Spain 移民及其对西班牙人口变化的影响
The Open Demography Journal Pub Date : 2011-03-10 DOI: 10.2174/1874918601104010022
R. Verdugo, David A. Swanson
{"title":"Immigration and its Effects on Demographic Change in Spain","authors":"R. Verdugo, David A. Swanson","doi":"10.2174/1874918601104010022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874918601104010022","url":null,"abstract":"The question we attempt to answer in our paper is, \"Does immigration have an impact on demographic change in Spain?\" We chose Spain for our analysis for a number of reasons, but the two most important are, the significant in- crease in the immigration population in Spain, especially in the past decade, and the complexities involved in finding an answer to our research question would be overwhelming if two or more nations were to be examined. So a case study seemed a reasonable alternative. Our analysis involves examining fertility, mortality, and population growth between immigrants, non-immigrants, and the total Spanish population over time. In a second analysis we use a simple difference equation in evaluating the direct im- pact of immigration on population change in Spain. Our findings suggest, for the period covered in our study, that immi- grants have had and are having a significant impact on demographic change in Spain.","PeriodicalId":434424,"journal":{"name":"The Open Demography Journal","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123103998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Northern Nigeria Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Programme: Selected Analyses from Population-Based Baseline Survey 尼日利亚北部孕产妇、新生儿和儿童保健方案:从基于人口的基线调查中选择的分析
The Open Demography Journal Pub Date : 2011-01-31 DOI: 10.2174/1874918601104010011
S. Helleringer, H. Doctor, R. Bairagi, S. Findley, T. Dahiru
{"title":"Northern Nigeria Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Programme: Selected Analyses from Population-Based Baseline Survey","authors":"S. Helleringer, H. Doctor, R. Bairagi, S. Findley, T. Dahiru","doi":"10.2174/1874918601104010011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874918601104010011","url":null,"abstract":"Maternal mortality in Northern Nigeria is among the highest in the world. To guide programme planning we in- terviewed 7,442 women in April and May 2009 in three northern states (Katsina, Yobe, and Zamfara) to understand pat- terns of antenatal care and delivery. Here, we present findings from a population-based survey conducted under the PRRINN-MNCH Programme to provide evidence-base programmatic interventions aimed at improving maternal and child health indicators. In the paper, we outline the health challenges facing northern Nigeria, describe the PRRINN- MNCH Programme, describe the baseline survey design, implementation, and subsequent data. We provide a series of maternal and child health indicators in order to address two key important policy issues: (1) the importance of visits to health care facilities to enable women get proper maternal care, and (2) the importance of having access to skilled person- nel at birth. We further describe how these data can be used to develop appropriate strategies for integrated programmes to increase awareness of pregnancy and delivery complications and to reduce the barriers to assessing risk and accessing the facilities in a timely manner. Appropriate strategies and interventions are necessary to address the existing health chal- lenges. To a large extent, these data also provide an opportunity to measure the impact of the programme in assisting Ni- geria attain the health Millennium Development Goals of maternal and child health.","PeriodicalId":434424,"journal":{"name":"The Open Demography Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116647889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 83
Perinatal Mortality in Nigeria: Do Place of Delivery and Delivery Assistants Matter? 尼日利亚围产期死亡率:分娩地点和助产人员重要吗?
The Open Demography Journal Pub Date : 2011-01-05 DOI: 10.2174/1874918601104010001
Samuel Oji Otia, Clifford Odimegwuc
{"title":"Perinatal Mortality in Nigeria: Do Place of Delivery and Delivery Assistants Matter?","authors":"Samuel Oji Otia, Clifford Odimegwuc","doi":"10.2174/1874918601104010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874918601104010001","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Studies in developed countries have shown that deliveries which occur at home and under the supervision of unskilled attendants present a high risk of perinatal death. However, it is unclear, especially in sub- Saharan Africa (SSA) where studies are limited, on precisely how these factors may influence perinatal mortality. This is particularly of interest considering that majority of births in SSA occur at home under the supervision of unskilled attendants and perinatal mortality in the sub-region is about five times that of the developed world. This study aims to determine the extent to which these factors influence perinatal mortality in Nigeria in order to inform maternal and child health policy decisions. Methods: This study uses secondary data from the 2003 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association of place of delivery and delivery assistants with perinatal mortality while controlling for other known risk factors. Results: Of the 5783 live singleton births that were analyzed, 194 were perinatal deaths giving an estimated perinatal mortality rate (PNMR) of 72.4 per 1000 live births. However, the results show that place of delivery and delivery assistants were not significantly associated with perinatal mortality in Nigeria. Conclusions: In this study, place of delivery and delivery assistants are not critical predictors of perinatal mortality in Nigeria. However in view of the high PNMR found in this study, we recommend improved skilled attendance and institutional delivery rates as part of efforts for better maternal and child health in developing countries.","PeriodicalId":434424,"journal":{"name":"The Open Demography Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130745308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 33
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